scholarly journals Arthropods of the Limarí River basin (Coquimbo Region, Chile): taxonomic composition in agricultural ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-253
Author(s):  
Jaime Pizarro-Araya ◽  
Fermín M. Alfaro ◽  
Rodrigo A. Muñoz-Rivera ◽  
Juan E. Barriga-Tuñon ◽  
Luis Letelier
Keyword(s):  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Norte Chico ◽  
Pest Monitoring ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Starting Point

The Limarí valley, located in the Coquimbo Region of Chile, is an important agricultural area that is immersed in the transverse valleys of the Norte Chico. In recent decades, the continuous expansion of agriculture towards dry land zones has favored the migration and establishment of potential pests, such as arthropods, that may affect crops or be zoonotic agents. Based on the limited knowledge we have about the arthropod group present in the Limarí basin, our objective is to describe the taxonomic composition of the assemblage of economically important arthropods inhabiting this basin of the semiarid region of Chile. After reviewing historical data, specimen collections, and the specialized literature, a total of 414 arthropod species were recorded. Of the total number of species recorded, 92.5% were insects, the most diverse taxon, with 11 orders. Arachnids, in turn, were represented only by Acari with 31 species. The most widely represented orders of insects were Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera. Within Coleoptera the most species-rich families were, in decreasing order of importance, Curculionidae, Coccinellidae, Cerambycidae, Scarabaeidae, Chrysomelidae (Bruchinae), Ptinidae, and Bostrichidae; within Hemiptera these were Aphididae, Diaspididae, Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Pentatomidae and Rhopalidae; and within Lepidoptera they were Noctuidae and Tortricidae. We hope this study serves as a starting point for identifying the most diverse arthropod groups and developing pest monitoring and control programs. Highlights: A large percentage of phytophagous species, mainly belonging to Acari, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera, were registered in the Limarí basin. Some families of agricultural importance (Aleyrodidae, Aphididae, Coccidae, Diaspididae, Margarodidae, Pseudococcidae), were observed in large agricultural crops in the basin (e.g., vines, oranges, mandarins, lemon trees, avocado trees, walnuts, olive trees, vegetable crops). A smaller fraction corresponded to the group of predators and parasitoids, mainly represented by Coleoptera (Coccinellidae), Neuroptera (Chrysopidae) and Hymenoptera (Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Ichneumonidae, Platygastridae, Signiphoridae). The richness and spatial records of arthropods were mostly concentrated between the city of Ovalle and the estuary of Punitaqui - the areas with most intense agricultural activity in the Limarí basin.

Man and Forests: A Case-study from the Dry Tropics of India

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.P. Singh ◽  
J.S. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Total Failure ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
Land Farming

The present study analyses the energy-budget of ‘village ecosystems’ in a dry tropical environment. These systems depend to a great extent on the surrounding natural forest/savanna ecosystems. Accordingly the objectives of the study were to quantify (i) the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture at the ecosystem level, and (ii) the indirect impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding forest/savanna ecosystems.Agronomic output from farming is not sufficient to meet the food-energy requirements of the villagers, hence 27.0 to 51.0% of the requirement is met from outside markets. Operation of the agro-ecosystems involved requires a considerable amount of subsidy from the surrounding forest/savanna ecosystems in terms of fodder and fuel-wood. About 81 to 100% of the fuel needs, and 80–87% of the fodder needs, are met from the natural forest/savanna ecosystems. Thus, for each unit of energy obtained in agronomic yield (including milk), 3.1 units of energy are expended from the surrounding natural ecosystems in the form of fodder and fuel-wood.The erratic and ill-distributed nature of monsoon rains results in moisture deficit which affects the crop production in dry-land farming, causing partial or total failure of the crops. For achieving increased and stable agronomic production under rain-fed conditions, improved dry-land farming techniques have to be applied. Some of these techniques are: (1) introduction of crops and varieties that would be capable of maturing in a period of 90–100 days, and adequate use of appropriate fertilizers; (2) planned rain-water management including storage of surface runoff; and (3) practices of intercropping with crops of longer duration than those currently grown, having slow growth-rates in the early part of their life-cycles.

scholarly journals Performance of baited traps for integrated management of Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in a conilon coffee crop in Rondônia State, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. e913
Author(s):  
Moisés Santos De Souza ◽  
José Nilton Medeiros Costa ◽  
Marcelo Curitiba Espindula ◽  
Alexandre de Almeida e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Population Control ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Hypothenemus Hampei ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Coffee Plantations ◽  
Pest Monitoring ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Important Pest

Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) is an important pest worldwide. Methods of monitoring and control using baited traps are not yet established in coffee plantations in the Brazilian Amazon. The objective of this work was to record, for the first time, results of the use of baited traps in coffee plantation located in Rondônia, in favor of the control and pest monitoring. Two areas were delineated: i) with use of the traps baited with  ethanol/methanol (1:1), treatment; ii) without use of traps (control). For comparison of results, two factors were considered: damaged fruits (damage by H. hampei) and infested (H. hampei inside of fruits). It was observed higher levels of damaged fruits per plants in the control area compared to the area where traps were used. The density of the pest population per plants found on infested fruits was also higher in the control area compared to the trapping area. These results suggest that traps baited with ethanol/methanol (1:1) are an effective alternative for population control of pest also in the coffee plantations in Rondônia, where there is no such management with this tool. Use of the baited traps to monitor the insect accurately revealed that the flight stimulus of the colonizing females is influenced by values of the environmental variables. According to the results, colonizing females are more active in the afternoon. Therefore, in order to achieve more efficient control of H. hampei, the best time to apply control agents is between 2:00 pm and 6:00 pm.

scholarly journals Mistet på sjøen? En nyoppdaget fiskekrok fra steinalderen i Søgne, Vest-Agder.

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Elling Utvik Wammer ◽  
Anja Mansrud ◽  
Pål Nymoen ◽  
Frode Kvalø
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Displacement Curve ◽  
Small Object ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Shoreline Displacement ◽  
Regional Comparisons ◽  
Organic Remains

The starting point for the present paper is a recent discovery of a well-preserved bone or antler fishhook, which turned up in a test pit during an underwater survey outside Tømmervigodden in Søgne, southernmost Norway. The hook is the third archaeological bone find from submarine context in Søgne. Tømmervigodden is located two kilometers away from Hummervikholmen, a submarine site known for revealing the oldest human remains from Norway, dated to the Middle Mesolithic (c. 8300-6300 cal. BC). Furthermore, a harpoon has been found in Lundeelva, approx. eight kilometers inland to the northeast. These finds demonstrate the extraordinary conditions for preservation of organic remains in the area. This article present the artefact and we discuss the issue of dating and deposition based on typology, context, and shoreline displacement curves. How old is the fishhook? How did it end up in the sea, and why is it so well preserved? The site is located in one of three areas along the Norwegian coast with potential for transgressed Mesolithic sites. The sea levels has fluctuated in Vest-Agder since the end of the Ice Age, and the sea has periodically been both higher and lower than today.The location close to Hummervikholmen and another Mesolithic site located on dry land at Tømmervigodden, initially suggested a Mesolithic date. However, the form of the fishhook, with a barb and elongated knob for attachment of the line, differs considerably from well-dated Mesolithic fishhooks in the region. The newly discovered fishhook has a distinct barb, an attribute previously considered a Neolithic trait. A precise dating would be crucial, but the closest typological parallels are undated stray-finds and C14-analysis would have destroyed the small object. Hence, dating of the hook requires a new assessment of the typology and chronology of the Stone Age fishhooks. Based on chronological and regional comparisons, we argue for a Middle Neolithic date of the fishhook from Søgne. Based on current knowledge of the local shoreline displacement curve and the formation processes influencing the seabed, we further suggest that the fishhook was lost at sea during fishing, when the sea level was at least five meters above present.

scholarly journals Incorporating Water Harvesting into Plasticulture Production of Muskmelon

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Dainello ◽  
Larry Stein ◽  
Guy Fipps ◽  
Kenneth White
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Harvesting Technique ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Competition for limited water supplies is increasing world wide. Especially hard hit are the irrigated crop production regions, such as the Lower Rio Grande Valley and the Winter Garden areas of south Texas. To develop production techniques for reducing supplemental water needs of vegetable crops, an ancient water harvesting technique called rainfall capture was adapted to contemporary, large scale irrigated muskmelon (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus L.) production systems. The rainfall capture system developed consisted of plastic mulched miniature water catchments located on raised seed beds. This system was compared with conventional dry land and irrigated melon production. Rainfall capture resulted in 108% average yield increase over the conventional dry land technique. When compared with conventional furrow irrigation, rainfall capture increased marketable muskmelon yield as much as 5355 lb/acre (6000 kg·ha-1). As anticipated,the drip irrigation/plastic mulch system exceeded rainfall capture in total and marketable fruit yield. The results of this study suggest that rainfall capture can reduce total supplemental water use in muskmelon production. The major benefit of the rainfall capture system is believed to be in its ability to eliminate or decrease irrigation water needed to fill the soil profile before planting.

