Management of losses and Newcastle disease in rural poultry in Kaduna State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-285
Author(s):  
J. A. Nwanta ◽  
J. K. Ali-Balogun ◽  
J. U. Umoh ◽  
P. A. Abdu ◽  
I. Ajogi
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
System Productivity ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Adequate Management ◽  
Rural Poultry

Causes of losses in rural poultry and measures adopted by farmers for the management of Newcastle disease (ND) were identified. The study was conducted in 13 local governments, in 33 villages and 223 households. Data on the population, health, causes of losses, management system, productivity, extension services and ethnoveterinary practices were collected using interview and a structured questionnaire. Of the three species of local poultry investigated, the chicken was raised by all respondents. A mean flock size of 18 local chickens, 16 guinea fowls and 7 ducks were recorded per household. Over 50% of the households kept 2 0r more species of poultry with chickens and guinea fowls being the most frequent (79%). All farmers provided supplementary food and water for birds but none offered commercial feed. The duck was a better hatcher than the chicken. ND was the major cause of losses of rural poultry. Poultry extension service was lacking. Majority (79.4%) of the respondents provided houses for their stock at night and 78% used traditional medicines for the management of diseases. Very few (1.38%) consulted veterinary clinics. As ND was reported to be a major threat to the development and survival of local poultry, adequate management measures in the form of improved feeding, housing, extension services and vaccination must be put in place to improve their productivity.

DIAGNOSIS AND RISK MANAGEMENT IN DIGITAL AGRICULTURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Zhanna A. Telegina ◽  
◽  
Sandzhi V. Koteev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Supply Chain Networks ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
The Right ◽  
Adequate Management ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Hybrid Forms ◽  
Agricultural Organization

Agriculture is associated with a number of unique risks due to environmental impacts, high volatility of supply and demand, and political changes. The materials of the article make it possible to diagnose agricultural risks and develop adequate management measures in the digital economy. The choice of a specific management structure in an agricultural organization should be aimed at elimi-nating all forms of contractual hazards detected between the contracting parties at such a distance that trans-action costs are minimized. At the same time, in hybrid forms of organization, such as supply chain networks, the main parameters should be defined: the distribution of decision-making rights, the selection of managers and specialists who have the right to make strategic decisions within the framework of the network offer and apply inter-organizational risk and reward mechanisms within the agricultural organization.

Technical Guidance for Implementing BMPs in the Coastal Zone

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Frederick ◽  
S. A. Dressing
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Nonpoint Source ◽  
Nonpoint Pollution ◽  
Nps Pollution ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Technical Guidance

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) released the Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters on January 14, 1993. This document is EPA's technical guidance on the best affordable ways to reduce or prevent nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in the coastal zone. The authors believe that it is currently the most comprehensive summary of best management practices (BMPs) available. The guidance contains BMPs for the control of NPS pollution from agriculture, forestry, urban areas, marinas, and hydromodification (channels, dams, and stream and shoreline erosion). Wetlands, riparian areas, and vegetated treatment systems are addressed in the guidance as additional options to control nonpoint pollution. The guidance also includes monitoring and compliance tracking techniques to accompany the management measures. EPA and NOAA are developing approaches to help states, local governments, and affected parties understand and use the technical guidance in their coastal nonpoint source programs. Although final decisions have not yet been made, this paper summarizes the current thinking regarding this technical assistance.

The epidemiology of Newcastle disease in rural poultry: A review

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Awan ◽  
M. J. Otte ◽  
A. D. James
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Rural Poultry

scholarly journals Moving-average based index to timely evaluate the current epidemic situation after COVID-19 outbreak

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Yun-ting ◽  
Wang Xiao-jin ◽  
He Hao ◽  
Zhai Jing ◽  
Wang Bing-shun
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
National Level ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Evolutionary Trend ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

