scholarly journals Implantación territorial y análisis arquitectónico de los búnkeres del Subsector IV del estrecho de Gibraltar (Conil, Vejer y Barbate)

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Atanasio-Guisado ◽  
Juan Francisco Molina-Rozalem
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Strait Of Gibraltar ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
North Bank ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military ◽  
Coastal Strip

Territorial implantation and architectural analysis of the bunkers on Subsector IV, Strait of Gibraltar (Conil, Vejer and Barbate)The fortified system executed on the north bank of the Strait of Gibraltar from 1939 pursued two objectives: an offensive one, for which coastal batteries and lighting projectors were installed; and a defensive one, for which around four hundred reinforced concrete bunkers were built for machine guns and / or anti-tank guns along the coastal strip that runs from San Roque to Conil de la Frontera. According to the military archive documentation, the device for the defense of the land front and against landings on the coast was organized into four subsectors, designated with roman numerals from east to west. Subsector IV, the westernmost, extends from Barbate to Conil, through Vejer de la Frontera. Divided into two resistance centers, it is the one that contained the lowest density of positions, with a total of twenty-seven pillboxes. This communication has a double purpose. On the one hand, deepen the territorial implantation of the bunker network of Subsector IV, to understand that is fundamental the systemic conception between them and between them and the whole set of bunkers. Secondly, to carry out an individual and specific architectural analysis of each one of the works, focusing on the constructive characteristics and the existence of possible typological relationships.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 360-388
Author(s):  
James Howard-Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Dramatic Effect ◽  
The North ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The One ◽  
Ideological Resources ◽  
Rising Power ◽  
The Military

News about the war and its outcome percolated into the surrounding world, with dramatic effect in the Far East and Arabia. Explanations for Persian success and Roman resilience in the first two phases are not hard to find (in the spheres of material and ideological resources), but the sudden reversal of fortunes in the 620s is more problematic. Persian overstretch and war-weariness, brought to a head when the Turks intervened in the north, were a key factor, but greater weight should probably be placed on the generalship of Heraclius and the military qualities of his highly trained troops. As for the effects of the war, neither of the great powers was so debilitated as to become easy prey for the rising power of Islam. Hard-fought set-piece battles were needed to bring about the destruction of the one and the amputation of the Levant and Egypt from the other.

The Egba at Abeokuta: Acculturation and Political Change, 1830–1870

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The North ◽  
The One ◽  
City State ◽  
The Military ◽  
The City

Following the establishment of the city-state of Abeokuta, the Egba and Owu returned to the forms of government known and respected before the retreat from the north, each township running its own affairs and reclaiming old prerogatives. This urban parochialism proved increasingly cumbersome after the death of Sodeke, when, without effective central leadership, the Ogboni and Ologun manœuvred for political predominance.These difficulties were compounded after mid-century as the tempo of economic and cultural change quickened in southern Yorubaland. The Egba were intent on establishing themselves as commercial middlemen between the coast and interior. On the one hand, they were thus drawn into the ever-widening focus of European economic and political influence and demands radiating from Lagos. On the other, seeds of change were planted at Abeokuta itself: European merchants, missionaries, and Saros, who were soon promoting new economic forms and demanding political expression.The formal appearance of the Saros as political contenders in 1860 coincided with the breakdown of the uneasy Yoruba peace. Their first bid for power was consequently unsuccessful, and, as the war progressed, the military became the controlling political force. In fact civil government came close to vanishing completely during the next five years, a point of near-anarchy being reached, and with deteriorating relations with Lagos.

The Design and Construction of Burton Bridge

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-240
Author(s):  
R. B. Malloy ◽  
D. J. Davies
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
The South ◽  
South Side ◽  
Arch Bridge ◽  
River Level ◽  
The North ◽  
North Bank ◽  
The One ◽  
Bridge Spans ◽  
The City

Burton Bridge spans the Saint John River about 14 miles (~22 km) downstream from the city of Fredericton, New Brunswick, replacing a ferry service between Maugerville on the Trans-Canada Highway along the north bank of the river, and the township of Burton on the south side of the river. The ferry service, said to have been in use for over two hundred years, met with increasing criticism in recent years and a demand for its replacement by a bridge has resulted in the present structure, completed and opened to traffic in the autumn of 1972. The main span is an arch bridge with a center navigation span of 600 ft (182.9 m), and an overall length of 1026.5 ft (312.9 m), flanked on each side by three 125 ft (38.1 m) approach spans. The total length of bridge between the abutments is 1784.5 ft (543.9 m), and its greatest height above normal river level in summer is 185 ft (56.4 m). Access to the bridge from the existing roads is accomplished by approach roads on new embankments, the one on the south side being relatively short, while those on the north bank form a complex of roads providing east and west access to the Trans-Canada Highway, over which a pre-stressed concrete overpass bridge has been built for one of the routes.

