scholarly journals A Culturally Competent Phenotypic Evaluation/Obesity Assessment in African and African American Populations: Pilot Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 674-698
Author(s):  
Catrina Johnson ◽  
Robert Corruccini ◽  
Motier Daniel Becque ◽  
Wanki Moon ◽  
Kolapo Ajuwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
African American ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Individualized Medicine ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Culturally Competent ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Composition Variation ◽  
Effective Models

BMI, a ratio of weight over height, is a culturally-biased tool imposed upon the scientific, academic and medical communities as an errant measure of obesity across ethnicity. Body Mass Index (BMI) relates mass (g) to a relative fat distribution with regards to height. Its genesis is from the actuarially derived and ethnically exclusive height and weight tables that promote the fictional notion of inter-ethnic ideal weights that would be later adopted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as a competent measure of adiposity. Best practice, movement towards individualized medicine and deployment of effective models that impact the diabetes epidemic and its related precursors like insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, requires terminal use of BMI, a biologically meaningless and crude indicator of obesity, in favor of  effective and culturally competent non-relative body composition evaluation of genetically determined adiposity that untenably compares values among groups. African Americans are among the increasingly affected groups for diabetes and posses unique composition variation requiring proper intra-cultural evaluation independent of inter-ethnic Eurocentric assumptions that over assesses obesity risk. Incorporating use of 4C models to evaluate adiposity and assess risk for diabetic predisposition and onset provides an effective unbiased assessment of the cultural components inherent within body composition variation among ethnicity, age, gender. Obesity and type II diabetes onset and pre-disposition is assessed phenotypically, in creation of a body mass profile among African and African American groups, using 4C model, photography, anthropometry, somatotype and genetic evaluation. Environmental obeseogenic cultural factors are also explored.

scholarly journals Associations of Body Mass and Body Fat Distribution with Parity Among African-American and Caucasian Women: The CARDIA Study

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cora E. Lewis ◽  
Delia E. Smith ◽  
Jennifer L. Caveny ◽  
Laura L. Perkins ◽  
Gregory L. Burke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Caucasian Women

Subcutaneous obesity is not associated with sympathetic neural activation

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (1) ◽  
pp. H414-H418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy E. Alvarez ◽  
Tasha P. Ballard ◽  
Stacy D. Beske ◽  
Kevin P. Davy
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Abdominal Visceral Fat ◽  
Regional Fat Distribution ◽  
Plasma Leptin

We tested the hypothesis that muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) would not differ in subcutaneously obese (SUBOB) and nonobese (NO) men with similar levels of abdominal visceral fat despite higher plasma leptin concentrations in the former. We further hypothesized that abdominal visceral fat would be the strongest body composition- or regional fat distribution-related correlate of MSNA among these individuals. To accomplish this, we measured MSNA (via microneurography), body composition (via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and abdominal fat distribution (via computed tomography) in 15 NO (body mass index ≤ 25 kg/m2; 22.4 ± 1.4 yr) and 9 SUBOB (25 ≤ body mass index ≤ 35 kg/m2; 23.4 ± 2.1 yr) sedentary men. As expected, body mass (94 ± 4 vs. 71 ± 2 kg), total fat mass (25 ± 2 vs. 12 ± 1 kg), and abdominal subcutaneous fat (307 ± 36 vs. 132 ± 12 cm2) were significantly higher in the SUBOB group compared with NO peers. However, the level of abdominal visceral fat did not differ significantly in the two groups (69 ± 7 vs. 55 ± 5 cm2). MSNA was not different between SUBOB and NO men (23 ± 3 vs. 24 ± 2 bursts/min; P > 0.05, respectively) despite ∼2.6-fold higher ( P < 0.05) plasma leptin concentration in the SUBOB men. Furthermore, abdominal visceral fat was the only body composition- or regional fat distribution-related correlate ( r = 0.45; P < 0.05) of MSNA in the pooled sample. In addition, abdominal visceral fat was related to MSNA in NO ( r = 0.58; P = 0.0239) but not SUBOB ( r = 0.39; P = 0.3027) men. Taken together with our previous observations, our findings suggest that the relation between obesity and MSNA is phenotype dependent. The relation between abdominal visceral fat and MSNA was evident in NO but not in SUBOB men and at levels of abdominal visceral fat below the level typically associated with elevated cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk. Our observations do not support an obvious role for leptin in contributing to sympathetic neural activation in human obesity and, in turn, are inconsistent with the concept of selective leptin resistance.

