Fears of Contagion, Strategies of Containment

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-59
Author(s):  
Robert T. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Prison Reform ◽  
Agricultural Enterprise ◽  
Reform Plan ◽  
The Social ◽  
Labor Camps ◽  
Work Model ◽  
The U.S

The first chapter offers an analysis of prison reform through the lens of sexualized containment, where elite northern reformers sought to replace the notorious 1940s prison farm and open dormitory system with the best practices of northern criminal justice and blended with a southern work model to create an efficient, business-oriented agricultural enterprise system. During the 1940s and 1950s, postwar criminologists employed metaphors of disease and contagion that warned that prison sex and sexual violence between men could spread from one prisoner to another. In the U.S. South, the practice of housing prisoners in labor camps and shared dormitories contributed to the metaphor of disease and contagion, a particular fear that the South’s open living spaces hastened the southern prison’s production of homosexuality. The chapter argues that such a Cold War–era reform plan stressed the social quarantine of prisoners through the adoption of the northern penitentiary’s design of cells and wings as a way to contain the sexual violence that occurred all too frequently in open southern dormitories. Such an external emphasis on prison space and containment had profound consequences, as it enhanced the spatial power and reach of an internal trusty where the prison system relied on prisoners as guards.

Norfolk’s “Model Prison Community”: Howard Belding Gill and the Social Process of Prison Reform

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-146
Author(s):  
Matthew DelSesto
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Prison Reform ◽  
Criminal Justice Reform ◽  
Spatial Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Prison Community ◽  
The Relationship

This article explores the social process of criminal justice reform, from Howard Belding Gill’s 1927 appointment as the first superintendent of the Norfolk Prison Colony to his dramatic State House hearing and dismissal in 1934. In order to understand the social and spatial design of Norfolk’s “model prison community,” this article reviews Gills’ tenure as superintendent through administrative documents, newspaper reports, and his writings on criminal justice reform. Particular attention is given to the relationship between correctional administration and public consciousness. Concluding insights are offered on the possible lessons from Norfolk Prison Colony for contemporary reform efforts.

Why Psychology and Criminal Justice Can Only Take Us So Far

2021 ◽  
pp. 1840-1857
Author(s):  
Lisa Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
School Violence ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
The Social ◽  
American Schools ◽  
The U.S

Concerns about continued increases in violent behavior in American schools and schools' ability to mitigate and reduce risks abound. Psychology and criminal justice have contributed much to what we know and understand about violence in schools; however, the author argues that these dominant disciplinary perspectives also obscure some important aspects of these phenomena, namely focus on underlying cultural logics that may be impacting violence in schools. In this chapter, the author sets out to achieve two objectives. First, she provides an overview of areas of focus in current literature in psychology and criminal justice that represent the dominant framework within which school violence in the U.S. is viewed. Additionally, she examines those disciplinary perspectives in terms of specific strengths and limitations. Second, she presents and describes a series of social psychological theories and pulls those theories into a coherent framework to demonstrate the value of the social psychological lens in studies of school violence and stimulate further discussion and research on this important topic.

Why Psychology and Criminal Justice Can Only Take Us So Far

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-138
Author(s):  
Lisa Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
School Violence ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
The Social ◽  
American Schools ◽  
The U.S

Concerns about continued increases in violent behavior in American schools and schools' ability to mitigate and reduce risks abound. Psychology and criminal justice have contributed much to what we know and understand about violence in schools; however, the author argues that these dominant disciplinary perspectives also obscure some important aspects of these phenomena, namely focus on underlying cultural logics that may be impacting violence in schools. In this chapter, the author sets out to achieve two objectives. First, she provides an overview of areas of focus in current literature in psychology and criminal justice that represent the dominant framework within which school violence in the U.S. is viewed. Additionally, she examines those disciplinary perspectives in terms of specific strengths and limitations. Second, she presents and describes a series of social psychological theories and pulls those theories into a coherent framework to demonstrate the value of the social psychological lens in studies of school violence and stimulate further discussion and research on this important topic.

scholarly journals Diversity in the Child Criminal Justice System

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
Sartika Intaning Pradhani
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Medical Rehabilitation ◽  
Child Victims ◽  
The Social ◽  
Case Development

The Child Criminal Justice System in practice, the child as a victim of sexual violence does not always feel its justice being reversed because the diversion process involving the community, the police, the social department, and the parties concerned does not always have a victim's perspective. The absence of a victim's perspective in resolving the issue of sexual violence through diversities makes restorative justice incapable of restoring and fulfilling justice for child victims of sexual violence compared to the criminal justice system in general because diversity is unable to bridge the gap between the challenges faced by victims and the help available to victims. Legal protection of child victims of crime, especially crimes against morality, with child offenders under the Criminal Justice System which must prioritize the approach of Restorative Justice by guaranteeing the rights of child victims to the efforts of medical rehabilitation and social rehabilitation both inside and outside the institution; assurance of safety, whether physical, mental, or social; and ease in obtaining information about case development through diversion. Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak pada praktiknya, anak sebagai korban kekerasan seksual tidak selalu merasakan keadilannya dikemalikan karena proses diversi yang melibatkan masyarakat, polisi, departemen sosial, dan para pihak terkait tidak selalu memiliki perspektif korban. Ketiadaan perspektif korban dalam penyelesaian permasalahan kekerasan seksual melalui diversi membuat keadilan restoratif tidak mampu mengembalikan dan memenuhi keadilan bagi anak korban kekerasan seksual dibandingkan dengan sistem peradilan pidana secara umum karena diversi tidak mampu untuk menjembatani jurang antara tantangan yang dihadapi oleh para korban dan pertolongan yang tersedia untuk para korban. Perlindungan hukum terhadap anak korban kejahatan, khususnya kejahatan terhadap kesusilaan, dengan pelaku anak menurut Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak yang wajib mengutamakan pendekatan Keadilan Restoratif dengan memberikan jaminan hak anak korban terhadap upaya rehabilitasi medis dan rehabilitasi sosial, baik di dalam lembaga maupun di luar lembaga; jaminan keselamatan, baik fisik, mental, maupun sosial; dan kemudahan dalam mendapatkan informasi mengenai perkembangan perkara melalui diversi. DOI: 10.15408/jch.v5i1.6575

