scholarly journals Investigation of the effect of nanomaterials on the process of germination of corn

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Testing Material ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biological Methods

The purpose of the research was to identify the nature of the effect of carbon nanomaterials on seedlings of plants. The work used biological methods, in particular biotesting. The corn produced in Kazakhstan was used as testing material. For this several soil samples containing carbon, nanomaterials were prepared. In the experiment, we have monitored the growth of the seeds planted directly to soil samples. According to the results of the study, it became evident that carbon nanomaterials in the form of nanotubes applied to the deposited material, due to their properties, stimulate the growth of plants during the process. This explains the wide range of applications of carbon nanomaterials.

scholarly journals Carbon Nanomaterials as Versatile Platforms for Biosensing Applications

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 814
Author(s):  
Hye Suk Hwang ◽  
Jae Won Jeong ◽  
Yoong Ahm Kim ◽  
Mincheol Chang
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Target Analytes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biological Recognition ◽  
Simple Molecules ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Biological Analytes

A biosensor is defined as a measuring system that includes a biological receptor unit with distinctive specificities toward target analytes. Such analytes include a wide range of biological origins such as DNAs of bacteria or viruses, or proteins generated from an immune system of infected or contaminated living organisms. They further include simple molecules such as glucose, ions, and vitamins. One of the major challenges in biosensor development is achieving efficient signal capture of biological recognition-transduction events. Carbon nanomaterials (CNs) are promising candidates to improve the sensitivity of biosensors while attaining low detection limits owing to their capability of immobilizing large quantities of bioreceptor units at a reduced volume, and they can also act as a transduction element. In addition, CNs can be adapted to functionalization and conjugation with organic compounds or metallic nanoparticles; the creation of surface functional groups offers new properties (e.g., physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, and optical properties) to the nanomaterials. Because of these intriguing features, CNs have been extensively employed in biosensor applications. In particular, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanodiamonds, graphene, and fullerenes serve as scaffolds for the immobilization of biomolecules at their surface and are also used as transducers for the conversion of signals associated with the recognition of biological analytes. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the synthesis of CNs and their potential application to biosensors. In addition, we discuss the efforts to improve the mechanical and electrical properties of biosensors by combining different CNs.

Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in Chile

Nematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 915-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Edgington ◽  
Alan G. Buddie ◽  
Dave Moore ◽  
Andrés France ◽  
Loreto Merino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
The South ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Northern Regions

Abstract A systematic programme of surveys for entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) was done in Chile between 2006 and 2008. The survey spanned the principal ecosystems of mainland Chile as well as a number of islands, and covered a wide range of habitats including the Atacama Desert, Andean Altiplano, temperate rainforests and subpolar territory. Nearly 1400 soil samples were collected, of which 7% were positive for EPN. Of 101 EPN isolates obtained, 94 were Steinernema spp. and seven were Heterorhabditis sp. Of the 94 Steinernema isolates, 39 were identified as Steinernema feltiae, the remainder being distributed between two new species, S. unicornum (52 records) and S. australe (three records). The Heterorhabditis isolates, all designated as Heterorhabditis sp.1, are referred to herein as H. cf. safricana. Steinernema feltiae and S. unicornum were collected predominately in the south of Chile and were obtained from a range of habitats, including forests, open grassland, montane soils and coastal zones; neither species was recovered from the far north of the country (viz., desert soils in the Norte Grande region). Steinernema australe was found in only three soil samples, all from humid, cool, coastal localities in the south. Heterorhabditis cf. safricana was recovered from the northern regions, with most isolates found in or on the periphery of the Atacama Desert; they were not recovered from cooler, more humid regions of southern Chile. Molecular information indicated there were two subgroups of both S. unicornum and S. feltiae, with a geographical, intraspecific split of subgroups between the most southerly and the more central survey zones. All isolates were collected by ex situ baiting with waxmoth larvae and the natural hosts are unknown.

scholarly journals Relationship between the mass of organic matter and carbon in soil

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silmara R. Bianchi ◽  
Mario Miyazawa ◽  
Edson L. de Oliveira ◽  
Marcos Antonio Pavan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
Oxidation Degree ◽  
Wide Range

The quantity of soil organic matter (SOM) was estimated through the determination of soil organic carbon (SOC) times a factor, which assumes that 58% of the SOM was formed by carbon. A number of soil samples with wide range of SOC content collected in the state of Paraná, Brazil were evaluated in the laboratory. SOC was measured by Walkley-Black method and the total SOM by loss on ignition. The SOC was positively correlated with SOM. The SOM/SOC ratio varied from 1.91 to 5.08 for the soils. It shows that Brazilian SOM has greater oxidation degree. Although, the SOM and SOC decreased with soil depth the SOM/SOC ratio increased. It showed that SOM in the subsoil contained more oxygen but less carbon than the SOM in the upper soil surface. The CEC/SOC also increased with depth indicating that the functional groups of the SOM increased per unity of carbon.