scholarly journals A bit closer to the past: the three-dimensionalization of an Inca ceremony in the north Calchaquí Valley (Salta, Argentina)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (25) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Alejandro Andrés Ferrari ◽  
Joaquín Ignacio Izaguirre ◽  
Félix Alejandro Acuto
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The North ◽  
Inca Empire ◽  
The One ◽  
New Variables

<p>Like other expansive polities, the expansion of the Inca empire across the highlands and lowlands of South America is not only a history of trade and warfare, but also of mesmerizing public performances that yielded new and memorable experiences. During highly ritualized public celebratory events, the local polities gained first-hand access to the imperial liturgy, which was vital to promote and legitimate the Inca cosmology across the newly acquired lands. Especially in the last 20 years, new technologies, an ever-growing corpus of archaeological data, as well as increasing hardware capacity and software development, make it possible to emulate the scenes that people got to witness during the Inca public events, at a home computer scale and without complex and expensive equipment. Furthermore, it prompts us to test and apply new tools and academic dissemination techniques, perhaps more suitable to current technologies and means of knowledge storage and circulation. This article presents the process of building a three-dimensional (3D) model that, on the one hand, combines historical, ethnographic, and archaeological data with Geographic Information System (GIS) datasets; on the other hand, it uses detailed architectural analysis and astronomical measurements. The objective is to yield renders that accurately display the atmospheric and lighting conditions prevailing when the site was inhabited. We will offer a detailed description of all methods, techniques, equipment, and software used to create the model and the parameters for rendering the images. The authors intend to exemplify how 3D modelling goes well beyond the 3D model as a product in itself; it becomes a fundamental tool that encouraged us to test new variables and discuss new interpretations about this settlement. Results indicate that its builders designed these settlement's Inca compounds to show off the imperial capabilities and constructive proficiency, to convey exceptional, memorable experiences to its residents and visitors, and to stage explicit links between the imperial representatives and some fundamental procreative components of the Andean cosmos. In doing so, Guitián's plaza served to stage and communicate the privileged role the imperial representatives claimed to have in a broader cosmological scheme.</p><p>Highlights:</p><ul><li><p>Inca public performances were finely choreographed so that objects, places, people, landscape, and skyscape features interacted according to the main principles of imperial cosmology.</p></li><li><p>Current mid-range hardware and specialized yet reasonably user-friendly software are suitable to create accurate three-dimensional (3D) models combining historical, archaeological, and astronomical data.</p></li><li><p>Creating such a detailed 3D model contributes to cultural heritage and academic dissemination and prompted us to revise and broaden our interpretations.</p></li></ul>

Recent research on the Cantabrian Wars: the archaeological reconstruction of a mountain war

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 421-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo José Peralta Labrador ◽  
Jorge Camino Mayor ◽  
Jesús Francisco Torres-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
Spanish Universities ◽  
Archaeological Reconstruction ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military ◽  
Written Sources

Over the centuries, Spanish historiography has attached great importance to the wars that Octavian launched at the start of the last third of the 1st c. B.C. against the population in the north of the Iberian peninsula. In this way he intended to bring an end to the long conquest of Iberia that had begun two centuries earlier in the hegemonic struggle with Carthage. Although the wars previously attracted the attention of European scholars, today they play little part in the historiography of the Early Roman Empire and even less in the biographies of Augustus, who suffered some of his worst military fortunes in this war, putting his very life in danger (Suet., Aug. 29.3 and 81.1; Hor., Carm. 3.14; Dio 53.25.5-7; Oros. 6.21.4). Even Departments of Ancient History in Spanish universities have failed to progress beyond well-worn exegesis of the written sources. This is because until just two decades ago all the information came from two historical sources: Florus and Orosius, on the one hand, and Dio Cassius, on the other (the relevant books of Livy being lost). Although they stress the importance of the conflict, these sources are excessively laconic; they have also been subjected to erudite speculations about place-names that have turned the military campaigns into a series of historiographic fictions.1

scholarly journals SCYTHIA FROM OCTAMASADES TO ATEAS (According to the Materials of the Dnieper Left Bank Forest Steppe)

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-52
Author(s):  
D. S. Grechko
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The North ◽  
Ongoing Development ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military

