scholarly journals Monte Carlo simulation of the cosmic muon charge ratio

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd Al Karim Haj Ismail ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Central European ◽  
Hadronic Interactions ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Deep Underground

The muonic component of air showers is sensitive to the mass and energy of the primary cosmic ray and is the most abundant component of charged particles arriving at the surface, and able to penetrate deep underground. The muon charge ratio, defined as the number of positive over negatively charged muons, is a very interesting quantity for the study of hadronic interactions at high energies and the nature of cosmic ray primaries. Furthermore, Earth's atmosphere is the development medium of cosmic air showers before they arrive at the ground. Therefore, variations in the density of the atmosphere between seasons must be studied. It is also very important to account for the zenith angular dependence of atmospheric muons, in particular for showers penetrating the atmosphere at high zenith angles. We present a study of the muon charge ratio using Monte Carlo simulations of two cosmic primaries, proton, and iron, of 100 TeV and 1 PeV energies, and with a zenith angle of 0° to 60°. The dependence on the direction of extensive air showers EAS and their radial distance appears to be very pronounced. In addition, the muon density is discussed assuming the Central European Atmosphere in June and December.

scholarly journals Studying the thinning Effect of Longitudinal development in Extensive Air Showers for Primary Proton and Iron Nuclei at Ultra-High Energies

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Abbas R. Raham ◽  
Ahmed A. Al-Rubaiee ◽  
Majida H. Al-Kubaisy ◽  
Suror N. Esmaeel
Keyword(s):  
Charged Particles ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Primary Proton ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Longitudinal Development ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Charged Pions ◽  
Very High

In the present work, extensive air showers (EAS) effects are described by estimating the longitudinal development model of EAS at very high energies of various cosmic ray particles. The longitudinal development was simulated for charged particles such as gamma, charged pions and charged muons at very high energies 1017, 1018 and 1019eV. The simulation was performed using an air shower simulator system (AIRES) version 19.04.0. The effect of primary particles, energies, thinning energy and zenith angle (θ) on the number of charged particles (longitudinal development) produced in the EAS was taken into account. The rapprochement of the estimated longitudinal development of the charged particles such as the charged muons and charged pions with the experimental measurements (AUGER experiment) that gave a good agreement for primary proton at the fixed primary energy 1019eV for θ =0˚.

scholarly journals High energy cosmic ray interactions and UHECR composition problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 02001
Author(s):  
Sergey Ostapchenko
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
Hadronic Interactions ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray Interactions ◽  
Composition Problem

The differences between contemporary Monte Carlo generators of high energy hadronic interactions are discussed and their impact on the interpretation of experimental data on ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is studied. Key directions for further model improvements are outlined. The prospect for a coherent interpretation of the data in terms of the UHECR composition is investigated.

scholarly journals Investigating the influence of diffractive interactions on ultrahigh-energy extensive air showers

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (26) ◽  
pp. 1850153 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Arbeletche ◽  
V. P. Gonçalves ◽  
M. A. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Models ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Ultrahigh Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Hadronic Interactions ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Cosmic Ray Interactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Elasticity Number

The understanding of the basic properties of the ultrahigh-energy extensive air showers is dependent on the description of hadronic interactions in an energy range beyond that probed by the LHC. One of the uncertainties present in the modeling of air showers is the treatment of diffractive interactions, which are dominated by nonperturbative physics and usually described by phenomenological models. These interactions are expected to affect the development of the air showers, since they provide a way of transporting substantial amounts of energy deep in the atmosphere, modifying the global characteristics of the shower profile. In this paper, we investigate the impact of diffractive interactions in the observables that can be measured in hadronic collisions at high energies and ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray interactions. We consider three distinct phenomenological models for the treatment of diffractive physics and estimate the influence of these interactions on the elasticity, number of secondaries, longitudinal air shower profiles and muon densities for proton-air and iron-air collisions at different primary energies. Our results demonstrate that even for the most recent models, diffractive events have a non-negligible effect on the observables and that the distinct approaches for these interactions, present in the phenomenological models, still are an important source of theoretical uncertainty for the description of the extensive air showers.