scholarly journals A fauna de peixes nas bacias do norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Maria Sarmento-Soares ◽  
Ronaldo Fernando Martins-Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Espirito Santo

The hydrographic basins of northern Espírito Santo comprises the systems of Itaúnas and São Mateus rivers. The present work is part of a series of studies on the fish fauna along Espírito Santo’s river basins. Forty-nine geo-referred points in rivers and rivulets of the area were evaluated, 20 in the Itaúnas basin and 28 in São Mateus basin. The environment and the taxonomic composition of the fish fauna were documented at every point, reporting a total of 83 species, including 47 freshwater species and 36 marine, belonging to 35 families and 11 orders. Among the freshwater fish species, the Siluriformes predominated, with 20 species, followed by the Characiformes, with 17 species. The Atlantic forest of northern Espírito Santo, known as “floresta de tabuleiros”, was originally composed of ombrophylous forest as well as swamps, coastal sand dunes, and mangroves. With the suppression of native forests, the region has suffered from desertification, and environmental conditions are similar to the northeastern semiarid region, where the run-off waters are dispersed or intermittent. The loss of environmental quality along river valleys is associated with the need to reestablish riverine aquatic conditions. Exotic species and risks of introductions need further studies in these areas. Rare or endangered species whose distributional range has diminished in response to environmental changes may function as biological indicators. Potentially new species are identified, and regional endemism and distribution patterns for freshwater fishes are discussed.

KERAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG DI KAWASAN HUTAN DENGAN TUJUAN KHUSUS UNIVERSITAS LAMBUNG MANGKURAT (KHDTK ULM) KALIMANTAN SELATAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Feri Saputra ◽  
Abdi Fithria ◽  
Badaruddin Badaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Vegetation Diversity ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Bird Habitat ◽  
Land Covers ◽  
Forest Land Cover

This study aims to record the diversity of bird species in various land covers, analyze the vegetation types of bird habitat in various land covers, identify branches of branches / branches used as bird perch in each land cover in the KHDTK ULM area (Forest Areas with Special Purpose, Lambung Mangkurat University) Kalimantan South. Sampling is done using the method of exploration (Incidental Sampling) at the observation location and randomly at the starting point of observation. diversity of bird species obtained from various land cover totaling 30 species, 18 families and 361 individuals. The results of the study of bird species present on the entire land cover are Java chili (Dicaeum trochileum), Peking bondol (Lonchura punculata), stone kite (Hirundo tahitica), gray bentet (Lanius scach), honey sriganti (Cinnyris jugularis). Vegetation diversity around secondary forest land cover found 15 types of vegetation, shrub land cover found 12 types of vegetation, garden land cover found 13 types of vegetation, residential land cover found 12 types of vegetation, dry land forest cover found 20 types of vegetation. Branches / twigs are used as perches to adjust to the activities and types of vegetation where the birds perch on / perch, on average all birds will perch in the perched branch / branches with diameters of 1-5 cm.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendata keragaman jenis burung diberbagai tutupan lahan, menganalisis jenis vegetasi habitat burung diberbagai tutupan lahan, mengidentifikasi kelas tengger dahan/ranting yang dijadikan tempat bertengger burung disetiap tutupan lahan di areal KHDTK ULM (Kawasan Hutan Dengan Tujuan Khusus Universitas Lambung Mangkurat) Kalimantan Selatan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penjelajahan (Incidental Sampling) pada lokasi pengamatan dan secara acak pada titik awal pengamatan keragaman jenis burung yang didapat dari berbagai tutupan lahan berjumlah 30 jenis, 18 family dan 361 individu. Hasil penelitian jenis burung yang hadir pada seluruh tutupan lahan adalah cabai jawa (Dicaeum trochileum), bondol peking (Lonchura punculata), layang-layang batu (Hirundo tahitica), bentet kelabu (Lanius scach), madu sriganti (Cinnyris jugularis). Keragaman vegetasi di sekitar tutupan lahan hutan sekunder di temukan 15 jenis vegetasi, tutupan lahan semak belukar ditemukan 12 jenis vegetasi, tutupan lahan kebun ditemukan 13 jenis vegetasi, tutupan lahan pemukiman ditemukan 12 jenis vegetasi, tutupan  hutan lahan kering ditemukan 20 jenis vegetasi. Dahan/ranting yang di jadikan tempat bertengger menyesuaikan dengan aktifitas dan jenis vegetasi tempat berpijak/bertengger burung, rata-rata semua burung akan bertengger pada kelas tengger dahan/ranting dengan diameter 1-5 cm.

