scholarly journals Flaviviridae — addition to the family

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
I. V. Kruglov
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relation ◽  
New Members ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flying Fox

This review article analyzes and summarizes the history of the replenishment of the family Flaviviridae with new members over the last several decades on the example of the youngest genera of this family - Hepacivirus and Pegivirus .It all started in 1966 when surgeon George Barker, who had hepatitis, had blood serum taken in containing an unknown virus. This virus was named GBV , by patient initials. Samples of the serum were frozen. A nucleic acid recognized as corresponding to the genomes of 2 separate virus species was isolated from the tested material in 1995. These viruses were named GBV-A and GBV-B . By this time, the hepatitis C virus had already been discovered, which was assigned to the Flaviviridae family, where a separate, third genus of Hepacivirus was allocated for it.In 2010, a more distantly related virus (named GBV-D ) was found in bats (Indian flying fox - lat. Pteropus giganteus ). GBV-B , which causes acute hepatitis in experimentally infected tamarines, became the second species in the genus Hepacivirus to company with hepatitis C virus. The remaining GB viruses based on phylogenetic relation-ships, genome organization, and pathogenetic properties were proposed in 2011 to be classified as members of the fourth genus in the Flaviviridae family. This genus was named Pegivirus (pe - persistence, g - GB).11 species of viruses have now been identified in the genus Pegivirus . They are indicated by letters in the order of the Latin alphabet - from Pegivirus A to Pegivirus K. And 14 species of viruses have now been identified in the genus Hepacivirus . So the story of the investigation, which began in 1966 with the discovery of the previously unknown GBV virus, has so far concluded with the discovery of two new genera of the family Flaviviridae. Numerous members of these two genera infect and also persist among a wide range of species belonging to different orders of the mammalian class, including Homo Sapiens .

scholarly journals Effect of directly acting anti-viral agents on immunological imprints in chronic HCV-4a patients: interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor genes expression level

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman S. Naga ◽  
Amel Abdel Fattah Kamel ◽  
Said Ahmed Ooda ◽  
Hadeer Muhammad Fath Elbab ◽  
Rania Mohamed El-Sharkawy
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Angiogenic Factor ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chronic Hcv ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

Abstract Background Hepatitis C virus infection is a global health challenge with Egypt being one of the highly affected countries. IL-10 has been suggested as a suitable marker to assess necroinflammation and to monitor the progression of liver damage. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor playing a central role in many physiological as well as pathological processes. Several factors can be predictive of the response to treatment and achievement of SVR; some of which are host-related, and others are virus-related. The gene expression of IL-10 and VEGF have multiple effects for treatment response. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of treatment with directly acting agents (DAA) on the expression of VEGF and IL-10 genes in chronic hepatitis C virus-infected Egyptian genotype-4a patients. Twenty-five HCV subjects where evaluated for IL-10 and VEGF gene expression before and after treatment with DAA. Results IL-10 expression was downregulated in 92% of the cases. VEGF expression was heterogeneous showing spreading of values along a wide range with 64% of the cases being downregulated. Conclusion DAAs do not completely reverse the immunological imprints established upon chronic HCV infection.

The Natural History of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Hemophiliacs

Hematology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Franchini ◽  
A. Tagliaferri ◽  
G. Rossetti ◽  
F. Capra ◽  
E. De Maria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus Infection ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Natural History of Hepatitis C Virus among Apparently Normal Schoolchildren: Follow‐up after 7 Years

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 384-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azza El‐Sherbini ◽  
Wafaa Hassan ◽  
Mohamad Abdel‐Hamid ◽  
Ahmad Naeim
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Natural History ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Hepatitis C Virus infection in apparentenly healthy individuals with family history of diabetes in Vom, Plateau State Nigeria

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obinna O Nwankiti ◽  
James A Ndako ◽  
Georgebest ON Echeonwu ◽  
Atanda O Olabode ◽  
Chika I Nwosuh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Family History ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus Infection ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Plateau State

scholarly journals CRYOGLOBULIN TEST AND CRYOGLOBULINEMIA HEPATITIS C-VIRUS RELATED

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e2017007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umberto Basile
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Confounding Factor ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Laboratory Techniques ◽  
Preanalytical Phase ◽  
Wide Range

Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that precipitate in serum at temperatures below 37°C and resolubilize upon warming. The clinical syndrome of cryoglobulinemia usually includes purpura, weakness, and arthralgia, but the underlying disease may also contribute other symptoms. Blood samples for cryoglobulin are collected, transported, clotted and spun at 37°C, before the precipitate is allowed to form when serum is stored at 4°C in a Wintrobe tube for at least seven days. The most critical and confounding factor affecting the cryoglobulin test is when the preanalytical phase is not fully completed at 37°C. The easiest way to quantify cryoglobulins is the cryocrit estimate. However, this approach has low accuracy and sensitivity. Furthermore, the precipitate should be resolubilized by warming to confirm that it is truly formed of cryoglobulins. The characterization of cryoglobulins requires the precipitate is several times washed, before performing immunofixation, a technique by which cryoglobulins can be classified depending on the characteristics of the detected immunoglobulins. These features imply a pathogenic role of these molecules which are consequently associated with a wide range of symptoms and manifestations. According to the Brouet classification, Cryoglobulins are grouped into three types by the immunochemical properties of immunoglobulins in the cryoprecipitate. The aim of this paper is to review the major aspects of cryoglobulinemia and the laboratory techniques used to detect and characterize cryoglobulins, taking into consideration the presence and consequences of cryoglobulinemia in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection.

scholarly journals Hepatitis C in pregnancy: an observational study highlighting its association with maternal parameters

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Bushra . ◽  
Ambreen Ghori ◽  
Azra Ahmed ◽  
Najma Dalwani ◽  
Mushtaque Ali Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Singleton Pregnancy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of

Background: Pregnancy is a very crucial time in a woman’s life. In this period of time, not only multiple physiological alterations effect the usual health status but also makes women more vulnerable to contract infection and face negative sequalae. Hepatitis C, a blood borne viral infection serve the similar fate when encountered by pregnant ladies. This study is based on exploring the prevalence of the Hepatitis C virus seropositivity among pregnant population. Moreover, we also evaluated the major risk factors leading to the infection in these mothers. Besides this, infected mothers were studied for their pregnancy outcomes.Methods: In this study 114 pregnant females were observed for this cross-sectional study. It was conducted in Gynecology Unit- 1, Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad, for the period of January 2017 to July 2017. Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis on SPSS version 16. The criteria for enrollment in the study was set to be a pregnant lady belonging to age group 20-35 years; having singleton pregnancy; was a booked case at the hospital with compliant to antenatal follow ups; admitted to the labor room for delivery. All the non-pregnant ladies, whom had co morbid conditions such as hypertension or diabetes or had infected with hepatitis B or D were excluded from the study. Furthermore, pregnant ladies with multiple gestion or those who were either diagnosed of hepatitis C prior to conceive or had a previous history of hepatitis C were also excluded.Results: Present study revealed that out of 114, 10(8.8%) pregnant ladies were found seropositive for Hepatitis C virus. Prior history for transfusion of blood was the Foremost risk factor discovered, with 60.5% women reported this. History of surgery was the 2nd commonest factor and 43.9% had this in their medical records. On the other hand, only 8.8% women gave the history for previous evacuation. While observing pregnancy outcomes, we found 48.2% neonates had low birth weight, 41.2% were born preterm and 21.1% had low APGAR score.Conclusions: In a nutshell hepatitis c is prevalent in the pregnant population of this region and showing its effects in the form of compromised pregnancies. History of blood transfusion and previous surgery were found to be chief risk factors in the study.

scholarly journals Population genetic history of hepatitis C virus 1b infection in China

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsunori Nakano ◽  
Ling Lu ◽  
Yunshao He ◽  
Yongshui Fu ◽  
Betty H. Robertson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
Future Burden ◽  
Hcv Transmission ◽  
History Of ◽  
Iatrogenic Transmission ◽  
Unsafe Injection ◽  
Reference Strains

Subtype 1b is the most common strain of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in China. Here, the molecular epidemiology and epidemic history of this strain were investigated by conducting phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of E1 and NS5B gene sequences sampled from nine Chinese cities. The phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of two clusters of Chinese strains that did not include reference strains from other countries, suggesting that these clusters represent two independent chains of HCV transmission within China. The remaining Chinese isolates were more closely related to reference strains from other countries. The date of origin and past population dynamics of the two groups were investigated using a new population genetic method, the Bayesian skyline plot. The estimated dates of origin of both groups coincide with the period of the Chinese ‘Cultural Revolution’ during the years 1966–1976. Both groups grew at a rapid exponential rate between ∼1970 and ∼1990, after which transmission slowed considerably. Possible explanations for the groups' fast spread and subsequent slowdown are discussed, including parenteral transmission by unsafe injection, iatrogenic transmission by infected blood or blood products and improvements in blood safety since 1990. These results shed light on HCV transmission in China and may help to predict the future burden of HCV-related disease in the country.

