Water in Newly Rediscovered Ancient and Medieval Texts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay J. Starkey
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
The World ◽  
Bodies Of Water ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores how Ptolemy’s Geography and medieval Jewish exegesis helped reshape sixteenth-century European views on water and the relationship between the world’s landmasses and waterways. Whereas Ptolemy’s Geography argued that there was more land and less water in the world than medieval Europeans typically thought, medieval Jewish scholars explained the dry land’s existence through God’s more direct intervention into the world than their medieval Christian contemporaries. It argues that the method through which sixteenth-century European scholars studied the world in which they lived meant that the books they read shaped the ways in which they conceptualized the arrangement of the world’s landmasses and bodies of water, and the ontological status of that relationship.

scholarly journals “Sapere audite ...” Melanchthon – sestiende-eeuse humanis en belangrike reformator

2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor D'Assonville
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The World ◽  
Philipp Melanchthon ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Reformation History ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

Terwyl Philipp Melanchthon allerweë in wetenskaplike kringe in Wes-Europa sowel as die VSA erkenning geniet vir sy reuse bydrae tot die Reformasie en die Westerse universiteitswese, is hy in sommige dele van die wêreld, ongelukkig ook in Suid-Afrika, taamlik onbekend. Dikwels verdwyn hy in die skadu van Luther en Calvyn. In eie reg was sy bydrae tot die hervorming van die kerk, sowel as die ontwikkeling van geesteswetenskappe en feitlik die volledige spektrum van wetenskappe in sy tyd egter só geweldig groot dat dit moeilik is om nie slegs in die oortreffende trap daarvan te praat nie. In hierdie artikel word doelbewus aandag aan die verhouding tussen sy rol as humanistiese geleerde in die sestiende-eeuse konteks en sy bydrae as kerkhervormer gegee, om sodoende meer insig oor die agtergrond van die komplekse reformasiegeskiedenis te bied. Abstract While Philip Melanchthon enjoys wide acclaim in scientific circles in Western Europe as well as the USA for his tremendous contribution to the Reformation and establishment of Western universities, he is unfortunately relatively unknown in some parts of the world, including South Africa. Often he recedes into the shadow of Luther and Calvin. In his own right his contribution to the sixteenth-century reformation of the church and the development of the Humanities – and in fact close to the entire spectrum of the sciences of his time – was so profound that it is hard not to acclaim him to the superlative degree. In this article, attention is deliberately given to the relationship between his role as humanistic scholar in the sixteenth century context and his contribution as church reformer, in order to provide more clarity on the context of the complexity of church reformation history.

Word Studies in the Renaissance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Stein
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Lexical Development ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Geographical Knowledge ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Present Book ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wide Dissemination

The rediscovery of the classical texts of Greek and Latin antiquity, the progress in the sciences, and the immense extension of the geographical knowledge of the world during the Renaissance created an unparalleled need for vocabulary expansion in the European languages. Latin was still the language of learning, but a growing nationalism called for a lexical development in the vernaculars. The printing press made possible the production of dictionaries and their wide dissemination. Sixteenth-century Europe is linguistically characterized by a high productivity in dictionary publications. These are pan-European in character: they are based on the same Greek and Latin source texts, the same recognized authorial texts of the leading contemporary experts, they are polyglot for tradespeople and travellers, and they are multilingual for an educated readership. The present book investigates the relationship between these polyglot and multilingual works, demonstrates the influence of European scholarship (e.g. Ambrogio Calepino, Conrad Gesner, Hadrianus Junius, Robertus Stephanus), describes the authorial stance in word explanations, morphological analyses, and translations, and provides the first account of how early printers used typography to present the compiler’s lexical information on the page.

The Dalai Lama and the Nechung Oracle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Bell
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Dalai Lama ◽  
Administrative Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Sentient Beings ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This book is about two immortals whose friendship has spanned nearly five hundred years across the Tibetan plateau and beyond. The first immortal is the Dalai Lama, the emanation of a bodhisattva, an enlightened being who voluntarily takes rebirth in the world to benefit sentient beings. The second immortal is a wrathful god named Pehar, who has possessed the Nechung Oracle since the sixteenth century. This book is the first to examine the relationship between these two monolithic figures, which strengthened in the seventeenth century during the reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama (1617–1682). This study is also the first extensive examination of the famed Nechung Oracle and his institution. In the seventeenth century, the protector deity Pehar and his oracle at Nechung Monastery were state-sanctioned by the nascent Tibetan government, becoming the head of an expansive pantheon of worldly deities assigned to protect the newly unified country. While the Fifth Dalai Lama and his government endorsed Pehar as part of a larger unification project, the governments of later Dalai Lamas continued to expand the deity’s influence, and by extension their own, by ritually establishing Pehar at monasteries and temples around Lhasa and across Tibet. Pehar’s cult at Nechung Monastery came to embody the Dalai Lama’s administrative control in a mutually beneficial relationship of protection and prestige, the effects of which continue to reverberate within Tibet and among the Tibetan exile community today.

