Mistet på sjøen? En nyoppdaget fiskekrok fra steinalderen i Søgne, Vest-Agder.

The starting point for the present paper is a recent discovery of a well-preserved bone or antler fishhook, which turned up in a test pit during an underwater survey outside Tømmervigodden in Søgne, southernmost Norway. The hook is the third archaeological bone find from submarine context in Søgne. Tømmervigodden is located two kilometers away from Hummervikholmen, a submarine site known for revealing the oldest human remains from Norway, dated to the Middle Mesolithic (c. 8300-6300 cal. BC). Furthermore, a harpoon has been found in Lundeelva, approx. eight kilometers inland to the northeast. These finds demonstrate the extraordinary conditions for preservation of organic remains in the area. This article present the artefact and we discuss the issue of dating and deposition based on typology, context, and shoreline displacement curves. How old is the fishhook? How did it end up in the sea, and why is it so well preserved? The site is located in one of three areas along the Norwegian coast with potential for transgressed Mesolithic sites. The sea levels has fluctuated in Vest-Agder since the end of the Ice Age, and the sea has periodically been both higher and lower than today.The location close to Hummervikholmen and another Mesolithic site located on dry land at Tømmervigodden, initially suggested a Mesolithic date. However, the form of the fishhook, with a barb and elongated knob for attachment of the line, differs considerably from well-dated Mesolithic fishhooks in the region. The newly discovered fishhook has a distinct barb, an attribute previously considered a Neolithic trait. A precise dating would be crucial, but the closest typological parallels are undated stray-finds and C14-analysis would have destroyed the small object. Hence, dating of the hook requires a new assessment of the typology and chronology of the Stone Age fishhooks. Based on chronological and regional comparisons, we argue for a Middle Neolithic date of the fishhook from Søgne. Based on current knowledge of the local shoreline displacement curve and the formation processes influencing the seabed, we further suggest that the fishhook was lost at sea during fishing, when the sea level was at least five meters above present.

Download Full-text

TOWARDS A PANEVOLUTIONARY THEORY (PANEVO THEORY), FOLLOWING THE ACADEMIC OF FISIOCRITICI ENZO TIEZZI

Journal of the Siena Academy of Sciences ◽

10.4081/jsas.2016.6956 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1-IT) ◽

Author(s):

Mario Tanga ◽

Giacomo Gelati ◽

Marco Casazza

Keyword(s):

Charles Darwin ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Close Contact ◽

Rachel Carson ◽

Starting Point ◽

Science And Culture ◽

History Of ◽

Living Species ◽

Definition Of ◽

Scientific Fields

6Contemporary science and culture show more and more extended and meaningful signs about the increasing explaining power of evolutionary paradigm. This power overcomes the field of the history of living species. We consider “On the Origin of Species” of 1859 by Charles Darwin as the establishment of this paradigm, but this original and fruitful idea has received the several and different contributions from near and (seemingly) far scientific fields. This process happened according distinguishable waves and leaded the evolutionary theory very far from its starting point, making it something wider and different. The current knowledge of this theory involves many kinds of scholars: biologists, zoologists, botanists, development biologists, genetics/genomics scholars and also scholars of many other disciplines, as statistics, mathematics, ecology, environmental sciences, physics, chemistry, linguistics, sociology, neuro-sciences, epidemiology, informatics, immunology. During the end of XX Century, the study of complexity, of self-organization and of emerging properties has been a decisive factor to extend evolution until beyond the boundaries of Biology. These phenomena, or properties, or features, that are shown by “living” and “not-living” systems (so called basing ourselves on traditional definitions), have deeply modified even the “properly” biologic evolution itself and besides this has demonstrated that, mutatis mutandis, evolutionary processes or phenomena happen also out of biologic dominion, referring “biologic” to “wet-ware world”. This is to say the class of evolutionary phenomena is more widely and more inclusively extended than our opinion. We can mean this as a revolution (according to Kuhn’s definition) that imposes us to restructure the definition of evolution itself and even to redraw the boundaries and the map of Biology itself. Aiming to establish a name of this field of study we propose “PanEvolutionary Theory” (PanEvo Theory). No doubt Prigogine offered an important contribution to this area. The thinking and the work of Enzo Tiezzi can be placed seen in the same perspective. Disregarding direct connections and contacts with the Nobel Prize Prigogine, however the studies of Enzo Tiezzi are neither a fully unexpected work nor a theory lacking of important potentialities: it is not a strange or eccentric academic exercise. Except the close contact and the dense exchanges with Prigogine, we collocate Enzo Tiezzi in the same context of Gregory Chaitin, of Rachel Carson, of John Harte and Robert H. Socolow, of James Paul Wesley, of Sertorio, of Oort and Peixoto, just to cite the most strictly related. Our Academy had the privilege and the honor of having Enzo Tiezzi in its ranks. We think that merits and developments of the thinking of this scholar have to produce important and lasting fruits in the future.