[ABSTRACT]A pneumonia outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 and then spread rapidly to the whole country. A total of 81,498 laboratory-confirmed cases, including 3,267 deaths (4.0%) had been reported in China by March 22, 2020, meanwhile, 210,644 laboratory-confirmed cases and 9,517 deaths (4.5%) were reported outside China. Common symptoms of COVID-19 pneumonia included fever, fatigue and dry cough. In face of such a sudden outbreak of emerging novel infectious diseases, we have no history to learn from and no evidence to count on. Traditional models often predict inconsistent results. There is an urgent need to establish a practical data-driven method to predict the evolutionary trend of the epidemic, track and prejudge the current epidemic situation after the COVID-19 outbreak. Here we propose a simple, directly and generally applicable index and we name it ‘epidemic evaluation index’ (EEI), which is constructed by 7-day moving average of the log-transformed daily new cases (LMA). EEI could be used to support the decision-making process and epidemic prevention and control strategies through the evaluation of the current epidemic situation. First, we used SARS epidemic data from Hong Kong in 2003 to verify the practicability of the new index, which shows that the index is acceptable. The EEI was then applied to the COVID-19 epidemic situation analysis. We found that the trend direction of different districts in China changed on different date during the epidemic. At the national level and at local Hubei Province level, the epidemic both peaked on February 9. While the peak occurred relatively earlier, i.e. on February 5 in other provinces. It demonstrated the effectiveness of decisive action and implementations of control measures made by Chinese governments. While local governments should adjust management measures based on local epidemic situation. Although the epidemic has eased since late February, continued efforts in epidemic control are still required to prevent transmission of imported cases in China. However, the global COVID-19 epidemic outside China continues to expand as indicated by the EEI we proposed. Currently, efforts have been made worldwide to combat the novel coronavirus pandemic. People all over the world should work together and governments of all countries should take efficient measures in the light of Chinas experience and according to national circumstances and local conditions.

scholarly journals How flood risks shape policies: flood exposure and risk perception in Swiss municipalities

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anik Glaus ◽  
Markus Mosimann ◽  
Veronika Röthlisberger ◽  
Karin Ingold
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Flood Risk Management ◽  
Flood Risks ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Flood Exposure ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Flood Risk Perception

AbstractDespite an increasing number of people exposed to flood risks in Europe, flood risk perception remains low and effective flood risk management policies are rarely implemented. It becomes increasingly important to understand how local governments can design effective flood risk management policies to address flood risks. In this article, we study whether high flood exposure and flood risk perception correlate with the demand for a specific design of flood risk management policies. We take the ideal case of Switzerland and analyze flood risk management portfolios in 18 flood-prone municipalities along the Aare River. We introduce a novel combination of risk analysis and public policy data: we analyze correlations between recorded flood exposure data and survey data on flood risk perception and policy preferences for selected flood risk management measures. Our results indicate that local governments with high flood risk perception tend to prefer non-structural measures, such as spatial planning and ecological river restoration, to infrastructure measures. In contrast, flood exposure is neither linked to flood risk perception nor to policy preferences. We conclude that flood risk perception is key: it can decisively affect local governments’ preferences to implement specific diversified policy portfolios including more preventive or integrated flood risk management measures. These findings imply that local governments in flood-prone areas should invest in raising their population’s awareness capacity of flood risks and keep it high during periods without flooding.

Modeling the Integral Indicator of the Enterprise Economic Security Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ievgen Ovcharenko ◽  
Yevhen Ivchenko ◽  
Volodymyr Tyshchenko ◽  
Iryna Potapiuk ◽  
Roman Kozhushko
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Security Management ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Adaptive Assessment ◽  
Adequate Management ◽  
Integral Indicator

The article considers the current aspects of the enterprise economic security, analyzes the features of its assessment and substantiates the expediency of using an integral indicator of the economic security management of the enterprise. Based on the use of factor analysis and the method of chain substitutions, an adaptive assessment system was built, which is highly sensitive to rapid changes in the external environment and the characteristics of the enterprise’s functioning. This approach makes it possible to develop adequate management measures to identify risks, determine the causes of their occurrence and measures to prevent risks or eliminate their negative impact. That is, the result of the implementation of such a methodology should be information that will allow management to make adequate management decisions in a timely manner, develop and implement effective measures to ensure the economic security of the enterprise in counteracting internal and external risks.

Challenges in managing invasive raccoons in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 476
Author(s):  
Takaaki Suzuki ◽  
Tohru Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Municipal Governments ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Invasion Stage ◽  
Management Procedures

Context In Japan, the raccoon is an invasive, non-native mammal that causes significant agricultural damage and impacts on native biodiversity throughout the country. Local governments are mainly responsible for raccoon management. Intensive control campaigns focused on the early invasion stage have controlled raccoons in some regions but, generally, there are very few regions where raccoon numbers have been reduced sustainably, and no raccoon populations have been eradicated. Aims To improve national management of raccoons and canvass the opinions and perceptions of local government officers involved in raccoon control, and to review the efficiency and effectiveness of raccoon management strategies. Methods A questionnaire survey of 47 prefectural and 366 municipal governments was conducted, regarding raccoon management measures, during 2012 and 2013. The survey covered two topics: (1) management difficulties experienced by officers; and (2) details of the current raccoon management regime. Key results Efforts to manage raccoon populations have encountered some difficulties, including shortages of raccoon control officers, funding, expertise in raccoon biology and management, and lack of information about the invasion status of local raccoon populations and ecological traits of raccoons. Prefectures not currently managing raccoons indicated that they suffered from a lack of appropriate management procedures. However, current management programs were not generally functioning efficiently or effectively because many local governments did not implement appropriate monitoring. About 70% of local governments did not set control target indices, and there were very few quantitative datasets that could be used to measure the effectiveness of control in reducing raccoon impacts. Conclusions Best practice management programs have been being implemented in very few government areas, with institutional characteristics and difficulties in obtaining relevant information causing major problems. Implications Collecting and sharing information about effective raccoon management methods and case study examples from successful regions would enable other local administrations to select and implement the most effective and efficient control strategy, methods and monitoring program for their region.

