scholarly journals IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF BRAFV600E IN MELANOMA CASES

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1885-88
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umer Ch ◽  
Farhan Akhtar ◽  
Nighat Jamal ◽  
Rabia Ahmad ◽  
Sumaira Bukhsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Brafv600e Mutation ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Melanoma Patients ◽  
One Year

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for finding BRAFV600E mutation in melanoma patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, Jan 2018 to Apr 2019. Methodology: Hundred histologically confirmed cases of melanoma aged between 18-80 years were included over a period of one year. To create the tissue microarray and to conduct immunohistochemistry with VE1 antibody melanoma lesion samples were selected. Results: Ninety-four cases out of 100, were melanoma positive for BRAFV600E detected on immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a monoclonal antibody. The skin was the primary site in seventy-nine (79%) patients, unknown (metastatic) in nineteen and uveal was only in two cases. The diagnostic significance of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for detecting the BRAFV600E mutation in melanoma patients was independent of age, site and stage at diagnosis (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: Testing of BRAV600E mutation by immunohistochemistry is a rapid, reliable and cost-effective tool in melanoma patients which may further help clinicians in initiating targeted therapy for these patients.

scholarly journals A survey exploring the knowledge and perceptions of senior medical students in Nepal toward generic medicines

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 205031211666257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudesh Gyawali ◽  
Mohamed Azmi Hassali ◽  
Archana Saha
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Generic Medicine ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Generic Medicines ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Deficit ◽  
Almost All

Background: The accurate knowledge of generic medicine issues among future prescribers will enhance the prescribing of cost-effective medicines. This study aimed to explore the knowledge and perception of senior medical students about the generic medicines. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 237 senior medical students (final year students and interns) using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20 for windows and comparison of difference was done using linear by linear association. A p value of less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: The average age (standard deviation) of the respondents was 23.54 (1.39) years. Almost 5% of respondents correctly answered the question regarding the regulatory limits for bioequivalence. Almost two-thirds of respondents correctly agreed that generic medicine is bioequivalent to a brand-name medicine, and 79.3% and 72.5% of respondents correctly agreed that the medicine should be present in the same dosage form and same dose, respectively, as the brand-name medicines. However, almost half of the respondents had impression that brand-name medicines are required to meet higher safety standard than generic medicines. Almost 90% of respondents felt that advertisement by the drug companies would influence the use of brand-name medicine and they need more information about generic medicine. Conclusion: This study highlights the negative perception and knowledge deficit among the respondents. The students’ responses to almost all the statements were almost similar to the respondents’ academic year (final year students and interns), gender and nationality.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF PREANALYTICAL VARIABLES ON SERUM THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE ANALYSIS BY CHEMILUMINESCENCE METHOD

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (Suppl-1) ◽  
pp. S102-05
Author(s):  
Ambreen Rehman ◽  
Naveed Asif ◽  
Saima Shakeel Malik ◽  
Waqas Sheikh ◽  
Quratulain . ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Specimen Handling ◽  
Tsh Levels ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Objective: To identify effect of pre-analytical variables on serum thyroid stimulating hormone. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) Rawalpindi, Department of Chemical Pathology & Endocrinology, from Mar 2018 to Aug 2018. Methodology: Hundred subjects with ages ranging from 18 to 34 years, irrespective of gender, were randomly selected for this study. Five milliliters venous blood sample was collected from each subject in a serum separator and divided into two aliquots. First aliquot was centrifuged and analyzed immediately for TSH, while second aliquot was stored for 24 hours and was then analyzed. TSH was measured by third generation assay usingchemiluminescence technique on ADVIA Centaur® XP. Serum TSH levels were also analyzed twice daily; in the morning (0800 to 0900 hours) and afternoon (1400 to 1600 hours). Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Frequency and percentages were calculated for qualitative variables like gender and pre-analytical variables. Test of significance Mann-Whitney U-test was applied and p-value <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Mean age of subjects was 23 ± 3.4 years. Change in circadian rhythm was observed in 17 (28%) males and 14 (36%) females. Statistically significant association was found between morning and evening TSH levels, while no change was observed in TSH level by early and late centrifugation of samples. Conclusion: TSH levels vary significantly between blood samples collected at different timings of the day from the same person. TSH is resistant to degradation, immunologically stable, and reasonably insensitive to potential problems associated with routine specimen handling, when measured by immunoassay technique. Therefore, it is helpful in large epidemiological studies and small size laboratory, which require long transportation time and storage.

