scholarly journals The development of a nano-sized eggshell and titanium dioxide desensitising paste to re-mineralise teeth

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Stanley Chibuzor Onwubu
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Logistic Equation ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Hydrated Silica ◽  
Dentin Tubule ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Bovine Enamel ◽  
New Evidence

in). Manuscript I established that as the brushing days increase the remineralisation or dentin tubule occluded by each respective desensitising agent improved. It was found that the occluding capabilities of EB@TiO2 were more superior to both Pro-argin and NovaMin products in both saliva and without saliva. Manuscript II described the use of the logistic equation to predict the remineralisation of the EB@TiO2. Manuscript II established that the logistic equation effectively predicted the remineralisation trends of EB@TiO2 and Pro-argin toothpaste (Colgate Pro-relief). Manuscript III assesses the abrasivity of EB@TiO2 in comparison with calcium carbonate, and hydrated silica containing toothpaste. Bovine enamel specimen was used for the in vitro experiment. Manuscript III established that enamel loss from the brushed surface, regardless of the sample group, were statistically different when compared to the covered surface. The study found that the abrasivity of EB@TiO2 were comparable with the calcium carbonate toothpaste. It was also established that EB@TiO2 was less abrasive when compared against hydrated silica containing toothpaste. In conclusion, the experimental finding has exhaustively provided evidence on the suitability of EB@TiO2 as an active ingredient in toothpaste formulation. The study, therefore, provides new evidence and approach for the management of DH, particularly in low-income countries where the cost of oral healthcare may be too high.

scholarly journals Therapies Out of Reach: Anticancer Drugs and Global Trade Regimes

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-387
Author(s):  
Dwaipayan Banerjee ◽  
James Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Drugs ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
High Price ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Trade Regimes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Policy Analysts ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Generation

Medical policy analysts and oncologists have cautioned against the high price of anticancer drugs. They argue that the current drug development model that relies on patents and short-term shareholder value is proving unsustainable, since the cost of the new generation of drugs puts many of them out of reach for the average consumer. The high price of cancer drugs is especially troubling in the context of middle- and low-income countries, where the burden of cancer carries disproportionate impact. To analyse the pricing of anticancer drugs, we examined legal controversies, regulatory treaties and documents, as well as the history of pricing data in India. We also conducted interviews with policy consultants and surveyed financial data filings of major global and Indian pharmaceutical corporations. Our research revealed that global trade agreements have become key barriers to lowering anticancer drug prices. This article argues that in the shadow of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and with Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) imminent, serious policy changes are necessary to ensure the survival of generic production in the market for anticancer drugs.

scholarly journals Nematicidal Activity of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Assisted by Phytochemical Analysis

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Nikoletta Ntalli ◽  
Konstantinos M. Kasiotis ◽  
Eirini Baira ◽  
Christos L. Stamatis ◽  
Kyriaki Machera
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana ◽  
Nematicidal Activity ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Water Extracts

To date, there has been great demand for ecofriendly nematicides with beneficial properties to the nematode hosting plants. Great efforts are made towards the chemical characterization of botanical extracts exhibiting nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne spp., but only a small percentage of these data are actually used by the chemical industry in order to develop new formulates. On the other hand, the ready to use farmer produced water extracts based on edible plants could be a sustainable and economic solution for low income countries. Herein, we evaluate the nematicidal potential of Stevia rebaudiana grown in Greece against Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica, two most notorious phytoparasitic nematode species causing great losses in tomato cultivation worldwide. In an effort to recycle the plant’s remnants, after leaves selection for commercial use, we use both leaves and wooden stems to test for activity. In vitro tests demonstrate significant paralysis activity of both plant parts’ water extracts against the second-stage juvenile (J2) of the parasites; while, in vivo bioassays demonstrated the substantial efficacy of leaves’ powder (95% at 1 g kg−1) followed by stems. Interestingly, the incorporation of up to 50 g powder/kg of soil is not phytotoxic, which demonstrates the ability to elevate the applied concentration of the nematicidal stevia powder under high inoculum level. Last but not least, the chemical composition analyses using cutting edge analytical methodologies, demonstrated amongst components molecules of already proven nematicidal activity, was exemplified by several flavonoids and essential oil components. Interestingly, and to our knowledge, for the flavonoids, morin and robinin, the anthocyanidin, keracyanin, and a napthalen-2-ol derivative is their first report in Stevia species.

scholarly journals Effect of maternal mental health on infant growth in low income countries: new evidence from South Asia

BMJ ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 328 (7443) ◽  
pp. 820-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Patel ◽  
Atif Rahman ◽  
K S Jacob ◽  
Marcus Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Maternal Mental Health ◽  
Infant Growth ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
New Evidence

scholarly journals Is physiotherapy an underused approach to prevent surgery in selective musculoskeletal disorders?

