The Shari’a Mandate and Yugoslav Nation-Building

What did it mean to have a Shari’a judiciary in a centralizing European state? How did it operate? This chapter explores early conflicts over the nature of the Shari’a judiciary and Islamic institutions and their place in Yugoslav nation-building. It illuminates how Muslims found spaces for agency within the new system to shape Muslim societies and concepts of political belonging while at the same time facing tremendous pressures from Yugoslav state authorities, who sought to seize on the Shari’a judiciary as a mechanism to intervene in and supervise Muslims’ lives. The chapter also illuminates rifts occurring among Muslim leaders over how to respond to the demands of modernization and nationalization.

Survival and Autonomy

The Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 and World War I shattered the social fabric of Ottoman Europe and led to a radical revision of the region’s political boundaries. How did experiences of successive traumas—expulsions, famine, disease, massacres, and new occupation regimes—shape Muslims’ understandings of the European project and their experiences within it? This chapter analyzes this catastrophic era from diverse Muslim perspectives. It reveals how many Muslims found legal promises of political equality and rights ambiguous and intangible, and instead sought to define their own terms of political belonging. They wanted autonomy, confessional sovereignty, and the protection of Islamic institutions and property.

KEPEMIMPINAN OTORITER DALAM MANAJEMEN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

The type of leader becomes an important entity in the management of islamic education. Surely, then, ongoing leadership should have a particular type of leadership that is expected to be able to bring wealth to the institutions or organizations it leads. As the educational organizers have already known that good leadership will deliver institutions to good qualities as well. As for this research, it focuses on the existence of authoritarian leadership in islamic education management. The study aims to identify forms of authoritarian leadership and the effect of its application in islamic institutions, and in this study researchers use a qualitative descriptive approach by reviewing the related literature. The results of the study indicate that authoritarian leadership is not appropriate to be adopted within islamic institutions for long periods of time, given that the good effects they have are very small and are more dominated by adverse effects. Researchers have thus revealed that it is necessary to recondition to eliminate and exclude the presence of this type of authoritarian leadership within the islamic institutions of education.

La política monetaria en presencia de las finanzas islámicas: un estudio exploratorio

En los últimos años se ha producido un verdadero desarrollo de la industria financiera islámica, abriendo nuevas oportunidades de financiación para los inversores. Para beneficiarse de sus productos, varios países se han embarcado en el experimento financiero islámico. Al contar ya con una infraestructura bancaria y monetaria convencional, la implantación de instituciones islámicas puede resultar difícil, ya que se supone que deben cumplir con la sharia al tiempo que operan junto a sus homólogos convencionales. Sin embargo, cuando los dos sistemas financieros coexisten, la práctica de la política monetaria es un verdadero desafío que da lugar a muchas reflexiones. De hecho, la prohibición de ciertas prácticas, como el uso de tipos de interés, por parte de las finanzas islámicas crea una necesidad real de diseñar instrumentos que se adecuen a los preceptos de la Sharia. In recent years, the Islamic financial industry has developed significantly, opening up new financing opportunities for investors. To benefit from its products, several countries have embarked on the Islamic financial experiment. Already having a conventional banking and monetary infrastructure, the implementation of Islamic institutions can be difficult, as they are supposed to be Sharia-compliant while operating side by side with their conventional counterparts. However, when the two financial systems coexist, the practice of monetary policy is a challenging and thoughtprovoking one. Indeed, the prohibition of certain practices, such as the use of interest rates, by Islamic finance creates a real need to design instruments that are appropriate to Shariah precepts.

“Methodology of the ‘Russian World’ and ‘Russian Islam:’ New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context”

This article proposes and argues that the birth of concepts “Russian World” and “Russian Islam” – both important to the post-Soviet Russian ideological landscape – occurred not only under the influence of similar ideas and values, but also through the authorship of the same intellectuals: heirs of the Soviet semi-dissident teachings of Georgy Shchedrovitsky. In this article, we study how these two concepts were understood by the supporters of methodological doctrine. The article further substantiates relevance of a post-socialist focus in the study of countries of the former USSR, even when it relates to new religious projects. In addition, this article highlights the importance of the non-Muslim (Soviet and Russian) roots of the development of Islamic institutions in post-Soviet Russia.