scholarly journals PATIENTS SATISFACTION ABOUT HEALTH CARE DELIVERY IN OUT-PATIENTS DEPARTMENT OF COMBINED MILITARY HOSPITAL RAWALPINDI

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1929-34
Author(s):  
Tahir Sardar ◽  
Iqbal Ahmad Khan ◽  
Muhammed Alamgir Khan
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Delivery ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Nursing Assistant ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction

Objective: To determine patient’s level of satisfaction and factors leading to dissatisfaction in selected patientsgroup with health care delivery in outpatients department of CMH Rawalpindi. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Out Patients Department of Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Sep2013 to Aug 2015. Methodology: Before data collection, written informed consent was taken from all the participants. The studypopulation comprised of armed forces personnel and their families. Patients, including both, males and females, coming to the outpatient department of Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi were included in the study through consecutive sampling. Results: Results revealed that only 30% were satisfied. 67% patients were satisfied with the facilities in reception and 70% were satisfied with cleanliness in waiting area. A relatively low level of satisfaction with dealing of nursing assistant was recorded while very high percentage of satisfaction with performance of doctor i.e. 91%, examination done by doctor 91% and information provided by doctor 93% was recorded.90% patients reported high level of satisfaction with medicines provided.95.33% patients were satisfied with lab tests being done in hospital. Conclusion: Assessing satisfaction of patients is a simple and cost effective way for assessment of hospitalservices. Most of the patients were contented with services delivered in OPD and showed their trust in doctors,medicines provided and lab facilities offered. Majority were willing to revisit the hospital if required.

scholarly journals Correlation between APRI Index, MELD Score and Child Pugh Score in cirrhosis of liver

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
B. C. Prakash ◽  
Abhiman Shetty B.
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Meld Score ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Refractory Ascites ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cirrhosis Of Liver

Background: Liver cirrhosis is the end result of chronic liver injury and is one of the most common cause of morbidity and mortality. Several scorings are available to predict the severity and prognosis of liver cirrhosis. This study aims to calculate APRI index, MELD score and child Pugh score in cirrhosis patients and to find the correlation between them.Methods: This is the Cross-sectional study on 100 patients confirmed with cirrhosis of liver. Cirrhosis due to alcohol, Hepatitis B and C, autoimmune, Cryptogenic, NAFLD, were included in the study. APRI Index, MELD Score and Child Pugh Score were calculated, and the correlation was obtained.Results: This study found out the relationship between APRI index, MELD Score and Child Pugh Score with significant p value. The study also showed that all the three scores were raised with patients who had complication of cirrhosis like encephalopathy, refractory ascites. Among those who had complication like grade 3 or 4 encephalopathy, APRI index had a mean value of 3.4, Child Pugh had a mean score of 13.2, and MELD had a mean score of 36.08 with standard deviation of 2.0, 1.5, 6.0 respectively.Conclusions: APRI index is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality. The prognostic performance of all 3 was comparable, Hence APRI index can be used as an alternative scoring which is cost effective and objective method in predicting the severity and prognosis in cirrhosis of liver.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Knowledge and Preparedness among Dental Community to Confront COVID 19—A Multicentric Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Nada Faleh Almutairi ◽  
Amani Abdullah Almaymuni ◽  
Julie Toby Thomas ◽  
Toby Thomas ◽  
Abdullah Almalki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
P Value ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Univariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
One Year

