The microbiological condition of public air in the city during autumn and winter

Abstract. We propose an approach to estimate urban emission ratios that takes advantage of the enhanced local urban signal in the atmosphere at low wind speed. We apply it to estimate monthly ratios between CO2, CO and some VOCs from several atmospheric concentration measurement datasets acquired in the centre of Paris between 2010 and 2014. We find that this approach is not very sensitive to the regional background level definition and that, in the case of Paris, it samples all days (weekdays and weekends) and all hours of the day evenly. A large seasonal variability of the ΔCO ∕ ΔCO2 ratio in Paris is shown, with a difference of around 60 % between the extreme values and a strong anti-correlation (r2 = 0.75) with atmospheric temperature. The comparison of the ratios obtained for two short measurement campaigns conducted in two different districts and two different periods (autumn and winter) shows differences ranging from −120 to +63 %. A comparison with a highly resolved regional emission inventory suggests some spatial variations of the ratio within the city.

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Measurement Report: Interpretation of Wide Range Particulate Matter Size Distributions in Delhi

10.5194/acp-2021-860 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ülkü Alver Şahin ◽

Roy M. Harrison ◽

Mohammed S. Alam ◽

David C. S. Beddows ◽

Dimitrios Bousiotis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Particle Number ◽

Size Fraction ◽

Distribution Data ◽

Size Distributions ◽

Post Monsoon ◽

Wide Range ◽

Autumn And Winter ◽

The City ◽

Very High

Abstract. Delhi is one of the world’s most polluted cities, with very high concentrations of airborne particulate matter. However, little is known on the factors controlling the characteristics of particle number size distributions. Here, new measurements are reported from three field campaigns conducted in winter, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons on the Indian Insitute of Technology campus in the south of the city. Particle number size distributions were measured simultaneously using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer and a Grimm optical particle monitor, covering 15 nm to > 10 µm diameter. The merged, wide-range size distributions were categorised into five size ranges: nucleation (15–20 nm), Aitken (20–100 nm), accumulation (100 nm–1 µm), large fine (1–2.5 µm) and coarse (2.5–10 µm) particles. The ultrafine fraction (15–100 nm) accounts for about 52 % of all particles by number (PN10), but just 1 % by PM10 volume (PV10). The measured size distributions are markedly coarser than most from other parts of the world, but are consistent with earlier cascade impactor data from Delhi. Our results suggest substantial aerosol processing by coagulation, condensation and water uptake in the heavily polluted atmosphere, which takes place mostly at nighttime and in the morning hours. Total number concentrations are highest in winter, but the mode of the distribution is largest in the post-monsoon (autumn) season. The accumulation mode particles dominate the particle volume in autumn and winter, while the coarse mode dominates in summer. Polar plots show a huge variation between both size fractions in the same season and between seasons for the same size fraction. The diurnal pattern of particle numbers is strongly reflective of a road traffic influence upon concentrations, especially in autumn and winter. There is a clear influence of diesel traffic at nighttime when it is permitted to enter the city, and also indications in the size distribution data of a mode < 15 nm, probably attributable to CNG/LPG vehicles. New particle formation appears to be infrequent, and in this dataset is limited to one day in the summer campaign. Our results reveal that the very high emissions of airborne particles in Delhi, particularly from traffic, determine the variation of particle number size distributions.

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Impact of meteorological parameters on the Covid-19 incidence. The case of the city of Oran, Algeria.

10.1101/2020.07.10.20151258 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Farid RAHAL ◽

Salima REZAK ◽

Fatima Zohra BABA HAMED

Keyword(s):

Meteorological Parameters ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Spearman Rank Correlation ◽

First Case ◽

Maximum Temperatures ◽

Autumn And Winter ◽

The Impact ◽

The City ◽

Spearman Rank Correlation Test

Several studies have confirmed the impact of weather conditions on the evolution of the Covid-19 pandemic. We wanted to verify this phenomenon in the city of Oran in Algeria, which experienced its first case of Covid19 on March 19, 2020. The data studied are the new Covid19 cases, the average, minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as the relative humidity rate. A first analysis of the data with a Spearman rank correlation test did not yield significant results. Taking into account the average incubation period to adjust the data made it possible, during a second analysis, to show that the minimum temperature is significantly correlated with the new cases of Covid19 in Oran. This study can help establish prevention policies against Covid19, especially during fall in temperatures in autumn and winter.