scholarly journals Impact of routine Newcastle disease vaccination on chicken flock size in smallholder farms in western Kenya

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248596
Author(s):  
Elkanah Otiang ◽  
Samuel M. Thumbi ◽  
Zoë A. Campbell ◽  
Lucy W. Njagi ◽  
Philip N. Nyaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Significant Benefit ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
The Impact

Background Poultry represent a widely held economic, nutritional, and sociocultural asset in rural communities worldwide. In a recent longitudinal study in western Kenya, the reported mean number of chickens per household was 10, with increases in flock size constrained principally by mortality. Newcastle disease virus is a major cause of chicken mortality globally and hypothesized to be responsible for a large part of mortality in smallholder flocks. Our goal was to determine the impact of routine Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccination on flock size and use this data to guide programs to improve small flock productivity. Methods We conducted a factorial randomized controlled trial in 537 households: in 254 households all chickens were vaccinated every 3 months with I-2 NDV vaccine while chickens in 283 households served as unvaccinated controls. In both arms of the trial, all chickens were treated with endo- and ecto parasiticides every 3 months. Data on household chicken numbers and reported gains and losses were collected monthly for 18 months. Results Consistent with prior studies, the overall flock size was small but with increases in both arms of the study over time. The mean number of chickens owned at monthly census was 13.06±0.29 in the vaccinated households versus 12.06±0.20 in the control households (p = 0.0026) with significant gains in number of chicks (p = 0.06), growers (p = 0.09), and adults (p = 0.03) in the vaccinated flocks versus the controls. Household reported gains were 4.50±0.12 total chickens per month when vaccinated versus 4.15±0.11 in the non-vaccinated controls (p = 0.03). Gains were balanced by voluntary decreases, reflecting household decision-making for sales or household consumption, which were marginally higher, but not statistically significant, in vaccinated households and by involuntary losses, including mortality and loss due to predation, which were marginally higher in control households. Conclusion Quarterly NDV vaccination and parasiticidal treatment resulted in an increase in flock size by a mean of one bird per household as compared to households where the flock received only parasiticidal treatment. While results suggest that the preventable fraction of mortality attributable to Newcastle disease is comparatively small relatively to all-cause mortality in smallholder households, there was a significant benefit to vaccination in terms of flock size. Comparison with previous flock sizes in the study households indicate a more significant benefit from the combined vaccination and parasiticidal treatment, supporting a comprehensive approach to improving flock health and improving household benefits of production in the smallholder setting.

scholarly journals Drivers, Barriers and Success Factors in Climate Change Adaptation for Smallholder Farmers: A Case Study in Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-462
Author(s):  
Tuan M. Ha ◽  
Tuyet Truong ◽  
Huong Hoang ◽  
Bac Ho
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Local Farmers

This paper aims to identify appropriate approaches and interventions of local governments and extension services through identifying the most potential adaptive measures in agricultural production of local farmers in Thai Nguyen province (Vietnam) and analyses of key drivers, barriers and success factors for climate change adaptation (CCA).The study was conducted during October 2019 – April 2020 in Thai Nguyen and two selected communes with 92 smallholder farmers and relevant stakeholders from the provincial to commune levels using both quantitative and qualitative methods.Results showed a highly vulnerable situation of the local farmers under the context of climate change with 60.9% and 44.6% of the interviewed farmers stating reduced crop/livestock productivity and crop losses, and reduced arable production land and number of crop seasons/year respectively.Ten most potential livelihood models and production practices were identified. For example, animal husbandry (pigs, cattle) combined with biogas digester installation; intercropping between fruit crops and annual crops; use of drought and disease resistant maize varieties; changes of crop patterns and calendars; water saving production techniques, etc. Driver, barriers and success factors for CCA suggestguiding actions for the local government and extension services to plan adequate approaches and interventions for embracing and upscalingthe CCA initiatives towards climate resilient farming communities.The guiding actions include:strengthening capacity of extension staff; providing update market information to farmers for their decisions of crops and livestock; disseminating new and locally appropriate CCA models and practices together with on-field demo-plots and farmer field schools; and building capacity for community organisations, production groups/cooperatives to promote community learning for wider adoption and thus sustainability of their farming systems in response to the changing environment.

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