The healthcare policy changes need to be updated for better management of the COVID-19 outbreak; hence, there is an urgent need to understand the knowledge and preparedness of healthcare workers regarding the infection control COVID-19. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the knowledge and preparedness towards COVID-19 among dentists, undergraduate, and postgraduates in dental universities one year after the COVID-19 outbreak. The multi-centric cross-sectional study was conducted by evaluating 395 structured, pre-coded, and validated questionnaires obtained from sample units comprising full-time dental students (undergraduates, interns, and postgraduates) and dentists who were currently in practice and who were able to comprehend the languages English or Arabic. The first part of the questionnaire included questions related to demographic characteristics. The second part of the survey consisted of questions that address knowledge concerning COVID-19. The third part of the survey addressed questions based on the preparedness to fight against COVID-19 including sharp injuries during this period. Comparing the knowledge scores of dentists, dental undergraduates, and postgraduates using the ANOVA test, dentists have higher knowledge and preparedness scores than postgraduates and undergraduates (p-value < 0.05). Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that undergraduates and postgraduates were 2.567 and 1.352 times less aware of the personal protective measures against COVID-19 than dentists, respectively. Dentists had the comparatively better perception in knowledge and awareness of COVID-19 than undergraduates and postgraduates.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study on determinants of immunization coverage in urban area Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2309
Author(s):  
D. P. Lakshmi Priya ◽  
P. Kalyani ◽  
B. Sindhu Bala
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Child Health Services ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Children

Background: Immunization is one of the cost effective measures preventing approximately 2 to 3 million deaths in young children every year. Inspite of the progress in vaccination coverage challenges still remain for underserved and inaccessible children. It is therefore essential to evaluate the immunization coverage at periodic intervals and improve coverage in vulnerable areas.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 152 children aged 12 to 42 months in urban Chidambaram from September to October 2018. We collected details regarding immunization from vaccination card or mother’s recall. A pretested semi-structured proforma was used to collect sociodemographic variables. Data were collected, compiled and tabulated using microsoft excel and analyzed using SPSS 20.0 version.Results: Complete immunization coverage was 80.3% and 19.7% were partially immunized. Lack of awareness is the major reason for failure of full immunization (63.3%). Immunization coverage was higher when parents studied up to higher secondary or graduates (mother 91.3%, father 87.5%, p value 0.01), father do skilled jobs (91.9%, p value 0.02), among first birth ordered children (88.3%, p value 0.01), children born in healthcare facility and among mothers who received antenatal care during pregnancy (80.8% each, p value 0.04).Conclusions: Lack of awareness, parents’ literacy and occupation, place of birth, antenatal services and number of children in the family are important determinants of immunisation coverage. Apart from strengthening of infrastructure for better delivery of mother and child health services other issues also need to be addressed for better immunization practices.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF MISWAK AS COMPARED WITH TOOTHBRUSH: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1582-84
Author(s):  
Hassam Anjum Mir ◽  
Mubashir Sharif ◽  
Ali Asif ◽  
Maleeha Shamim ◽  
Maaz Qureshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Index Score ◽  
Plaque Index ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Objective: To determine if the traditional chewing stick Miswak was as effective in cleaning teeth as Toothbrush. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi, from Aug 2020 to Jan 2021. Methodology: A total of 300 subjects were included which were divided in two groups on the basis of whether they used miswak or toothbrush as a cleaning aid. Group A was toothbrush users and group B was Miswak user. Plaque Index was used to determine the cleanliness of teeth. The scores were recorded and data analyzed using SPSS-23. Results: The means and standard deviations of Plaque Index score for group A and B were 0.96 ± 0.58 and 0.98 ± 0.56 respectively. The comparison of Plaque Index score for both groups was insignificant with the p-value of 0.083. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it is concluded that, no significant difference was found in the effectiveness of traditional miswak and tooth brush. It is recommended that if the technique of teeth cleaning is good then any of the abovementioned means of teeth cleaning can be used.

scholarly journals Frequency of Nomophobia among Medical Students of Rawalpindi Medical University

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
Laibah Safdar ◽  
Nayyab Khan ◽  
Mehjabeen Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Male Students ◽  
P Value ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
One Year ◽  
Medical University