scholarly journals A new record of Actinobacteria isolated from soil in Jerusalem and their enzymatic potential

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Samira R. Mansour ◽  
Ahmed M. Abdel-Azeem ◽  
Samy Salem Soliman Abo-Deraz
Keyword(s):  
New Record ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Cellulase Enzyme ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Promising Source

Actinobacteria are well recognized for their bioactive compounds.They are considered as a promising source of wide range of important enzymes, some of which are produced on an industrial scale. In this study, 35 isolates of actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples collected in the area of Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, Israel. To our knowledge, this is the first study of actinomycetes from this terrestrial environment. The efficiency of the isolated actinobacteria in the production of amylase, cellulase, protease, tyrosinase, lipase, catalase and phosphatase was studied. Isolates obtained showed some activity and other completely failed to produce such enzymes. From total 35 isolates, only three isolates (8.6%) showed ability to produce protease, four isolates (11.4%) for lipase, five isolates (14.3%) for tyrosinase and two isolates (5.7%) for phosphatase enzymes. However, all isolates were positive for amylase and catalase enzymes; vice versa for cellulase enzyme all isolates failed to degrade cellulose in the form of carboxymethylcellulose.

scholarly journals Optimization of Pigment Production by Micrococcus and Arthrobacter species Isolated from Soil and Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1902-1907
Author(s):  
Sanchita Choubey ◽  
Sneha Vittal Chapade ◽  
Supriya Ashok Garud
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Antibacterial Agent ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Synthetic Dyes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Water And Soil Samples ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Arthrobacter Species ◽  
Soil And Water ◽  
Bacterial Pigments

A pigment is a substance that is substantially used in different industries that come in a wide range of coloration and few of which are soluble in water. Bacterial pigments have many applications in the modern day life. Some microorganisms have the characteristics feature to produce pigments which may additionally beneficial us in identification. Bacterial pigments have larger compatibility and greater biodegradability with the environment. Nontoxic nature of pigment produced with the aid of a huge range of microorganisms make them ecofriendly for use in foodstuff, dye, cosmetics, pharmacy and different industrial purposes. Pigments of bacteria provide various advantages compared to synthetic dyes. They are biodegradable in nature, easy to extract, easily available, cheaper substrates needed. The pigment produced by the bacteria can be used as anticancer agents, antibacterial agent and anti-proliferative agents. The object of the existing find out about was once to isolated  pigment producing microorganism from water and soil samples and explores their properties. Based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics, they have been recognized as Micrococcus and Arthrobacter. The pigment isolated from bacterial spp. is used for the antimicrobial activity, anti-oxidant recreation and for optimization of pH, temperature and NaCl. It was once concluded that water and soil have various microorganisms and they have the capacity of producing pigments.

Isozyme Variability in Field Populations of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Australia

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
KM Old ◽  
MJ Dudzinski ◽  
JC Bell
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Enzyme Loci ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Isozyme Variability ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Isozyme characteristics of 280 isolates from populations of Phytophthora cinnamomi in native veg- etation in six locations in south-eastern Australia were examined at 19 enzyme loci. No new enzyme genotypic arrays were identified as compared with earlier samplings. This work indicates that the low variability for P. cinnamomi in Australia obtained in earlier work, from separate isolates in a wide range of locations, is paralleled in detailed population samples in south-eastern Australia. At one location, A1 and A2 mating types coexisted in soil samples. The lack of recombinants in these population samples suggests an absence of sexual reproduction in the field.

Impact of UPLC-MS in Food and Drug/Metabolite Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-30
Author(s):  
Ankit Semwal ◽  
Raghav Dogra ◽  
Kritika Verma ◽  
Rohit Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Metabolite Analysis ◽  
Drug Metabolites ◽  
Ultra High Pressure ◽  
Drug Metabolite ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Distinguishing Features

The hyphenation of Ultra-Performance Liquid performance (UPLC) with mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful tool in analytical research due to its advanced sensitivity, resolution and speed. Its advanced instrumentation, specialized columns, separation at ultra-high pressure and sophisticated software are the distinguishing features as compared to the traditional separating techniques. It has a wide range of applications in various fields such as analysis of food stuffs, drug metabolites, beverages, toxicology, soil samples and micronutrient analysis. In the present compilation, authors have highlighted the applicability of UPLC-MS in the analysis of food stuffs and drug metabolites along with the various optimized analytical conditions and obtained results.

