Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies: Is There an Entrepreneurial Characteristic Similarity to Western Entrepreneur?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-157
Author(s):  
Thomas Bradley ◽  
Paul Eberle
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Factory Workers ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
History Of

This empirical study consists of two parts. The first part of the study examines the cultural characteristics and dimensions of entrepreneurs and factory workers in transition economies during the early transition period to determine if their cultural values were similar to those found in other nations. The second part of the study compares the differences in Hofstede’s cultural dimension scores between entrepreneurs and workers in market economies. It might seem extraordinary that after more than 70 years of a centralized nonentrepreneurial society that all of the communist nations that the current authors studied had essentially the same cultural differences among entrepreneurs that were found in capitalist nations with a long history of entrepreneurial activity.

scholarly journals Cultural Value Dimensions and Ethnicity within Kenya

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher K. Ketter ◽  
Michael C. Arfsten
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Post Hoc

<p>The study compared the cultural values along the seven World Values Survey dimensions. Subjects were 811 males, age 18 to 35, proportionately representing the 11 largest ethnic groups in Kenya. The study extended research in cultural differences between ethnic identities within a country, supplemental to cultural differences between countries. Significant differences are found between the Kenyan ethnic groups on the dimensions of masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, indulgence vs. restraint, and long-term orientation. Post-hoc analyses differentiated between individual ethnic groups on the cultural dimensions. Implications for management are presented to acknowledge ethnic differences in world orientation based on cultural dimension differences of ethnicities within Kenya.</p><p><span style="font-size: 10px;"> </span></p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Revisiting Women Empowerment Through a Cultural Lens a In-Depth Analysis of Empowerment Methodologies in Horticulture in Rural Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah De Smet ◽  
Smaranda Boroş
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Impact

As previous research in international development has clearly demonstrated (see Banerjee and Prasad, 2008 for an overview), cultural values have an impact on the conceptualization of empowerment. In this paper we explore the implications of Power Distance as a cultural dimension for the use of participatory methodologies toward achieving women empowerment in rural areas in the Global South. Our critical analysis of cultural differences between the intervention facilitator (a Western-based NGO) and a rural community in SNNPR (Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Regions) in Ethiopia reveals how discrepancies in the perception of cultural values impacted the different stages of the intervention. These discrepancies ranged from the principles of facilitation (facilitation from the back and its paradoxical effects in such hierarchical contexts) to the focus on tools (on equality between individuals rather than focus on the family as the smallest unit). Discrepancies also surfaced from the selection criteria of participants (highly vulnerable groups; one spouse per family; number of participants from one community all of which prevented the impact of the intervention to be more powerful in the long run) and from how the participants are organized during trainings (the ratio of mixed vs. segregated groups and the criteria of group segregation – this can play a large role in regard to the potential openness of conversations and the creation of safe spaces to explore new identities which are the key to empowerment). Through all the stages of the intervention, we make suggestions on how to better implement such methodologies in the future, in a context-sensitive manner, by considering the cultural differences in assumptions and practices.

CASE STUDY: Regional Cultural Differences Within and Across Four Western European Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-47
Author(s):  
Nadine Waehning ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci ◽  
Stephan Dahl ◽  
Sinan Zeyneloglu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Business Plans ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Western European

This case study examines and illustrates within country regional cultural differences and cross border cultural similarities across four western European countries. Drawing on the data from the World Values Survey (WVS), we refer to the Schwartz Cultural Values Inventory in the survey. The demographic variables of age, gender, education level, marital status and income vary across the regions and hence, have significant effects on the cultural value dimensions across regions. The findings help a better understanding of the homogeneity and heterogeneity of regions withinand across countries. Both researchers and managers will have to justify their sampling methods and generalisations more carefully when drawing conclusions for a whole country. This case study underlines the limited knowledge about regional within country cultural differences, while also illustrating the simplification of treating each country as culturally homogeneous. Cross-country business strategies connecting transnational regional markets based on cultural value characteristics need to take these similarities and differences into account when designating business plans.

LINGVOCULTURAL PROPERTIES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Nodirabegim Tursunova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
History Of

In this article, it was initially noted that phraseology is an universal unit of language, an important component that increases the richness of the language vocabulary. However, in addition to the international phraseological units, it is illustrated by the fact that it belongs only to a particular ethnos, peoples, and some English and Uzbek phraseological expressions that express their national and cultural characteristics are considered and analyzed. Such stable associations are a treasure that preserves the nationality and history of any nation

The theory and history of ekphrasis. A summary and prospects of research, or, forty-five articles on ekphrasis

2019 ◽  
pp. 188-215
Author(s):  
N. M. Perlina
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Literary Evolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Written Word ◽  
Similar Development

The article is devoted to ekphrasis, its historical and literary evolution, as well as aspects of its stylistic, cultural, and ideological origins. The research is based on the versatile collection of The Theory and History of Ekphrasis [Teoriya i istoriya ekfrasisa], which contains a number of previously little known texts and theories on ekphrasis, developed in regions with different ethnic and cultural characteristics. The author spares no effort in the examination of this monograph and, using the observations made by various scholars, discerns a similar development process of cross-cultural and cross-aesthetic transformations and transpositions, which, however, adopts divergent paths. Transpositions, the author suggests, occur in the model of a text awaiting a pictorial interpretation. The article concentrates on the ways to present an image anticipated in a written word, and to generate a new text, whose subject and content draw not only on poeticized observations of the source material, but also on metapoetic tales about its creators.