Download Full-text

Lake and mire isolation data set for the estimation of post-glacial land uplift in Fennoscandia

Earth System Science Data ◽

10.5194/essd-12-869-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 869-873

Author(s):

Jari Pohjola ◽

Jari Turunen ◽

Tarmo Lipping

Keyword(s):

Spatial Location ◽

Land Uplift ◽

Data Set ◽

Dry Land ◽

Archaeological Data ◽

Complex Process ◽

Postglacial Land Uplift ◽

Data Points ◽

Ice Retreat ◽

Shoreline Displacement

Abstract. Postglacial land uplift is a complex process related to the continental ice retreat that took place about 10 000 years ago and thus started the viscoelastic response of the Earth's crust to rebound back to its equilibrium state. To empirically model the land uplift process based on past behaviour of shoreline displacement, data points of known spatial location, elevation and dating are needed. Such data can be obtained by studying the isolation of lakes and mires from the sea. Archaeological data on human settlements (i.e. human remains, fireplaces etc.) are also very useful as the settlements were indeed situated on dry land and were often located close to the coast. This information can be used to validate and update the postglacial land uplift model. In this paper, a collection of data underlying empirical land uplift modelling in Fennoscandia is presented. The data set is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.905352 (Pohjola et al., 2019).

Download Full-text

Priority setting in developed and developing countries

Oxford Textbook of Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.020403 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 58-60

Author(s):

Nigel Crisp

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Health System ◽

Priority Setting ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Important Task ◽

Starting Point

Priority setting is a normal and important task in any health system. The starting point is current knowledge and evidence, but priority setting is also about judgement, which goes beyond what can be based on evidence. Wherever possible, judgement needs to be based on transparent and systematic methods that are open to question and debate by others....

Download Full-text

Naturally Occurring PCSK9 Inhibitors

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12051440 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1440

Author(s):

Maria Pia Adorni ◽

Francesca Zimetti ◽

Maria Giovanna Lupo ◽

Massimiliano Ruscica ◽

Nicola Ferri

Keyword(s):

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Therapeutic Option ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Pcsk9 Inhibitors ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Starting Point

Genetic, epidemiological and pharmacological data have led to the conclusion that antagonizing or inhibiting Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) reduces cardiovascular events. This clinical outcome is mainly related to the pivotal role of PCSK9 in controlling low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The absence of oral and affordable anti-PCSK9 medications has limited the beneficial effects of this new therapeutic option. A possible breakthrough in this field may come from the discovery of new naturally occurring PCSK9 inhibitors as a starting point for the development of oral, small molecules, to be used in combination with statins in order to increase the percentage of patients reaching their LDL-cholesterol target levels. In the present review, we have summarized the current knowledge on natural compounds or extracts that have shown an inhibitory effect on PCSK9, either in experimental or clinical settings. When available, the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of the listed compounds are described.

Download Full-text

THE CONTRIBUTION OF ”FOLIA TURISTICA” TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH AND THE POPULARISATION OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC OF TOURISM

Folia Turistica ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0013.4502 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 ◽

pp. 19-20

Author(s):

Ewa Roszkowska

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Culture Method ◽

Physical Culture ◽

Historical Knowledge ◽

Current State ◽

Analysis Technique ◽

Starting Point ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

History Of ◽

Fact Finding

Purpose. The main objective of the work is not only to evaluate historical articles published in the "Folia Turistica" journal in 1990-2018, but also the opinion on the importance of the journal in the development and popularisation of historical knowledge on tourism, or more broadly, physical culture. Method. In the research applied, the method of direct fact finding, external and internal criticism of the published publications and the content analysis technique were used. Results. Research allowed identification and evaluation of historical articles published in the journal "Folia Turistica". They have been presented in comparison to the current state of knowledge, which allowed us to state that they are original in nature, in some cases, filling the gap in current knowledge or constituting a basic starting point for further research and historical studies on tourism. Research and conclusions limitations. The source database is limited to publications in the "Folia Turistica" journal. The conclusions were broadened thanks to referring the content of these articles to the current state of historical knowledge on the history of tourism. Practical implications. In the article, analysing publications dealing with research on the history of tourism, the possibility of undertaking further historical research in this field is indicated. Originality. Both the content and the nature of historical publications in the journal have not been subject to in-depth analysis. The article is the first study of this type. Type of work: The article is a review.