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-413
Author(s):  
Junaid Amin ◽  
Sameer Gohir ◽  
Umer Qaiser ◽  
Ammar A Siddiqui ◽  
Freah Alshammary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Physiotherapy Intervention ◽  
Musculoskeletal Problems ◽  
The Cost

Objectives: The purpose of the literature review was to appraise the evidence that an early physiotherapy intervention helps to prevent the surgery in selective musculoskeletal disorders. A search of Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed was carried out utilizing the terms (“physiotherapy”, “surgery” OR “exercise, surgery” OR “rehabilitation”, “surgery”). Methods: The article titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility and included in the review. The recent literature evidently emphasized that physiotherapy has opted in selective musculoskeletal problems to avoid and delay surgeries. Results: Regardless of recommended conservative treatment option and effectiveness of physiotherapy, a massive gap can be observed between its evidence and practice. Conversely, overuse of diagnostic imaging, surgeries, and medications is present in clinical practice. In most of the clinical problems the long-term outcomes were reported the same with surgical and physiotherapy intervention. Likewise, patients can also get the advantage of better clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness with physiotherapy as compared to surgical intervention. Conclusion: The cost-effectiveness is an important factor in low-income countries where economic aspects of health care are highly considered. These advantages of physiotherapy should be considered by the clinicians, policymakers, patients, and included in the clinical guidelines. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(2) 2021 p.409-413

scholarly journals Single domain antibodies against enteric pathogen virulence factors are active as curli fiber fusions on probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilia Gelfat ◽  
Yousuf Aqeel ◽  
Jacquiline M Tremblay ◽  
Justyna Jaskiewicz ◽  
Anishma Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Bacterial Toxin ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Curli Fiber

Enteric microbial pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Shigella and Cryptosporidium species, take a particularly heavy toll in low-income countries and are highly associated with infant mortality. We describe here a means to display anti-infective agents on the surface of a probiotic bacterium. Because of their stability and versatility, VHHs, the variable domains of camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies, have potential as components of novel agents to treat or prevent enteric infectious disease. We isolated and characterized VHHs targeting several enteropathogenic Escherichia.coli (EPEC) virulence factors: flagellin (Fla), which is required for bacterial motility and promotes colonization; both intimin and the translocated intimin receptor (Tir), which together play key roles in attachment to enterocytes; and E. coli secreted protein A (EspA), an essential component of the type III secretion system (T3SS) that is required for virulence. Several VHHs that recognize Fla, intimin, or Tir blocked function in vitro. The probiotic strain E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) produces on the bacterial surface curli fibers, which are the major proteinaceous component of E. coli biofilms. A subset of Fla-, intimin-, or Tir-binding VHHs, as well as VHHs that recognize either a T3SS of another important bacterial pathogen (Shigella flexneri), a soluble bacterial toxin (Shiga toxin or Clostridioides difficile toxin TcdA), or a major surface antigen of an important eucaryotic pathogen (Cryptosporidium parvum) were fused to CsgA, the major curli fiber subunit. Scanning electron micrographs indicated CsgA-VHH fusions were assembled into curli fibers on the EcN surface, and Congo Red binding indicated that these recombinant curli fibers were produced at high levels. Ectopic production of these VHHs conferred on EcN the cognate binding activity and, in the case of anti-Shiga toxin, was neutralizing. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of the curli-based pathogen sequestration strategy described herein and contribute to the development of novel VHH-based gut therapeutics.