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Mesembrinellinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to edge effects in the Tinguá Biological Reserve, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/1519-6984.10214 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 75 (4 suppl 1) ◽

pp. 196-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B. Q. Gadelha ◽

A. B. Silva ◽

A. C. P. Ferraz ◽

V. M. Aguiar

Keyword(s):

Edge Effect ◽

Edge Effects ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Forest Edge ◽

Strong Positive Relationship ◽

Autumn And Winter ◽

The City ◽

Biological Reserve

Abstract In this study we describe the diversity of Mesembrinelinae in a biological reserve in the city of Nova Iguaçu, State of Rio de Janeiro. Traps containing sardines were distributed seasonally, at four sites: Site A (22° 58.788’ S, 43° 43.459’ W), in a forest edge, and sites B (22° 58.523’ S, 43° 44.540’ W), C (22° 58.350’ S, 43° 44.678’ W), and D (22° 34.865’ S, 43° 27.063’ W), located 1,000m, 500m, and 2,000m respectively, inwards from the edge. A total of 2,150 individuals of Mesembrinellinae were collected, representing ten species. Laneela nigripes Guimarães, 1977 was the most abundant species, followed by Mesembrinella bellardiana Aldrich, 1922, Eumesembrinella cyaneicincta (Surcouf, 1919) and Mesembrinella semihyalina Mello, 1967. These species were common and constant during the study period. Mesembrinella batesi Aldrich, 1922, Eumesembrinella quadrilineata (Fabricius, 1805) and Huascaromusca aeneiventris (Wiedmann, 1830) were the less abundant flies, being considered rare and accidental. Eumesembrinella besnoiti (Seguy, 1925) was rare and accessory. Eumesembrinella cyaneicincta, M. bellardiana, M. semihyalina and M. bicolor were mostly collected in site B, while L. nigripes was mostly collected in site C. The edge effect was not evident since the four sites showed similar populations. Site B showed a strong positive relationship between abundance and richness, in site C the correlation was positive and weak, and there was no correlation in A and D. The highest abundance of specimens was recorded during autumn and winter. These flies occurred from the edge up to 2,000m inside the forest.

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Quantification of mass concentrations aerosols PM2.5 in primary schools. Case study: Tiaret city (Algeria)

Environmental Research Engineering and Management ◽

10.5755/j01.erem.75.2.21601 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 47-59

Author(s):

Naceur Khadidja ◽

Mohamed Maatoug ◽

Benaichata Lazreg ◽

Hermann Heilmeier ◽

Mykola Kharytonov

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Hierarchical Classification ◽

Spatial Knowledge ◽

Atmospheric Environment ◽

Particulate Pollution ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Autumn And Winter ◽

The City

23 primary schools have been selected in Tiaret city, and the collection of PM2.5 was performed in the morning, afternoon and evening, in the presence and absence of the pupils. The results found have shown a gradient of concentrations of PM2.5 by site typology. Low and average concentrations are recorded in the areas close to forests: 23.32±2.77 µg/m3 and the high concentrations are observed in the sites exposed to road traffic: 33.57±3.27 µg/m3 in winter. However, concentrations recorded in the urban sites are lower in the summer (sites exposed to road traffic: 25.33±2.85 µg/m3, sites close to the forests 23.78± 1.92µg/m3). We also noticed that the dominance of PM2.5 has been observed in the vicinity of the major axes of movement. The dispersion of these particles is illustrated by a detailed maps. The maps present information obtained by hierarchical classification, they aim to answer a need for spatial knowledge of the problem of particulate pollution in urban areas in the city of Tiaret. The hierarchical classification allowed to distinguish three groups of schools: urban, urban highly subject to dense road traffic and schools close to green spaces and forests. The results obtained revealed a high contamination of the atmospheric environment of the city of Tiaret by PM2.5 aerosols, taking into account the results recorded in primary schools. Mass concentration of PM2.5 in the 1st period (autumn and winter) is higher than that of the 2nd period (spring and summer). Indeed, the highest concentrations are recorded in the presence of pupils in winter.