Institutional actors: Children’s emerging beliefs about the causal structure of social roles

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Noyes ◽  
Frank Keil ◽  
Yarrow Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Soccer Player ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Causal Structure ◽  
Executive Orders ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Children's Beliefs ◽  
Institutional Actors ◽  
The U.S

Institutions make new forms of acting possible: Signing executive orders, scoring goals, and officiating weddings are only possible because of the U.S. government, the rules of soccer, and the institution of marriage. Thus, when an individual occupies a particular social role (President, soccer player, and officiator) they acquire new ways of acting on the world. The present studies investigated children’s beliefs about institutional actions, and in particular whether children understand that individuals can only perform institutional actions when their community recognizes them as occupying the appropriate social role. Two studies (Study 1, N = 120 children, 4-11; Study 2, N = 90 children, 4-9) compared institutional actions to standard actions that do not depend on institutional recognition. In both studies, 4- to 5-year-old children believed all actions were possible regardless of whether an individual was recognized as occupying the social role. In contrast, 8- to 9-year-old children robustly distinguished between institutional and standard actions; they understood that institutional actions depend on collective recognition by a community.

Ghana ThinkTank

Transfers ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
Christopher Robbins ◽  
Maria del Carmen Montoya ◽  
John Ewing
Keyword(s):  
El Salvador ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Developed World ◽  
First World ◽  
The U.S

Ghana ThinkTank has been “Developing the First World” since 2006. We collect problems in the so-called developed world, and send them to think tanks we established in Cuba, Ghana, Iran, Mexico, El Salvador, and the U.S. prison system to analyze and solve. Our network continues to grow . . .

scholarly journals A Panel Evaluation of the Changes in the General Public’s Social-Media-Following of United States’ Public Health Departments during COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272199545
Author(s):  
Areej Khokhar ◽  
Aaron Spaulding ◽  
Zuhair Niazi ◽  
Sikander Ailawadhi ◽  
Rami Manochakian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Media ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Health Department ◽  
Health Departments ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Departments ◽  
The Social ◽  
The U.S

Importance: Social media is widely used by various segments of society. Its role as a tool of communication by the Public Health Departments in the U.S. remains unknown. Objective: To determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media following of the Public Health Departments of the 50 States of the U.S. Design, Setting, and Participants: Data were collected by visiting the Public Health Department web page for each social media platform. State-level demographics were collected from the U.S. Census Bureau. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention was utilized to collect information regarding the Governance of each State’s Public Health Department. Health rankings were collected from “America’s Health Rankings” 2019 Annual report from the United Health Foundation. The U.S. News and World Report Education Rankings were utilized to provide information regarding the public education of each State. Exposure: Data were pulled on 3 separate dates: first on March 5th (baseline and pre-national emergency declaration (NED) for COVID-19), March 18th (week following NED), and March 25th (2 weeks after NED). In addition, a variable identifying the total change across platforms was also created. All data were collected at the State level. Main Outcome: Overall, the social media following of the state Public Health Departments was very low. There was a significant increase in the public interest in following the Public Health Departments during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: With the declaration of National Emergency, there was a 150% increase in overall public following of the State Public Health Departments in the U.S. The increase was most noted in the Midwest and South regions of the U.S. The overall following in the pandemic “hotspots,” such as New York, California, and Florida, was significantly lower. Interesting correlations were noted between various demographic variables, health, and education ranking of the States and the social media following of their Health Departments. Conclusion and Relevance: Social media following of Public Health Departments across all States of the U.S. was very low. Though, the social media following significantly increased during the early course of the COVID-19 pandemic, but it still remains low. Significant opportunity exists for Public Health Departments to improve social media use to engage the public better.

The U.S. Marine Corps’ Response to Intimate Partner Sexual Violence: An Analysis of the Family Advocacy Program and the Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Program

2020 ◽  
pp. 0095327X2097439
Author(s):  
Stephanie Bonnes ◽  
Jeffrey H. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Marine Corps ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Sexual Assault Prevention ◽  
Family Advocacy ◽  
Advocacy Program ◽  
Assault Prevention ◽  
The U.S

In this article, we show how the U.S. military treats domestic violence and sexual assault as distinct forms of abuse, which has particular consequences for victims of intimate partner sexual violence. We explore how a specific U.S. military branch, the Marine Corps, complicates these issues further by providing services to intimate partner sexual violence victims from two different programs. Analyzing military orders and documents related to Family Advocacy Program and Sexual Assault Prevention and Response program, interviews with eight military prosecutors, and the experiences of one military lawyer, we examine program and interactional-level factors that shape victim services, advocacy, and processes. We find that there are program differences in specialized services, coordinated services, and potential breaches of confidentiality related to victim’s cases. We recommend that the Marine Corps recognize the intersections of sexual violence and domestic violence and offer more tailored services to victims of intimate partner sexual violence.

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