A review on Development and Characterization of a Cost-Effective Targeted Quality-Driven Antimalarial Product with an Emphasis on Phytosomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bhargav ◽  
Y. Padmanabha Reddy ◽  
K.B. Koteshwara
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Infected Rbcs ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Neural Network Technology

Abstract : Malaria, a protozoan disease led to numerous deaths and several new million cases raised due to the development of resistance as per the WHO malaria report 2019. This can be overcome by the development of an effective targeted plant-based delivery system through phytosomes that are effective in permeation and bioavailability to treat infected RBCs (parasitic cells). This review article explained the development of targeted Nanophytosomes to overcome resistance, to improve efficacy. This review paper also emphasized various quality-driven developmental approaches in developing an antimalarial product at a reasonable cost. By implementing molecular modeling techniques in development, a significant phytoconstituent with the capability of acting at the target (receptor or enzymes) of the parasite and the one with the capability to overcome drug resistance against resistant strains of parasites can be identified. Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) studies information provide a route to the design and formulation of a potent antimalarial agent. Efficient targeted Nanophytosomal formulations can be formulated by functionalizing or conjugating with suitable targets to direct the phytoconstituent to the infected RBCs thereby achieving complete parasitic eradication. Artificial Neural Network technology (ANN), Quality by Design (QbD), molecular dynamics, and simulation studies implementation improves quality and reduces the cost of the product, as these malarial products are much utilized in low-income countries. Hence it can be concluded that targeted developmental quality-driven approaches implementation is essential for effective malarial treatment.

Prevention and Treatment of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Dexrazoxane and Schisandrin B in Rabbits

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 681-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feifei Che ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Caigang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Schisandrin B ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Alternative Drug ◽  
Echocardiographic Parameters ◽  
The Cost

The cost of dexrazoxane, a drug used to provide protection from doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, limits its use in low-income countries. We aimed to see whether schisandrin B, an inexpensive drug, could provide protection equivalent to that provided by dexrazoxane. New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into groups and treated with saline, doxorubicin, doxorubicin + dexrazoxane, or doxorubicin + schisandrin B. Doxorubicin-induced damage and the protective effects were studied by recording the echocardiographic parameters and serum levels of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, cardiac troponin I, and brain natriuretic peptide and observing the histology and degree of apoptosis. Schisandrin B had dose-dependent effects in decreasing the magnitude of doxorubicin-induced indicators of cardiomyopathy to a degree that approximated the decrease produced by dexrazoxane treatment. Schisandrin B might be a useful, low-cost alternative drug for this application.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Head Computed Tomography Assessment of Brain Swelling after Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot study

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (04) ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Robson Luis Amorim ◽  
Barbara Albuquerque Morais ◽  
Francisco Otávio Camargo Pereira ◽  
Matheus Fernandes Oliveira ◽  
Almir Ferreira Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Interobserver Reliability ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Brain Swelling ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Objective To evaluate the interobserver reliability of a new scale created for quantitatively assessing brain swelling in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients using the computed tomography (CT) findings in three levels. Methods Computed tomography scans of severe head injury patients were randomly selected from a tertiary hospital image database and evaluated by independent groups of neurosurgeons, neurosurgery residents, radiologists, and intensivists from the same hospital. Each specialist assessed the tomographic findings, applying zero to six points in a new scale. The Kappa coefficient was calculated to assess interobserver agreement. Results The highest reliability coefficient was obtained by the neurosurgeons group (0.791; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.975–0.607; p < 0.001), followed by the neurosurgery residents group (0.402; 95%CI: 0.569–0.236; p < 0.001) and by the radiologists group (0.301; 95%CI: 0.488–0.113; p < 0.002). The lowest coefficient was found among the intensivists (0.248; 95%CI: 0.415–0.081; p = 0.004). Conclusion The proposed scale showed good reliability among neurosurgeons, and moderate overall reliability. This tomographic classification might be useful to better assist severe TBI victims, allowing to identify the worsening or amelioration of brain swelling, which should be further investigated. The scale seems to be feasible, even in low income countries, where the cost of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is higher than that of CTs.

scholarly journals Reducing early pregnancy in low-income countries: A literature review and new evidence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Ivar Oppedal Berge ◽  
Kjetil Bjorvtn ◽  
Amina Mohamed Maalim ◽  
Vincent Somville ◽  
Bertil Tungodden
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
New Evidence
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