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Markov chains to determine the probability of climate change for planting selection in the city of Caxias do Sul

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20200840 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Vanessa Bertholdo Vargas ◽

Leandro Corso ◽

Rolando Vargas Vallejos

Keyword(s):

Algebraic Model ◽

Second Phase ◽

Chain Model ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Third Phase ◽

Probability Of Transition ◽

Autumn And Winter ◽

Hierarchy Process ◽

The City ◽

Crop Planting

ABSTRACT: The Markov stochastic chain model and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) were used as tools to support decision-making for the best crop-planting choice in the city of Caxias do Sul, Brazil. Temperature and precipitation information were collected from the Meteorological Database for Teaching and Research of the National Institute of Meteorology of Brazil for the period 1997-2017. The stochastic model was applied to obtain the probability of transition between a range of variations for temperature and precipitation. In the second phase of the study, an algebraic model was developed, making it possible to link the probability of the Markov chain transition matrix to the AHP judgment matrix. In the third phase, the AHP was applied as a tool to determine the most beneficial crop that could be planted for the studied city, considering the evaluated criteria: temperature, precipitation, and soil pH. The alternatives for crop planting were carrots, tomatoes, apples, and grapes. These were chosen because they are the most-planted crops in the city of Caxias do Sul. The ranking of the benefit-force results of applying the model for spring was carrots (0.297), apples (0.259), grapes (0.228), and tomatoes (0.215); for summer: grapes (0.261), tomatoes (0.261), apples (0.238), and carrots (0.230); for autumn: carrots (0.316), grapes (0.243), tomatoes (0.228), and apples (0.213); and for winter: carrots (0.327), tomatoes (0.235), apples (0.222), and grapes (0.216). Thus, it was concluded that farmers would have a better chance of success if they planted carrots during the spring, autumn, and winter, and grapes during the summer.

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Seasonal Variations of the Urban Thermal Environment Effect in a Tropical Coastal City

Advances in Meteorology ◽

10.1155/2017/8917310 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yao Yuan ◽

Chen Xi ◽

Qian Jing ◽

Ndayisaba Felix

Keyword(s):

Land Surface ◽

Thermal Environment ◽

Shenzhen City ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Urban Heat ◽

Surface Urban Heat Island ◽

Autumn And Winter ◽

Urban Thermal Environment ◽

The City

Shenzhen city was selected to analyze the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) variations based on land surface temperature (LST) in four different seasons of 2015. UHI intensity (UHII) as an indicator of SUHI was established and the method of density segmentation was utilized to classify the SUHI after LSTs were normalized. The gravity center model of UHII and Moran’s I (a spatial autocorrelation index) were used to analyze the spatiotemporal variations of SUHI. Results indicated that LST was higher in the west than in the east of the city. The values of UHII were higher in spring and summer and lower in autumn and winter. Five profiles were drawn to analyze the distribution of UHII in different seasons, and it was found that the No. 1 path profiles, corresponding to the western urban development axis, had higher UHII than other path profiles. The center of UHII gravity shifts converged in the Longhua, Baoan, and Nanshan Districts throughout the four seasons and Moran’s I values were higher in summer and spring. From the UHII’s spatial distribution pattern analysis, a spatially discontinuous pattern was observed in four seasons; there was a compact pattern of high temperature zones.

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Hospitals: N.Y. Appellate Court Denies Move to Privatize Public Hospital

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1017/s1073110500012961 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 202-203

Author(s):

Robert Chatham

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

New York City ◽

York City ◽

Public Health System ◽

Municipal Hospital ◽

The Public ◽

Public Benefit ◽

For Profit ◽

Benefit Corporation ◽

The City

The Court of Appeals of New York held, in Council of the City of New York u. Giuliani, slip op. 02634, 1999 WL 179257 (N.Y. Mar. 30, 1999), that New York City may not privatize a public city hospital without state statutory authorization. The court found invalid a sublease of a municipal hospital operated by a public benefit corporation to a private, for-profit entity. The court reasoned that the controlling statute prescribed the operation of a municipal hospital as a government function that must be fulfilled by the public benefit corporation as long as it exists, and nothing short of legislative action could put an end to the corporation's existence.In 1969, the New York State legislature enacted the Health and Hospitals Corporation Act (HHCA), establishing the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) as an attempt to improve the New York City public health system. Thirty years later, on a renewed perception that the public health system was once again lacking, the city administration approved a sublease of Coney Island Hospital from HHC to PHS New York, Inc. (PHS), a private, for-profit entity.

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ASHA Convention 2013

ASHA Leader ◽

10.1044/leader.an11.18072013.46 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 18 (7) ◽

pp. 46-48

Keyword(s):

Ice Cream ◽

Annual Convention ◽

The City ◽

Rich History

This year's Annual Convention features some sweet new twists like ice cream and free wi-fi. But it also draws on a rich history as it returns to Chicago, the city where the association's seeds were planted way back in 1930. Read on through our special convention section for a full flavor of can't-miss events, helpful tips, and speakers who remind why you do what you do.

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App it Up in the City of Stars

ASHA Leader ◽

10.1044/leader.app.22072017.np ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Sean Sweeney

Keyword(s):

The City

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