scholarly journals Dual-Energy X - Rayabsorptiometry (Dxa) Assessment of Body Composition and Body Fat Distribution in Cushing’s Women

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-93
Author(s):  
Slavica Shubeska-Stratrova ◽  
Snezana Markovik-Temelkova ◽  
Goran Petrovski
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Show Difference

AbstractIntroduction. Body composition and body fat distribution show difference in women with Cushing's syndrome (CS) compared to healthy control women (C) with almost equal body mass index (BMI) (28.89±3.53kg/m2vs. 29.39±4.04kg/m2) and they were compared with DXA.Methods. Total and regional fat mass (FM), FM%, tissue mass (TM), TM%, android FM (A), gynoid FM (G), lean body mass (LBM), bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) were determined as well as their relationships in 10 CS and 10 C women.Results. Regional FM, FM%, TM and TM% values were not different between CS and C except for arm TM % (45.06±3.1% vs. 40.23±6.29%) (p<0.043). Arms+legs/trunk TM and FM ratio were significantly lower in CS compared to C (p<0.0001). Arms/A (1.1±0.12), legs/A (3±0.41) and legs/trunk TM ratios (0.52±0.07) were significantly lower in CS compared to C (1.3±0.13) (p<0.002), (4.29 ±0.67) (p<0.0001) and (0.69±0.09) (p<0.0001). Legs/A (2.57±0.73), legs/trunk (0.48±0.13) and arms+legs/trunk FM ratio (0.66±0.14) in CS were significantly lower compared to C [(4.2±1.16; 0.71±0.12 (p<0.001) and 0.89±0.14 (p<0.002)]. A/GTM (0.67±0.1) and A/G FM ratio (0.72± 0.2) in CS were significantly higher compared to C (0.48±0.05) (p<0.0001) and (0.46±0.09) (p<0.001). Legs LBM in CS 10.8±1.95kg was lower compared to C 12.7±2.1 kg (p<0.046). Only spine BMD value in CS (0.89±0.09 kg/cm2) was lower compared to C (0.94±0.12 kg/cm2) (p<0.017).Conclusion. Central to peripheral regional TM, FM and LBM ratios differentiated significantly and precisely patients with CS and C and confirmed extreme central obesity in CS.

Body composition of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and its estimation from condition index and mass measurements

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 2021-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Adamczewski ◽  
P. F. Flood ◽  
A. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Ovibos Moschatus ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Svalbard Reindeer ◽  
Victoria Island ◽  
The Masses

We used data on the anatomical and chemical body composition of 22 muskoxen (7 adult females, 6 subadult females, 2 yearlings, 5 calves, and 2 near-term fetuses) from Victoria Island, Northwest Territories, to evaluate basic patterns of body composition and allometric growth in this species and to assess methods of estimating body composition from mass and index measurements. Ingesta-free body mass (IFBM) ranged from 9 kg in the 2 fetuses to 150 kg in the largest cow, and fatness from 2.0% of IFBM in a newborn calf to 29.0% in a mature cow. The proportion of fat increased most rapidly in muskoxen with IFBM ≥ 100 kg. In the fatter females, about 33% of the fat was intermuscular, 27% subcutaneous, 20% abdominal, and 13% intramuscular. In muskoxen ≥ 3 years old, ingesta accounted for 26.8 ± 1.1% of body mass and pelage for 4–4.5% of IFBM. Muscle mass was best estimated from masses of individual muscles, protein mass from IFBM, bone mass from the masses of limb bones, and ash mass from IFBM. Dissectible and total fat masses were less predictable, and were best estimated by multiple regressions combining kidney fat mass and a measure of body mass with up to three other measurements. Body composition and fat distribution in muskoxen were similar to those in cattle and sheep and the extent of fattening exceeded that reported in wild ruminants except for Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus).