The article is devoted to the consideration of ethnocultural processes in the Dnipro Left Bank forest-steppe and some issues of the development of material culture in the last third of the 5th— 4th centuries BC. This period was characterized by the stabilization of the military-political situation and the ongoing development of the population in the south of Eastern Europe. Cluster analysis of burials allowed us to identify several groups. The first cluster characterizes the originality of the Belsk necropolis and its neighborhoods (clusters 1a, 2a, 3, 4). The second block united the burial of nomads who advanced along the Muravsky Shlyakh to the north (clusters 1b, 2c). Interestingly, that the program separated the elite complexes of the next chronological horizon (mid-third quarter of the 4th century BC) in wooden tombs with a southern orientation (clusters 5—6). In the development of the material culture of this period, three subgroups were identified. Subgroup 2c / group II (430/420—410s BC) is a transitional and reflects the material culture of the period of the completion of the formation of Scythia. The inventory of the burials, apart from innovations, still contains types of products that were typical for the Middle Scythian time. Subgroup 3a / group III (420/400—380/375 BC) corresponds with the time of Solokha’s burials. Material culture is actually completely innovative in relation to the Middle Scythian. Subgroup 3b / III group (380/365—360/350s BC) is difficult to separate and is a transitional from material culture such as Solokha burial to the one that would dominate, starting from the time of the burials in Tolstaya and Chmyreva Mogilas. For the agricultural population of the Forest-Steppe, the entry into Scythia no later than the end of the first third of the 5th century BC brought significant changes: the number of fortified settlements, settlements with ash hills decreased. Several fortifications continued active functioning and the seasonal settlements widely spread. All this happened against the background of an increase of the mobility of a part of the agricultural population and the infiltration of a part of the steppe population into the region.

The One True religion in the Military

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Parco ◽  
Barry S. Fagin
Keyword(s):  
The One ◽  
The Military

MBAH HENDRO KUSUMO BIN SYECH AHMAD MUTAMAKKIN: JEJAK SYIAR ISLAM DI WILAYAH PATI

EMPIRISMA ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fathimatuz Zahra Dan Abdul Azis
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Marital Relationship ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
The One

Pati is a region on the north coast, according to the hypothesis of the researcher, the region is divided into three categories. The northern regions are more religious, the central is more plural, while the southern region is in the middle. In the central region there are many relics of tombs believed to be the those of the Muslim proselytizers in the area of Pati. The one that attracts the researcher is a tomb in the Gambiran area, where there are five local Muslim saints buried, one of them belons to mbah Hendro Kusumo, the son of Syech Ahmad Mutamakkin. This article attempts to trace back the spreading of Islam in Pati based on the existence of thetomb of Mbah Hendro Kusumo. It wants to answer question of whethere the existence of his tomb is due to his studying there or marital relationship, and how it relates to the spreading of Islam.Keywords: Mbah Hendro Kusumo, Traces of Islamic Dakwah, Islam

Preaching and Sermons

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Religious Revival ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Denominational Identity ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Prompted by the convulsions of the late eighteenth century and inspired by the expansion of evangelicalism across the North Atlantic world, Protestant Dissenters from the 1790s eagerly subscribed to a millennial vision of a world transformed through missionary activism and religious revival. Voluntary societies proliferated in the early nineteenth century to spread the gospel and transform society at home and overseas. In doing so, they engaged many thousands of converts who felt the call to share their experience of personal conversion with others. Though social respectability and business methods became a notable feature of Victorian Nonconformity, the religious populism of the earlier period did not disappear and religious revival remained a key component of Dissenting experience. The impact of this revitalization was mixed. On the one hand, growth was not sustained in the long term and, to some extent, involvement in interdenominational activity undermined denominational identity; on the other hand, Nonconformists gained a social and political prominence they had not enjoyed since the middle of the seventeenth century and their efforts laid the basis for the twentieth-century explosion of evangelicalism in Africa, Asia, and South America.

First record of Norwegian killer whales attacking and feeding on a harbour porpoise

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mel Cosentino
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
First Record ◽  
Harbour Porpoise ◽  
Sperm Whales ◽  
Killer Whales ◽  
Strait Of Gibraltar ◽  
Cetacean Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Bottlenose Whales

Orcinus orcais a cosmopolitan species and the most widely distributed marine mammal. Its diet includes over 140 species of fish, cephalopods, sea birds and marine mammals. However, many populations are specialised on certain specific prey items. Three genetically distinct populations have been described in the North Atlantic. Population A (that includes the Icelandic and Norwegian sub-populations) is believed to be piscivorous, as is population C, which includes fish-eating killer whales from the Strait of Gibraltar. In contrast, population B feeds on both fish and marine mammals. Norwegian killer whales follow the Norwegian spring spawning herring stock. The only description in the literature of Norwegian killer whales feeding on another cetacean species is a predation event on northern bottlenose whales in 1968. Daily land-based surveys targeting sperm whales were conducted from the Andenes lighthouse using BigEyes®binoculars (25×, 80 mm). The location of animals at sea was approximated through the use of an internal reticule system and a graduated wheel. On 24 June 2012 at 3:12 am, an opportunistic sighting of 11 killer whales was made off Andenes harbour. The whales hunted and fed on a harbour porpoise. Despite these species having overlapping distributions in Norwegian waters, this is the first predatory event reported in the literature.

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