Origins and Implications of the Apollo 16 Breccia Noble Gas Suite

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Nottingham ◽  
Natalie M. Curran ◽  
John Pernet-Fisher ◽  
Ray Burgess ◽  
Katherine H. Joy
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Noble Gas ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sector Mass Spectrometer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Solar Wind Composition

<p>The Apollo 16 landing site is dominated by regolith breccias; consolidated regolith palaeo-soils [5,7,8]. Each regolith soil (and, by extension, each regolith breccia) is composed of fragments of rock sourced from different impacts and lithological units [e.g. 2,3]. Because of this, these samples probe the impact history of the lunar surface across a wide range of time. McKay et al. (1986) reported the trapped argon isotope ratios (i.e., <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>36</sup>Ar<sub>Tr</sub>) values of regolith breccias and used these values to semi-quantitatively model breccia formation ages [see also 4]. Two groups of regolith breccias were identified at the Apollo 16 landing site: (i) the ‘ancient’ group, lithified immature regolith (i.e., <30 I<sub>s</sub>/FeO), and (ii) a ‘younger’ group that generally have higher levels of maturity. Joy et al. (2011) used the <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>36</sup>Ar<sub>Tr</sub> ratios to model that: (i) the ancient samples closed from soils to breccias between ~3.8 and 3.4 Ga, consistent with regolith developed and consolidated after the Imbrium basin-forming event, and during a time of declining basin-forming impacts, and (ii) that the young breccias were assembled in the Eratosthenian period between ~2.5 and 1.7 Ga, providing insight into post-basin bombardment impact processes.</p><p>A third set of regolith breccias identified by Jerde et al. (1987, 1990), (the soil-like breccias), have no reported noble gas or exposure age information. Joy et al. (2011) inferred that these samples were likely consolidated into breccias in the last 2 Ga (based on their I<sub>s</sub>/FeO maturity being similar to the Apollo 16 soils). They, therefore, may extend the current archive of impact and regolith processes into the Eratosthenian and Copernican periods.</p><p>Whole-rock samples were laser step heated and the extracted gases were measured using a Thermo Scientific Helix-MC noble gas magnetic sector mass spectrometer. Preliminary analysis of our data shows these breccias are dominated by a solar wind composition component, with minor spallation and radiogenic contributions. The concentrations of evolved gases suggest the samples are more similar in terms of noble gas budget to the present day Apollo 16 soil samples (based on analysis using data collated by Curran et al. 2020), than the ancient gas-poor Apollo 16 regolith breccias (McKay et al. 1986). Thus, these noble gas data are consistent with the petrological characterisation and Is/FeO classification [5,6] of these breccias being comparable to present day Apollo 16 soil samples. Solar wind composition gas concentrations comparable to present day soil samples suggest these new breccias represent consolidated regolith of comparable maturity, perhaps suggesting these soil-like breccias were formed around the same time period as the ‘younger’ group.</p><p>References: [1] Curran, N.M., et al., 2020, PSS, 182, 104823. [2] Donohue, P.H., et al., 2013, 44<sup>th</sup> LPSC, A#2897.; [3] Fagan, A.L., et al., 2013, GCA, 106, 429-445.; [4] Fagan, A.L., et al., 2014, Earth Moon Planets, 112, 59–71.; [5] Jerde, E.A., et al., 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 92(B4), E526– E536.; [6] Jerde, E.A., et al., 1990, EPSL, 98(1), 90-108.; [7] Joy, K.H., et al., 2011, GCA, 75(22), 7208-7225.; [8] McKay, D.S., et al., (1986), J. Geophys. Res., 91(B4), 277– 303.</p>

Principles for assessing the genotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials in vitro (on the example of carbon nanotubes) (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Gulnaz Faezovna Gabidinova ◽  
Gyuzel Abdulkhalimovna Timerbulatova ◽  
Liliya Minvagizovna Fatkhutdinova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Micronucleus Assay ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Chromosomal Damage ◽  
Colorimetric Test ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dna Strand

Introduction. Genotoxicity of nanomaterials (NM) is becoming a major concern when investigating new NM for their safety. Each mutagen is considered to be potentially carcinogenic, therefore a genotoxicity assessment is necessary. However, a clear strategy for assessing the genotoxic effect of NM has not yet been developed. Material and methods. The material for the analysis have included literature sources from the bibliographic databases PubMed, Scopus, RSCI. Results. Physicochemical characterization of NM is carried out using high-resolution microscopic and light scattering methods. Before testing for genotoxicity, it is necessary to know the cytotoxicity of the tested NM in order to select the appropriate concentration range. The most important and significant tests are based on the cell viability. MTT assay is a colorimetric test that evaluates the metabolic activity of cells. In addition, viability can be determined using microscopy, flow cytometry, determination of lactate dehydrogenase. Genotoxicity evaluation can be carried out only after the preliminary steps. The strategy should include genotoxicity endpoints: DNA damage, gene mutations, chromosomal damage. The in vitro mammalian gene mutation test, usually performed using mouse lymphoma cells, detects a wide range of genetic damage, including gene deletions. The most common test for detecting chromosomal damage is an in vitro micronucleus assay. DNA strand breaks are most often assessed using the comet DNA assay. Conclusion. Compulsory stages in the study of the genotoxicity of nanomaterials should be preliminary studies, including physicochemical characterization and assessment of cytotoxicity, as well as the study of the endpoints of genotoxicity and potential mechanisms.

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