Beyond the body mass index: tracking body composition in the pathogenesis of obesity and the metabolic syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 6-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Müller ◽  
M. Lagerpusch ◽  
J. Enderle ◽  
B. Schautz ◽  
M. Heller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Index Tracking ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

scholarly journals The Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Postmenopausal Women: Relationship to Body Composition, Visceral Fat, and Inflammation

2004 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 5517-5522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongjian You ◽  
Alice S. Ryan ◽  
Barbara J. Nicklas
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Visceral Fat Area ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate whether aerobic fitness, body composition, body fat distribution, and inflammation are different in obese postmenopausal women with and without the metabolic syndrome (MS), and whether the severity of MS is associated with these characteristics. Fifty-eight women (age, 59 ± 1 yr; body mass index, 33.0 ± 0.6 kg/m2) completed testing of maximal aerobic capacity, body composition (fat mass, lean mass, and percent body fat), body fat distribution (sc and visceral fat areas, and regional adipocyte sizes), and inflammation (C-reactive protein, IL-6, and TNF-α, and their soluble receptors). Lean mass (44.4 ± 0.9 vs. 41.2 ± 0.9 kg; P &lt; 0.05), visceral fat area (180 ± 10 vs. 135 ± 7 cm2; P &lt; 0.001), and plasma soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNFR1; 860 ± 25 vs. 765 ± 42 pg/ml; P &lt; 0.05) were higher in women with the MS (n = 27) than in those without the MS (n = 31). The number of MS components was directly related to weight, body mass index, fat mass, lean mass, visceral fat area, and plasma sTNFR1. We conclude that obese older women with the MS are characterized by high lean mass, high visceral fat, and elevated sTNFR1, and the severity of the MS is associated with body composition, visceral adiposity, and inflammation.

scholarly journals The relation between body fat distribution, plasma concentrations of adipokines and the metabolic syndrome in patients with clinically manifest vascular disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (14) ◽  
pp. 1548-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse M Schrover ◽  
Yolanda van der Graaf ◽  
Wilko Spiering ◽  
Frank LJ Visseren
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Visceral Adipose

Introduction We evaluated the relationship between adipokine plasma concentrations and body fat distribution and the metabolic syndrome. Methods In a cohort of 1215 patients with clinically manifest vascular disease the relation between subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, waist circumference, body mass index and plasma concentrations of adipsin, chemerin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, migration inhibitory factor, nerve growth factor, resistin, plasma amyloid A1, adiponectin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and hepatic growth factor were cross-sectionally assessed with linear regression and adjusted for age and gender. The relation between adipokines and the metabolic syndrome was cross-sectionally evaluated using logistic regression. An adipokine profile was developed to measure the effect of combined rather than single adipokines. Results Adiposity was related to higher nerve growth factor, hepatic growth factor, migration inhibitory factor, leptin and adipsin and with lower chemerin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, resistin, plasma amyloid A1 and adiponectin. The strongest positive relations were between body mass index and adipsin (β 0.247; 95% CI 0.137–0.356) and leptin (β 0.266; 95% CI 0.207–0.324); the strongest negative relations were between body mass index and plasma amyloid A1 (β –0.266; 95% CI –0.386 to –0.146) and visceral adipose tissue and adiponectin (β –0.168; 95% CI –0.226 to –0.111). There was no relation between subcutaneous adipose tissue and adipokines. Odds for the metabolic syndrome were higher with each 1 SD higher hepatic growth factor (OR 1.21; 95% CI 1.06–1.38) and leptin (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.10–1.45) and lower with each 1 SD higher adiponectin (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.64–0.83) and resistin (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.74–0.97). The adipokine profile was related to the metabolic syndrome (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.00–1.06). Conclusion Plasma concentrations of adipokines are related to obesity and body fat distribution. The relation between adipokine concentrations and the metabolic syndrome is independent of visceral adipose tissue.

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