scholarly journals IRONY AND FANTASY

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-126
Author(s):  
D. Ajdačić
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Literary Fiction ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Fictional World ◽  
The Real ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

The absence of a typology of irony in the theory of fiction stems from the fact that irony and fiction differently form and transform reality – fiction is a kind of fictional depiction of amazing worlds or phenomena. On the contrary, irony does not create worlds; in it, the subject comments on reality, adding another vision, a vision with a reassessment and deviation from what is said or presented. Irony can comment on the realities of different ontological status, that is, irony can relate to the real world and the fictional world, whether it is real or amazing. Fantasy transforms the world – it distorts, destroys or completes, or builds new worlds, and irony already adds a different vision to the ideas and views presented, regardless of whether they are real or fictional. The terminological and literary-theoretical aspects of the use of irony in works of literary fiction are discussed in the text. Dragan Stojanović’s book “Irony and Meaning” and the author’s terms “Ironical Focus” and “Meaning Pressure” are used as a theoretical starting point. After highlighting the touchpoints of irony and fiction and their special qualities and roles, is proposed a typology of the use of irony in fiction that separates ironic actions concerning the real world, the marvelous world and problematizing the relationship between the real and the marvelous world.

Describing and Depicting Water in Cosmographical and Geographical Texts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay J. Starkey
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter investigates the relationship between water and the earth and the world’s landmasses and waterways described and depicted in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century cosmographical and geographical texts and their medieval predecessors. This chapter argues that many medieval authors claimed that there was more water than earth in the world and that this water was located especially in the southern hemisphere of the world, exposing the ecumene in the northern hemisphere. Sixteenthcentury authors of such texts argued for more land than water in the world and proposed different spatial relationships between waterways and landmasses than their predecessors had, but the maps that accompanied their texts show that they still tended to depict the southern hemisphere as especially water filled.

The Importance of Jacques Saurin in the History of Casuistry and the Enlightenment

1956 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-209
Author(s):  
George L. Mosse
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scientific Inspiration

The purpose of this paper is to examine several aspects of the relationship between Christianity and the rise of the new rationalistic spirit of the eighteenth century. It is in this connection that we intend to examine the thought of the French Huguenot preacher Jacques Saurin (1677–1730). Historians have held that the two leading ideas of that century, Nature and Reason, derive their meaning from the natural sciences. Such a point of view tends to ignore the greater realism towards nature and politics which developed within the Christian theological framework itself. From the sixteenth century on, we find orthodox theologians emphasizing the need for dealing with the world on its own terms. It was not so much the new sciences but rather the conflicts of the Reformation which brought out this increasingly rational attitude on the part of both Protestant and Catholic theologians. This development went on side by side with that secularized idea of reason which is of specific scientific inspiration. The means which theologians used to make room for a greater realism in their Christian framework of thought was casuistic divinity.

scholarly journals Western Supremacy

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-139
Author(s):  
Maliha Chishti
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Introductory Overview ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

This book traces the journey of western domination from the conquest of theAmericas to the current forms and practices of globalization and development.Bessis contends that the West, unlike other empires of the past, is theonly one to have produced a theoretical (philosophical, moral, and scientific)apparatus to legitimate its supremacy and hegemony around the world.While making her case, she explores what she terms as the ultimate paradoxof the West: its ability to produce and even violently promote universals(e.g., democracy, justice, and human rights) and yet, at the same time, exertan inexhaustible capacity to self-justify its own violations of these very universals.It is precisely this capacity to disassociate what it says from what itdoes, the author asserts, that makes the West both unintelligent and illegitimateto the world. This book, divided into three parts with 12 chapters, providesthe reader with an excellent introductory overview of the nature andextent of western domination, as well as the relationship it has fostered withthe rest of the world.Part 1, “The Formation of a Culture,” sets out the West’s historicopoliticalformation, tracing its birth to the turn of the sixteenth century ...

