scholarly journals Domination and Power Relations in Brazilian Agriculture: A Gender Analysis of the Concept of Adequate Food

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-289
Author(s):  
Tânia Aparecida Kuhnen ◽  
Daniela Rosendo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Gender Analysis ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Right To Food ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

The main subject of this paper is the concept of adequate food defined by the Brazilian Law No 11.346/06, whose implications are discussed through a gender – especially ecofeminist – lens. The Law defines the right to food that is also considered a fundamental right in the Brazilian Constitution. At the same time, the Brazilian economy is centered on crops production in a large-scale farming system for exportation. Based on that, the following question is addressed: is the concept of adequate food compatible with the economic privilege attributed to the massive agricultural system and to factory farms? The aim is to show that they are incompatible and the alternative is a defense of organic family farming and a plant-based diet, as it is presented in the  “Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population” (2014). Another problem that arises from this issue is that agriculture in this large-scale dimension reflects structures of power and domination (Karen J. Warren) and animals used for corpse eating disappears, becoming absent referents (Carol J. Adams). It reflects the structure of a patriarchal society, where men have power over women, animals, and plants. The hypothesis is that in family farming women can participate more in the decision-making process, reflecting equality and justice in the private sphere. For that, the Special Reports on adequate food will be considered, mainly the one related to the mission of the Special Rapporteur to Brazil, whose analysis brings information on the gender category. This analysis draws attention to the situation of women in their struggles to fulfill the right to adequate food.

The Pragmatic Electorate

1930 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Body ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Limited Participation ◽  
Good Citizen ◽  
General Improvement ◽  
The One ◽  
City State ◽  
The Right

Political science has dealt too long, on the one hand, with the ideal, and, on the other hand, with the abnormal and perverted features of political society, rather than with the normal and the eventual. Our theory of ideal democracy is perhaps more suited to the Greek and Roman city-state, with participation as the test of the good citizen. Representation has been heralded as the device which makes the ancient ideal possible on a large scale. But in practice it has been found that the enormous expansion of the public, i.e., the body of persons who have the right of participation, has made the problem far more complex than was at first thought possible. Greek ideals of education and coercion of the citizen body toward general improvement have been carried out with greater success, and our statute books reflect a Hobbesian attitude toward human nature which is true only in part. The political philosophy of democracy must be built on the facts of political life.Shall we break with the Greek and Roman ideal of the participation of the citizen group in the affairs of the state? It is true that the present attitude is a revised form of the democratic ideal of antiquity, but with a different interpretation of the meaning of citizenship. All democratic governments must finally rest on some theory of the suffrage; any study of the fact of non-voting must be based on a theory of the suffrage likewise. With the expansion of the theory of citizenship to include all subjects, a corresponding theory of limited participation was developed—no doubt a product of the Middle Ages. The totality of citizens was distrusted, and some test of participation had to be devised. Such was the origin of religious tests for political participation; such was the origin of the distinction between the right to vote and the fact of citizenship.

scholarly journals Aproximación a la regulación y contenido del derecho a una alimentación adecuada

2018 ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Goig Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
National Level ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Right To Food ◽  
The Public ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
The Right

La alimentación adecuada constituye un derecho humano. Así lo han reconocido oficialmente la gran mayoría de los Tratados Internacionales sobre derechos humanos. Pero existe una gran diferencia entre que un Estado reconozca oficialmente la alimentación como un derecho fundamental en su constitución, o lo haga como un principio rector, puesto que ello dotará al derecho a la alimentación adecuada de una mayor protección, o lo convertirá en un principio de actuación de los poderes públicos. Se puede exigir a los gobiernos garantizar el ejercicio efectivo del derecho a la alimentación de conformidad con las disposiciones constitucionales para otros derechos humanos. Pero, la capacidad de la invocación indirecta de otros derechos humanos para lograr la protección efectiva del derecho a la alimentación en el plano nacional dependerá, en definitiva, de la interpretación jurídica que se haga de la Constitución.Adequate food is a human right. Thus the vast majority of treaties have officially recognized it human rights. But there is a big difference between that a State officially recognizes food as a fundamental right in the Constitution, or do it as a guiding principle, since this will provide the right to adequate food of greater protection, or the It will become a principle of action of the public authorities. You may require Governments to ensuring the effective exercise of the right to food in accordance with the constitutional provisions for other human rights. But the indirect invocation of other human rights capacity to achieve effective protection of the right to food at the national level will depend, ultimately, of the legal interpretation that is made of the Constitution.