Background: Nomophobia is defined as “The discomfort or anxiety felt when out of the mobile phone (MP) or computer contact. It is the fear of becoming technologically incommunicable, distant from the mobile phone or not connected to the web”. The frequency of nomophobia has increased over the past years and this condition has many negative consequences. The objective of our study is to find the frequency of nomophobia among medical students of Rawalpindi Medical University (RMU).Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Rawalpindi Medical University (RMU) over the course of one year. The inclusion criteria were medical students of all five years of MBBS studying at RMU. Students who do not own or use a smart-phone were excluded from the study. Our sample size was 350 students, who were recruited by convenience sampling. For this study, The Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q)has been used which has 20 items. Each item is scored on a 7 point Likert scale. The total score ranges from 20 to 140. Results: The mean NMP-Q score of the male students was 82.96 (±21.06) and that of the female students was 78.52 (±23.69), with a p-value of 0.065, which is insignificant. Out of the total 350 students, the number of students with a mild level of nomophobia was 61(17.4%), with a moderate level of nomophobia was 216(61.7%), and with severe nomophobia was 73(20.9%).Conclusion: Measures are needed to be taken on both public and personal level to counter this issue of nomophobia, which is becoming highly prevalent in our society.

scholarly journals Spontaneous Bacterial Empyema in Cirrhotic patients with Hepatic hydrothorax.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (01) ◽  
pp. 115-119
Author(s):  
Ehsan Rahim Memon ◽  
Prem Kumar Maheshwari ◽  
Shabana Lakho ◽  
Huma Mehmood
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
P Value ◽  
Hepatic Hydrothorax ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Class B ◽  
Cirrhotic Patients ◽  
One Year ◽  
Spontaneous Bacterial Empyema

Objectives: To determine the frequency of spontaneous bacterial empyema in cirrhotic patients with hepatic hydrothorax. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Setting: Conducted in gastroenterology unit at Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad. Periods: One year from April 2016 to March 2017. Material & Methods: Sample of 174 patients of Hepatic Hydrothorax was taken. Patients were of both gender and age ≥ 18 years, having diagnosed cirrhosis since last 5 years and currently having child class B & C severity were included. Hepatic hydrothorax was confirmed on ultrasound chest. After aseptic measures 50ml of pleural fluid was aspirated and sent to Isra University Hospital laboratory following the ultrasound guidelines. Spontaneous bacterial empyema was assessed as “polymorph nuclear cell count” more than 500 cells/mm3 or +ve culture with PMN cell count more than 250 cells/mm3 without parapneumonic effusion. All the data was recorded in the proforma. Results: The mean ± SD age of patients was 53.52 ± 5.52 years. Males were 60.92% while 39.08% were females. The frequency of spontaneous bacterial empyema was about 14.9%. Frequency of spontaneous bacterial empyema was little more in male gender than females (p value = 0.391), while it was significantly increased with increasing age as most common in age group of 61-65 years (p-value = 0.017). Conclusion: It was concluded that spontaneous bacterial empyema in cirrhosis patients was 14.9%.

scholarly journals Comparison of Oral Stereognostic Proficiency Between New and Previous Complete Denture Wearers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Saira Ibrahim ◽  
Moiza Ijaz ◽  
Ammara Sharafat ◽  
Samina Younis ◽  
Nida Mukhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Complete Denture ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Proficiency Scores

Objective: To compare oral stereognostic proficiency scores between new and previous complete denture wearers. Study design and study settings: This cross-sectional study design was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi. Methodology: Total 60 patients belonging to age group of 45–75 years were selected from the study setting. Oral stereognostic proficiency was recorded by using different oral stereognostic intra oral testing tools and scores were noted. Data analysis was done using SPSS (version 20) software. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the scores of new and old previous complete denture wearers. Effect modifier like gender was rectified by method of stratification. Post stratification independent sample t-test was applied and p value of 0.05 or less was considered to be significant. Results: The mean age of patients was 59.8+7.85 years. Previous complete denture wearers were found to have a higher value as compared to the new complete denture wearers. Significant difference between both groups according to age was found with older individuals having a lower stereognostic value than younger individuals. Conclusions: Oral stereognostic test is a dependable test to measure patients’ oral stereognostic perception which can help the dentist in better educating the patient in terms of his/her expectations regarding the prosthesis and in better understanding the limitations of the prosthesis

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