Connections Between Cultures: Using Empirical Distributions for Measuring Cultural Differences

2020 ◽  
pp. 002202212098237
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Messner
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Leibler Divergence ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country

The past few decades have seen an explosion in the interest in cultural differences and their impact on many aspects of business management. A noticeable feature of most academic studies and practitioner approaches is the predominant use of national boundaries and group-level averages as delimiters and proxies for culture. However, this largely ignores the significance that intra-country differences and cross-country similarities can have for identifying psychological phenomena. This article argues for the importance of considering intra-cultural variation for establishing connections between two different cultures. It uses empirical distributions of cultural values that occur naturally within a country, thereby making intracultural differences interpretable and actionable. For measuring cross-country differences, the Gini/Weitzman overlapping index and the Kullback-Leibler divergence coefficient are used as difference measures between two distributions. The properties of these measures in comparison to traditional group-level mean-based distance measures are analyzed, and implications for cross-cultural and international business research are discussed.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review on Cross-Cultural Comparative Studies of Sleep in Young Populations: The Roles of Cultural Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2005
Author(s):  
Mina Jeon ◽  
Dagmara Dimitriou ◽  
Elizabeth J. Halstead
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Systematic Understanding

Recent studies have shown that sleep is influenced and shaped by cultural factors, including cultural values, beliefs and practices. However, a systematic understanding of how cultural factors in countries may influence sleep duration and sleep disturbances is still lacking. Therefore, we focused on a comparison of sleep duration and disturbances in young populations between countries. We report cross-cultural differences between the child, parent and environmental factors, and their association with sleep duration and disturbances. The review is based on literature searches of seven databases published until December 2020. Studies were included if they investigated sleep duration and disturbances of individuals up to 18 years across at least two or more countries. The results of this review have shown that sleep duration and disturbances vary between countries and regions and certain factors (e.g., bedtime routines, sleeping arrangement, physical activity and psychological functioning) have been associated with sleep duration or disturbances. This review also demonstrates that certain factors which were associated with sleep duration or disturbances in one country, were not shown in other countries, suggesting a need for recommendations for age-related sleep duration and sleep interventions to consider cultural differences that influence sleep duration or disturbances in individual countries or regions.

scholarly journals Were they really laughed at? That much? Gelotophobes and their history of perceived derisibility

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
René T. Proyer ◽  
Christian F. Hempelmann ◽  
Willibald Ruch
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Of Zurich

AbstractThe List of Derisible Situations (LDS; Proyer, Hempelmann and Ruch, List of Derisible Situations (LDS), University of Zurich, 2008) consists of 102 different occasions for being laughed at. They were retrieved in a corpus study and compiled into the LDS. Based on this list, information on the frequency and the intensity with which people recall being laughed at during a given time-span (12 months in this study) can be collected. An empirical study (N = 114) examined the relations between the LDS and the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia), the joy of being laughed at (gelotophilia), and the joy of laughing at others (katagelasticism; Ruch and Proyer this issue). More than 92% of the participants recalled having been laughed at at least once over the past 12 months. Highest scores were found for experiencing an embarrassing situation, chauvinism of others or being laughed at for doing something awkward or clumsy. Gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism were related about equally to the recalled frequency of events of being laughed at (with the lowest relation to katagelasticism). Gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism yielded a distinct and plausible pattern of correlations to the frequency of events of being laughed at. Gelotophobes recalled the situations of being laughed at with a higher intensity than others. Thus, the fear of being laughed at exists to a large degree independently from actual experiences of being laughed at, but is related to a higher intensity with which these events are experienced.

scholarly journals The power of individual cultural values in global virtual teams

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audra I. Mockaitis ◽  
Elizabeth L. Rose ◽  
Peter Zettinig
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Virtual Teams ◽  
Virtual Team ◽  
Global Teams ◽  
Global Virtual Teams ◽  
Team Processes ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Relationship

This paper investigates the perceptions of members of 43 culturally diverse global virtual teams, with respect to team processes and outcomes. Despite widespread acknowledgement of the challenges presented by cultural differences in the context of global teams, little is known about the effect of these differences on team dynamics in the absence of face-to-face interaction. Using a student-based sample, we study the relationship between global virtual team members’ individualistic and collectivistic orientations and their evaluations of trust, interdependence, communication and information sharing, and conflict during the team task. Our results suggest that a collectivist orientation is associated with more favorable impressions regarding global virtual team processes and that cultural differences are not concealed by virtual means of communication.

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