Download Full-text

Venice lagoon salt marsh vulnerability and halophytic vegetation vertical migration in response to sea level rise

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-14404 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zhicheng Yang ◽

Sonia Silvestri ◽

Marco Marani ◽

Andrea D’Alpaos

Keyword(s):

Salt Marsh ◽

Sea Level Rise ◽

Sea Level ◽

Salt Marshes ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Venice Lagoon ◽

Sea Level Changes ◽

Human Pressure ◽

Sea Levels ◽

Vegetation Species

Salt marshes are biogeomorphic systems that provide important ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and prevention of coastal erosion. These ecosystems are, however, threatened by increasing sea levels and human pressure. Improving current knowledge of salt-marsh response to changes in the environmental forcing is a key step to understand and predict salt-marsh evolution, especially under accelerated sea level rise scenarios and increasing human pressure. Towards this goal, we have analyzed field observations of marsh topographic changes and halophytic vegetation distribution with elevation collected over 20 years (between 2000 and 2019) in a representative marsh in the Venice lagoon (Italy).Our results suggest that: 1) on average, marsh elevation with respect to local mean sea level decreased , (i.e. the surface accretion rate was lower than the rate of sea level rise); 2) elevational frequency distributions are characteristic for different halophytic vegetation species, highlighting different ecological realized niches that change in time; 3) although the preferential elevations at which different species have changed in time, the sequence of vegetation species with increasing soil elevation was preserved and simply shifted upward; 4) we observed different vegetation migration rates for the different species, suggesting that the migration process is species-specific. In particular, vegetation species colonizing marsh edges (Juncus and Inula) migrated faster facing to changes in sea levels than Limonium and Spartina , while Sarcocornia was characterized by delayed migration in response to sea level changes. These results bear significant implications for long-term biogeomorphic evolution of tidal environments.

Download Full-text

Incorporating large datasets of synthetic tropical cyclones with Global Tide and Surge Model (GTSM) for global assessment of extreme sea levels.

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-21189 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Chertova ◽

Sanne Muis ◽

Inti Pelupessy ◽

Philip Ward

Keyword(s):

Tropical Cyclones ◽

Large Scale ◽

Large Datasets ◽

Water Levels ◽

Computational Time ◽

Potential Hazard ◽

Computationally Efficient ◽

Sea Levels ◽

Starting Point ◽

Extreme Sea Levels

Coastal flooding due to tropical cyclones (TC) is one of the world&#8217;s most threatening hazards.&#160;The potential increase in the probability of these events in the future, due to climate change, necessitates the more accurate simulation of their potential hazard and resulting risks.&#160;This contribution is a step of a MOSAIC (MOdelling Sea level And Inundation for Cyclones) project that aims at developing and validating a computationally efficient, scalable, framework for large-scale flood risk assessment, combining cutting-edge disciplinary science and eScience technologies. As the first step, we develop a computationally efficient method for more accurately simulating current and future TC hazard and risk, by incorporating large datasets of tropical cyclones within the Global Tide and Surge Model (GTSM).&#160;The starting point is simulating the spatially explicit extreme sea levels for a large number of synthetic TCs. The difficulty lies in high computational time required for running GTSM models, as with duration of one simulation running on 24 cores of 5 days ( for 1yr). Until present each TC was simulated separately*, which is not feasible when modelling thousands of TC events.&#160;Here we present the&#160;development of an algorithm for the spatio-temporal optimization of the placing of TCs within GTSM in order to allow optimal use of the computational resources. This can be achieved because&#160;the region of influence of a particular TC in the model is limited in space and time (e.g. a TC making&#160;landfall in Florida will not materially affect water levels near New York).&#160;&#160;This will enable running a large number of TCs in one simulation and will significantly reduce the required total computation time. We investigate a large range of parameters, such as distance between cyclones, time to the landfall, category of cyclone, and others, to optimize the distribution of TC within a single model run. We demonstrate a significant speedup relative to the sequential running of the cyclones within a single simulation.*Muis, S., Verlaan, M., Winsemius, H. C., Aerts, J. C. J. H., & Ward, P. J. (2016). A global reanalysis of storm surge and extreme sea levels. Nature Communications, 7(7:11969), 1&#8211;11.