Investigating the Characteristics of Longitudinal Profile of Primary Particles in Extensive Air Showers

2015 ◽  
Vol 754-755 ◽  
pp. 859-864
Author(s):  
A.A. Al-Rubaiee ◽  
Uda Hashim ◽  
Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad ◽  
A. Rahim Ruslinda ◽  
R.M. Ayub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Charged Particles ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Longitudinal Development ◽  
Extensive Air Shower ◽  
Primary Particles ◽  
Shower Maximum ◽  
Hadronic Model

One of the characteristics of longitudinal development of extensive air showers is the number of charged particles and depth of shower maximum in extensive air showers as a function of primary energy, which is often used to reconstruct the elemental composition of primary cosmic rays. Studying of extensive air shower characteristics was performed by investigating the longitudinal development parameters depending on Heitler model for different primary particles. The simulation of the number of charged particles and depth of shower maximum (NandXmax) in extensive air showers of particle cascades was performed using AIRES code for SIBYLL hadronic model for different primary particles like electron, positron, gamma quanta and iron nuclei at the energy range 1014-1019eV. The comparison between the simulated longitudinal development ofNandXmaxusing SIBYLL hadronic model with two hadronic models (QGSJET99 ans SIBYLL16) has shown an opportunity for determination of cosmic ray cascade interactions in extensive air showers.

ENERGY ESTIMATION OF ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAY PHOTONS BY MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 3953-3964
Author(s):  
A. GERANIOS ◽  
D. KOUTSOKOSTA ◽  
O. MALANDRAKI ◽  
H. ROSAKI-MAVROULI
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Simulation Code ◽  
Energy Estimation ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays

Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) (E ≥ 5 × 1019 eV ) are detected through Extensive Air Showers that are created when a primary cosmic ray particle interacts with the atmosphere of the Earth. The energy of the primary particle can be estimated experimentally based on simulations. In this paper, we attempt to estimate the energy of UHECR gamma ray photons by applying a Monte Carlo simulation code and we compare the results with the ones derived in our previous papers for hadron initiated showers. The scenario of simulations is adapted to the P. Auger Observatory site.

scholarly journals Muon Measurements with IceTop

2019 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 03003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier G. Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Shower Axis ◽  
South Pole ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Hadronic Interaction ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Lateral Distance ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

We present the measurement of the density of GeV muons in near-vertical air showers by the IceTop array at the South Pole. The muon density is measured at 600 m and 800 m lateral distance from the shower axis in air showers between 1 PeV and 100 PeV. This result can be used to constrain hadronic interaction models by comparing it with the outcome of Monte Carlo simulations. We show that some models do not produce muon densities in agreement with this result unless an unphysical composition of the primary cosmic ray flux is assumed.

scholarly journals Air shower simulation for background estimation in muon tomography of volcanoes

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Béné ◽  
P. Boivin ◽  
E. Busato ◽  
C. Cârloganu ◽  
C. Combaret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Background Estimation ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Muon Tomography ◽  
Background Effect ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. One of the main sources of background for the radiography of volcanoes using atmospheric muons comes from the accidental coincidences produced in the muon telescopes by charged particles belonging to the air shower generated by the primary cosmic ray. In order to quantify this background effect, Monte Carlo simulations of the showers and of the detector are developed by the TOMUVOL collaboration. As a first step, the atmospheric showers were simulated and investigated using two Monte Carlo packages, CORSIKA and GEANT4. We compared the results provided by the two programs for the muonic component of vertical proton-induced showers at three energies: 1, 10 and 100 TeV. We found that the spatial distribution and energy spectrum of the muons were in good agreement for the two codes.

scholarly journals Measurements and tests of hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory

2019 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 02002
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Cazon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Production ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Hadronic Interactions ◽  
Center Of Mass Energy ◽  
Surface Detector ◽  
Good Agreement

Extensive air showers are complex objects, resulting of billions of particle reactions initiated by single cosmic ray at ultra-high-energy. Their characteristics are sensitive both to the mass of the primary cosmic ray and to the details of hadronic interactions. Many of the interactions that determine the shower features occur in kinematic regions and at energies beyond those tested by human-made accelerators. We will report on the measurement of the proton-air cross section for particle production at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon of 39 TeV and 56 TeV. We will also show comparisons of post-LHC hadronic interaction models with shower data by studying the moments of the distribution of the depth of the electromagnetic maximum, the number and production depth of muons in air showers, and finally a parameter based on the rise-time of the surface detector signal, sensitive to the electromagnetic and muonic component of the shower. While there is good agreement found for observables based on the electromagnetic shower component, discrepancies are observed for muon-sensitive quantities.

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