The American Farmer in the Eighteenth Century

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lyman Bushman
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost

The book argues that all eighteenth-century farmers sought first and foremost to provide basic subsistence for their families. The first aim of all farmers was self-provisioning. Even large planters who exported tobacco or wheat and purchased luxuries sought to provision themselves with their own labor on their own land. All farmers also engaged in trade to obtain what they could not make for themselves. They were subsistence and market farmers at the same time. Besides providing for themselves year by year, farmers hoped to set up their children on farms. With older children coming into the workforce, farmers could acquire enough to provide for those children as they left the family. Tragically, family farming with its assurance of security required ever more land, resulting in the relentless expulsion of Native Americans from their possessions. Within this basic North American farming system, agricultural regimens differed greatly from section to section. Slavery prevailed from Georgia to Maryland because warm winters allowed farmers to use their work force all year around, justifying the cost of slaves. From Pennsylvania northward, farmers relied on family or on cottagers who could be dismissed in winter.The cultural and political division between North and South corresponded to the contours of the climate-based growing season. This agricultural system changed little until after 1800, when the growing urban populations motivated farmers to develop new and more profitable crops. Farmers benefited from expanding markets which enabled them to purchase the goods necessary to achieve middle-class respectability. Although gradually eroded, self-provisioning persisted until after World War II, when it was largely abandoned.

scholarly journals An Analysis of New Zealand’s Role in Food Insecurity in Fiji

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Laura Barrett
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Right To Food ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Imported Foods ◽  
The Right

<p>Access to adequate food is a human right. Despite this, globally around three billion people lack access to food sufficient to allow them to live free from hunger and malnutrition. In the Pacific, despite millennia of positive nutrition, they now have some the highest rates of diabetes and obesity in the world, and 75 percent of their population are dying prematurely from non-communicable diseases (NCD’s). One of the main risk factors for NCD’s is an unhealthy diet. A key finding coming out of the Pacific Food Summit in 2010 was that imported foods represent a threat to Pacific food security. New Zealand is a key trader with the Pacific. It has also come under criticism in recent years over its trade of poor quality meat to the Pacific, which it has been argued is contributing to poor health outcomes there. This research seeks to look deeper into the relationship between New Zealand trade and Pacific food insecurity, using Fiji as a case study. A key foundation for this research is the ‘right to food’. The right to adequate food is a fundamental right of all human beings. This is established by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and subsequent treaties, to which all signatory countries are bound. Recently, this right is being discussed in an extraterritorial context, meaning states have obligations not only to those within their territory, but across the globe. This places obligations on states to both respect the right to food of citizens globally, and also to protect them against actions taken by those within their territory which would undermine this right. It is against this backdrop, utilising interviews, data and policy analysis, that the trade relationship between New Zealand and Fiji is analysed.</p>

scholarly journals Concubinage in the Polish Tax Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-374
Author(s):  
Aleksy Goettel
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Public Revenues

The main goal of this study is to assess whether, and if so, how the tax policy is implemented in Poland in relation to informal partnerships. The justification for conducting research in this area is the growing number of such relationships and the demands formulated by the public on the principles of taxation of cohabitants. The study analyzes not only taxes on natural persons, but also the provisions governing the principles of tax liability. The research shows that while pro-family tax policy is implemented on a fairly large scale in Poland, it does not apply to cohabitants. In principle, cohabitants do not have the right to any preferential taxation rules, above all tax reliefs and exemptions. Moreover, the analysis of the research material clearly indicates that staying in cohabitation can even aggravate the situation of a cohabitant under tax law (which can be seen perfectly well on the example of a cohabitant's liability for his partner's taxes). On the basis of a critical analysis of the Polish tax law provisions, the general thesis has been formulated that the situation of cohabitants is affected by deep asymmetry, because on the one hand the legislator uses cohabitation to improve the allocation of public revenues, but on the other hand it does not include cohabitants with pro-family tax policy (although cohabitation is very similar to marriage). The study includes certain demands on the legislator, thanks to which it is possible to cover cohabitants by pro-family tax policy.

scholarly journals Future prospects of precision agriculture in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-405
Author(s):  
Mamata Shrestha ◽  
Saugat Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Remote Sensors ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Adoption And Implementation ◽  
The Right