Download Full-text

The emergence of counterfeit trade: a literature review

European Journal of Marketing ◽

10.1108/03090560910935451 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 43 (3/4) ◽

pp. 320-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 116

Author(s):

Thorsten Staake ◽

Frédéric Thiesse ◽

Elgar Fleisch

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Influence Factors ◽

Future Research ◽

Extensive Literature ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Content Type ◽

Counterfeit Goods ◽

Future Research Agenda ◽

Starting Point

PurposeTrade in counterfeit goods is perceived as a substantial threat to various industries. No longer is the emergence of imitation products confined to branded luxury goods and final markets. Counterfeit articles are increasingly finding their way into other sectors, including the fast‐moving consumer goods, pharmaceutical, and automotive industries – with, in part, severe negative consequences for consumers, licit manufacturers, and brand owners alike. This paper seeks to shed light on the economic principles of counterfeit trade and the underlying illicit supply chains.Design/methodology/approachAn extensive literature review was conducted that comprised contributions from different strands of management research.FindingsThough governments as well as management have clearly identified the problem, very little is known – both in practice and theory – about the mechanisms and structure of the illicit market, the tactics of counterfeit producers, consumer behavior with respect to imitation products and the financial impact on individual companies. The diversity of the counterfeit phenomenon underlines the need for further research in this area and the development of company‐specific measures for fighting product piracy.Research limitations/implicationsThe clandestine nature of the counterfeit market limits direct accessibility to the phenomenon. Consequently, the existing body of literature does not necessarily cover all aspects of counterfeit activities. The review helps to highlight existing research gaps but may not be able to identify additional aspects of the phenomenon that, thus far, have not been deemed relevant.Originality/valueThe paper critically reviews the current state of research across different management‐related disciplines. From an academic perspective it may serve as a starting point for a future research agenda that addresses the current knowledge gaps. From a practitioner's perspective it is helpful for understanding the relevant influence factors and for developing appropriate, state‐of‐the‐art counterstrategies.

Download Full-text

Understanding the world of dementia. How do people with dementia experience the world?

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610216000351 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 1067-1077 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Sandra A Zwijsen ◽

Eva van der Ploeg ◽

Cees M.P.M. Hertogh

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Subjective Experience ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Neuropsychological Functioning ◽

Neurological Deficits ◽

Term Care ◽

Memory Impairments ◽

People With Dementia ◽

Starting Point ◽

The World

ABSTRACTBackground:There is growing awareness that the subjective experience of people with dementia is important for understanding behavior and improving quality of life. This paper reviews and reflects on the currently available theories on subjective experience in dementia and it explores the possibility of a knowledge gap on the influence of neurological deficits on experience in late stage dementia.Methods:A literature review on current commonly used theories on experience in dementia was supplemented with a systematic review in PubMed and Psychinfo. For the systematic review, the terms used were Perception and Dementia and Behavior; and Awareness and Dementia and Long term care.Results:Current models emphasize the psychosocial factors that influence subjective experience, but the consequences of neurological deficits are not elaborated upon. The systematic literature search on the neuropsychological functioning in dementia resulted in 631 papers, of which 94 were selected for review. The current knowledge is limited to the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Next to memory impairments, perception of the direct environment, interpretation of the environment, and inhibition of own responses to the environment seem to be altered in people with dementia.Conclusions:Without knowledge on how perception, interpretation and the ability for response control are altered, the behavior of people with dementia can easily be misinterpreted. Research into neuropsychological functioning of people in more severe stages and different forms of dementia is needed to be able to develop a model that is truly biopsychosocial. The proposed model can be used in such research as a starting point for developing tests and theories.

Download Full-text

Branchiura — a compendium of the geographical distribution and a summary of their biology

Crustaceana ◽

10.1163/15685403-00003597 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 89 (11-12) ◽

pp. 1243-1446 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Lourelle A. M. Neethling ◽

Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage

Keyword(s):

Geographical Distribution ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Marine Species ◽

Species Description ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Starting Point ◽

The World ◽

Species Lists ◽

Taxonomic Changes ◽

Host Parasite

This is a compendium of current knowledge about the crustacean subclass Branchiura Thorell, 1864. An overview of the group is presented, starting from the first species description, and reports of taxonomic changes. It also provides a condensed retrospect of each genus and includes the characteristics of each genus, the geographical distribution of each species arranged according to occurrence per continent; and aspects of the anatomy, physiology, host-parasite interactions and phylogeny are discussed. In order to condense the information available on members of the subclass, additional literature sources on each aspect are tabulated. The species lists provided by the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) were used as a starting point as these were the most comprehensive currently available.

Download Full-text