Duplessis-Mornay, Foix-Candale and the Hermetic Religion of the World

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Harrie
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Religious Toleration ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Hermetic Tradition ◽  
Practical Life ◽  
Late Renaissance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scientific Attitudes

The cumulative results of over thirty-five years of research by historians of Renaissance thought have established the importance of the Hermetic tradition in the intellectual life of Renaissance Europe. The studies of Frances Yates especially have focused the attention of historians of science upon the problem of the relationship of Hermetic magic to the development of modern scientific attitudes. Others have regarded the Hermetic tradition as a foundation of religious toleration in late Renaissance Europe. The studies of Yates, Walker, and Dagens have suggested that acceptance of the Hermetica, together with the remaining texts of the prisca theologia, by Renaissance intellectuals was manifested in practical life in ‘eirenic, reunionist opinions’ and efforts to effect a reconciliation between warring Catholics and Protestants at the end of the sixteenth century.

scholarly journals The Correlation Between Ontology and Ethics in V. Bibikhin's Philosophy: Automatic Morality

2021 ◽  
Vol V (1) ◽  
pp. 126-135
Author(s):  
Alexey Babanov
Keyword(s):  
Ontological Status ◽  
Living Matter ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Automatic Thought ◽  
Spontaneous Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Thing ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to clarifying the relationship between ethics and ontology in the philosophy of V. Bibikhin and based on a report made at the conference “Second Bibikhin Readings” in Bezhetsk in 2020. The very approach to the texts and ideas of V. Bibikhin can be called hermeneutic: the main thing is the effort to understand the author's thought, following it, but noting at the same time the difficulties it encounters. Based on the texts of V. Bibikhin, an attempt is made to interpret the meaning of ethical problems in his essentially ontologically oriented thought. The terms ethics and ontology are used in the meaning of specific areas of existence (ethical and ontological), revealed by philosophical thought. It was shown that the fundamental philosophical mood, thought and deed have an ontological status for V. Bibikhin, and the idea of an automaton is the basis of all the three phenomena. An automaton is understood as a self-propelled, spontaneous process of life (living matter) development, which always goes through a crisis of amechania, which fundamentally distinguishes it from artificially created automata. Automatic morality, being a manifestation of a living automaton, consists in the spontaneity of an act that does not choose that cannot be chosen and which is launched from the present, that is, an automatic thought that has an ontological, not an epistemological character. But not only a moral deed (ethics) depends on ontology (the automaton of thought, the world), but the world automaton itself requires a certain ethos from a person, the openness of its explicitness. Thus, ontology and ethics in V. Bibikhin's thought mutually condition each other.

scholarly journals Uwagi etymologiczne w dawnych tekstach użytkowych (na przykładzie Kroniki, to jest historyi świata Marcina Bielskiego, Informacyi matematycznej Wojciecha Bystrzonowskiego i Nowych Aten Benedykta Chmielowskiego)

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-105
Author(s):  
Dorota Kozaryn ◽  
Agnieszka Szczaus
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Entire World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The subject of the analysis in the article are the etymological explanations presented in the old non-literary texts (i.e. the texts that function primarily outside literature, serving various practical purposes), i.e. in the sixteenth-century Kronika, to jest historyja świata (Chronicle, that is the history of the entire world) by Marcin Bielski and in two eighteenth-century encyclopaedic texts: Informacyja matematyczna (Mathematical information) by Wojciech Bystrzonowski and Nowe Ateny (New Athens) by Benedykt Chmielowski. The review of the etymological comments allows us to take notice of their considerable substantive and formal diversity. These comments apply to both native and foreign vocabulary. On the one hand, they provide information on the origin of proper names (toponyms and anthroponyms), and on the other hand, a whole range of these etymological comments concern common names. A depth of etymological comments presented in non-literary texts is significantly diversified and independent of the nature of the vocabulary to which these comments apply – they can be merely tips on sources of borrowings of foreign words, but they can also constitute a deeper analysis of the meaning and structure of individual words, both native and foreign. These comments are usually implementations of folk etymology. The role of etymological considerations in former non-literary texts is significant. First of all, these texts have a ludic function, typical of popularised texts – they are supposed to surprise, intrigue and entertain readers. Secondly, they serve a cognitive function typical of non-literary texts – they are supposed to expand the readers’ knowledge about the world and language. Thirdly, they have a persuasive function, which is a distinctive feature of both popularised and non-literary texts – they are supposed to provoke the readers’ thoughts on the relationship between non-linguistic reality and the linguistic way of its interpretation, they also stimulate linguistic interests, which was particularly important in the past when the reflection on the native language was poor.

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