Perspektif Hadis Nabi Saw Mengenai Kebersihan Lingkungan

This study aims to discuss the hadith perspective on cleanliness. This research is a qualitative type by applying literature study to interpret the hadith about cleanliness with a content analysis approach. The results and discussion of this study include the notion of cleanliness, hadiths regarding cleanliness, and cleanliness in the hadith perspective. This study concludes that maintaining cleanliness is very important for daily life including physical and spiritual cleanliness and environmental cleanliness. This study recommends all parties to maintain cleanliness which is not only related to ethics but also the value of worship, especially the recommended importance of implementing hygiene habits from an early age through the role of Islamic institutions.

Board characteristics and financial institutions’ performance: Evidence from an emerging market

One of the main objectives of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the board variables (namely: board size, board meetings, board compositions, board diversity, and CEO duality), variables and Qatari financial institutions’ performance measured by ROA, ROE, and EPS. Another objective of this paper is to compare the performance of conventional financial institution are more profitable than Islamic ones. The study uses 56 listed financial institutions in the Qatari exchange market. The panel data regression was used to analyse the data in this paper. The results found that the board meeting is positively associated with all performance measures. Moreover, board size has a positive relationship with EPS while board compositions are positively associated with ROA. However, board diversity has a negative relationship with all performance measures. Finally, the results failed to report any statistically significant and negative relationship between CEO duality and financial institutions’ performance. In addition, the results indicate that Islamic institutions are of lower performance compared to non-Islamic institutions.

The Application Level of Institutional Governance in Islamic Institutions and Banks in Kuwait

This study aims to identify Islamic banks' governance principles and measures the application level of these principles in Islamic banks in Kuwait. The descriptive-analytical approach was used by designing a questionnaire consisting of 29 questions, covering most of Islamic bank governance principles, and commensurate with the nature of distinguishing them from other traditional banks. The study showed that the application level of Islamic banks' governance principles is at a medium level, noting that there were deficiencies in some aspects, which is the absence of disclosure and transparency requirements for Islamic financial operations that distinguish Islamic banks from other traditional banks. In addition, the study showed that there is a lack of equity in the system of salaries and workers' wages compared to competitive banks and institutions in Kuwait.

Faith and Revolution: The Case of Islamic Resurgence by Said Nursi in Turkey

Bediuzzaman Said Nursi dedicated his life to the safeguarding and strengthening of faith in God, which for him was the most important issue of the time and was at the heart of religion and the societal system. He believed religious conviction faced severe and combined attacks and was being weakened by unreligious ideologies. Nursi sought to strengthen belief by transforming it from imitation to certainty. He maintained that to be occupied with the fundamentals of belief over and above everything was an absolute necessity and compelling need. This definition of the problem gave direction to his discourse, and in all his writings Nursi pursued the renewal, revival, and strengthening of the truths of creed, rather than trying to rebuild Islamic political authority and Islamic institutions or expounding Islamic Shariah rules. This is the most important single issue that distinguishes Nursi from his contemporaries. This paper, in this backdrop, anticipates to discuss the significance of Nursi’s thoughts, teachings and also explains the importance of Nursi in the formation of ideology that helped the society of Turkey to neutralize anti-religious systems. The aim of this research paper is to explain Nursi’s contributions that proved him to be a faith revivalist and whose works are one of the most ubiquitous read materials in Turkey. This essay is primarily a theoretical one and the methodology adopted for this paper is analytical-historical and descriptive.

U-16 Salam Contract in Islamic Financial Institutions: Structure and Contemporary Shariah Implications

Salam Contract is an exceptional kind of sale transactions up to a considerable extent. The basic wisdom behind its permission was to cater to the financial capital needs of farmers and other needy persons as an effective substitute measure to avoid indulging in usury (interest) based financial activities. Afterward, it has been used as a mode of Islamic Finance. Consequently, Islamic Institutions have adopted this mode in their financial activities and transactions on a large scale. This research article deals with a detailed review of its basic kinds, practiced structure, and executed transactions in IFIs from Shariah point of view; to study the possible questions which may be raised in this regard, convincing replies to such objections and doubts, Shariah safeguards which determine restricted boundaries of this mode of Islamic finance and prevent it from including or comprising prohibited matters which might cause the invalidity of these transactions. This study is remarkably unique and unprecedented research on the topic in many aspects.