Precision agriculture is a management system based on information and technology which analyses the spatial and temporal variability within the field and addresses them systematically for optimizing productivity, profitability, and environmental sustainability. It is an emerging concept of agriculture that implies a precise application of inputs at the right place, at the right time, and in the right amount to minimize the production cost, to boost profitability and reduce risks. The three main elements of precision agriculture are data and information, technology, and decision support systems. This system of management is known as ‘Site-specific management’ which makes use of technologies like global positioning system, global information system, remote sensors, yield monitors, guidance technology, variable-rate technology, hardware, and software. Agriculture is the mainstay of Nepal but still is not proficient enough to appease the daily consumption needs. The ongoing system of farming practices in Nepal is deemed insufficient to explore the available resources in its optimum potential. Many cultivable lands in the country are still a virgin, and many indigenous crop varieties have remained unexplored in their wilderness that is rich in biodiversity. These possibilities embark great room for increasing agricultural productivity through the precision farming system if adopted the technology on a large scale within the country. The national economy can be flustered and the environment can also be conserved using precision agriculture. It can address all agricultural and environmental issues. It is a technically sophisticated system and requires great technical knowledge for successful adoption and implementation. This study examines the history, global scenario, scope of precision agriculture, and its importance, opportunities, threats, and challenges in Nepal.

scholarly journals Leer je kinderen minder te tolereren! Teach your children to tolerate less!

Pedagogiek ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Schinkel
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Abstract Toleration is a person’s response, on the one hand, to something she disapproves of, and on the other hand, to her inclination to put a stop to that which she disapproves of. When people think about toleration from a pedagogical perspective, as a virtue to be cultivated, attention naturally focuses on the latter: how do we teach someone to control herself, to take the other’s perspective, et cetera; and how do we make sure someone develops ‘tolerant’ views? Discussions about this virtually always concern the same topics, however; critical reflection on the objects of (in)tolerance are lacking. When we turn our gaze outwards, we see that intolerable practices take place on a large scale (e.g. ecologically destructive practices) that we all ‘tolerate’ – because we don’t care enough. We ought to teach children to care about the right things to the right degree; and that means we need to teach them not to tolerate certain practices.

scholarly journals Roles and capacity of duty bearers in the realization of the human right to adequate food in Uganda

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (48) ◽  
pp. 5493-5509
Author(s):  
PM Rukundo ◽  
◽  
JK Kikafunda ◽  
A Oshaug ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Nutrition Policy ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Right To Food ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
The Right

The right to adequate food recognised under international law provides a strong foundation for eradicating hunger and malnutrition in all nations. Uganda ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) in 1987 and thereby committed itself to ensure the realization of the right to adequate food recognised under Article 11 of the Covenant. This study analysed the roles and capacity of duty bearers in the realization of the right to adequate food in Uganda. Structured interviews were held with purposefully selected duty bearers from 11 districts in the country between February and July 2007. Districts were selected by criterion based sampling. Relevant policies, budgets, and legislation were also reviewed, particularly with state obligations on human rights, and capacity of duty bearers in mind. Although this right is expressly recognised in the Food and Nutrition Policy of 2003 in which a multi-sectoral approach is proposed, sector-specific roles are not explicitly defined in Uganda’s institutional and policy framework. Most duty bearer (63%) considered the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) as being responsible for the delays in implementing the relevant actions for the right to food. The Uganda Human Rights Commission (UHRC) reported receiving inadequate budget resources to support the right to food. Only 20% of duty bearers had knowledge of the General Comment 12, which is an important United Nations instrument that defines and elaborates on the human right to adequate food. Duty bearer’s knowledge of the right to food in the national Constitution had a significant (X2 = 0.003; P<0.05) positive correlation (R=0.283) with membership status to an ad hoc Uganda Food and Nutrition Council (UFNC). A proposed Food and Nutrition Bill had taken over 10 years without being presented to the National Parliament for the process of enactment into law. As such, most of the support for this right came from development partners. Whereas the ministry of health and MAAIF are line ministries in the implementation of food and nutrition policy, the right to food roles of the various duty bearers in Uganda need to be well defined. Capacity development is also needed, particularly related to integrating right to food sector-specific roles into the theoretical development and practical implementation of food and nutrition security programmes at all levels in the country.

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