scholarly journals GIS-Based Land Suitability and Crop Vulnerability Assessment under Climate Change in Chtouka Ait Baha, Morocco

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1167
Author(s):  
Marieme Seif-Ennasr ◽  
Lhoussaine Bouchaou ◽  
Zine El Abidine El Morjani ◽  
Abdelaziz Hirich ◽  
El Hassane Beraaouz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Emission Scenario ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Land Suitability ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Degree Days

Agriculture plays a crucial role in the economic development in Morocco, contributing to 14% of the national gross domestic product. However, this sector is facing various challenges, including climate change. This study aims to assess relevant indicators that may affect land suitability, water demand, and crop growing season duration under climate change. Further, it may be used as a decision support tool in the Chtouka area known for its irrigated agriculture. The approach proposed, the spatial distribution of land based on suitability, is founded on the multiple-criteria decision-making method of four parameters; soil texture, temperature, land use, and slope. The duration of the length of crop season was simulated using the concept of growing degree days. The projection of land suitability for 2031–2050 indicated an important decrease of 12.11% of “highly suitable” agricultural land under the RCP4.5 emission scenario and a significant increase of 4.68% of “highly unsuitable” land, according to the RCP8.5 emission scenario compared to the baseline (1985–2005). The projected growing degree days in 2031–2050 showed a strong shortening in the growing period length compared to the baseline 1985–2006, mainly under the RCP8.5 emission scenario, with a reduction from 8% to 21% depending on crops. Moreover, crop water productivity indicated that berries were over 50% less water productive than other vegetable crops for almost the same amount of applied irrigation water. These findings highlight the vulnerability of agriculture to climate change, which requires important political and management efforts to sustain agricultural activity.

scholarly journals Biological assets reporting: Is the increase in value caused by the biological transformation revenue?

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 520-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Bohušová ◽  
P. Svoboda ◽  
Nerudová
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Accounting Standard ◽  
Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Current Accounting ◽  
Business Units ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Biological Transformation ◽  
Geographical Position

Agricultural activity differs from other activities carried out by business units to achieve the profit. Agricultural activity is in comparison with other activities of business subjects dependent on the natural and environmental conditions, and therefore the agriculture specialization is narrowly connected with geographical position. The aim of the paper is to identify the possible obstacles in the practical application of the International Accounting Standard 41 (IAS 41) and to suggest the possible ways of their elimination. The comparative analysis of the currently applied rules for agricultural activity reporting and the analysis of the current accounting treatment of agricultural activity under the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) were the starting point of the research. This part serves as the basis for own research in which the authors are trying to identify the specifics of agricultural production, biological assets and biological transformation. More suitable methods for their recognition, measurement and reporting were suggested as an alternative to the current treatments. At the end, the results are also confronted with contemporary scientific literature on that topic, which is not very broad. The main reason for the research of the authors in this area is the possible elimination of obstacles in the practical application of the IAS 41.  

The coarse-grid problem in ecological monitoring

2010 ◽  
Vol 466 (2122) ◽  
pp. 2933-2953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia B. Petrovskaya ◽  
Sergei V. Petrovskii
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Numerical Integration ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Ecological Monitoring ◽  
Coarse Grid ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Pest Monitoring ◽  
Population Distributions ◽  
Important Message

Obtaining information about pest-insect population size is an important problem of pest monitoring and control. Usually, this problem has to be solved based on scarce spatial data about the population density. The problem of monitoring can thus be linked to a more general mathematical problem of numerical integration on a coarse grid. Numerical integration on coarse grids has rarely been considered in literature as it is usually assumed that the grid can be refined. However, this is not the case in ecological monitoring where fine grids are not available. In this paper, we introduce a method of numerical integration that allows one to accurately evaluate an integral on a coarse grid. The method is tested on several functions with different properties to show its effectiveness. We then use the method to obtain an estimate of the population size for different population distributions and show that an ecologically reasonable accuracy can be achieved on a very coarse grid consisting of just a few points. Finally, we summarize our mathematical findings as a protocol of ecological monitoring, thus sending a clear and practically important message to ecologists and pest-control specialists.

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