scholarly journals Optimising T cell (re)boosting strategies for adenoviral and modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine regimens in humans

npj Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Capone ◽  
Anthony Brown ◽  
Felicity Hartnell ◽  
Mariarosaria Del Sorbo ◽  
Cinzia Traboni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Simian adenoviral and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vectors used in heterologous prime-boost strategies are potent inducers of T cells against encoded antigens and are in advanced testing as vaccine carriers for a wide range of infectious agents and cancers. It is unclear if these responses can be further enhanced or sustained with reboosting strategies. Furthermore, despite the challenges involved in MVA manufacture dose de-escalation has not been performed in humans. In this study, healthy volunteers received chimpanzee-derived adenovirus-3 and MVA vaccines encoding the non-structural region of hepatitis C virus (ChAd3-NSmut/MVA-NSmut) 8 weeks apart. Volunteers were then reboosted with a second round of ChAd3-NSmut/MVA-NSmut or MVA-NSmut vaccines 8 weeks or 1-year later. We also determined the capacity of reduced doses of MVA-NSmut to boost ChAd3-NSmut primed T cells. Reboosting was safe, with no enhanced reactogenicity. Reboosting after an 8-week interval led to minimal re-expansion of transgene-specific T cells. However, after a longer interval, T cell responses expanded efficiently and memory responses were enhanced. The 8-week interval regimen induced a higher percentage of terminally differentiated and effector memory T cells. Reboosting with MVA-NSmut alone was as effective as with ChAd3-NSmut/MVA-NSmut. A ten-fold lower dose of MVA (2 × 107pfu) induced high-magnitude, sustained, broad, and functional Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific T cell responses, equivalent to standard doses (2 × 108 pfu). Overall, we show that following Ad/MVA prime-boost vaccination reboosting is most effective after a prolonged interval and is productive with MVA alone. Importantly, we also show that a ten-fold lower dose of MVA is as potent in humans as the standard dose.

scholarly journals Poly(I:C) and Lipopolysaccharide Innate Sensing Functions of Circulating Human Myeloid Dendritic Cells Are Affected In Vivo in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (11) ◽  
pp. 5537-5546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Gaël Rodrigue-Gervais ◽  
Loubna Jouan ◽  
Geneviève Beaulé ◽  
Dominike Sauvé ◽  
Julie Bruneau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Poly I:C ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Genomic Rna ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rna Levels

ABSTRACT The role of peripheral dendritic cells (DCs) in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is unclear. To determine if persistent infection exerts an inhibitory pressure on HCV-specific innate responses, we analyzed DC function in blood through quantification of cell-associated HCV RNA levels in conjunction with multiparametric flow cytometry analysis of pathogen recognition receptor-induced cytokine expression. Independently of the serum viral load, fluorescence-activated cell sorter-purified total DCs had a wide range of cell-associated HCV genomic RNA copy numbers (mean log10, 5.0 per 106 cells; range, 4.3 to 5.8). Here we report that for viremic patients with high viral loads in their total DCs, the myeloid DC (MDC) subset displayed impaired expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) but normal IL-6 or chemokine CCL3 expression in response to poly(I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IL-6-expressing cells from this subgroup of viremic patients demonstrated a significant increase (sixfold more) in TNF-α− IL-12− cell frequency compared to healthy donors (mean, 38.8% versus 6.5%; P < 0.0001), indicating a functional defect in a subpopulation of cytokine-producing MDCs (∼6% of MDCs). Attenuation of poly(I:C) and LPS innate sensing was HCV RNA density dependent and did not correlate with viremia or deficits in circulating MDC frequencies in HCV-infected patients. Monocytes from these patients were functionally intact, responding normally on a per-cell basis following stimulation, independent of cell-associated HCV RNA levels. Taken together, these data indicate that detection of HCV genomic RNA in DCs and loss of function in the danger signal responsiveness of a small proportion of DCs in vivo are interrelated rather than independent phenomena.

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