scholarly journals Proximate composition and phytochemical screening of coffee weed (Senna occidentalis ) leaves as phytobiotic additive in poultry diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
S. O. Omoikhoje ◽  
D. O. Obasoyo ◽  
S. E. Okosun ◽  
J. I. Uwaya ◽  
I. A. Adamu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Poultry Diets

The proximate and phytochemical screening of Senna occidentalis were carried out to assess some nutrients and phytobiotic properties of the leaves. The fresh leaves were thoroughly rinsed, sparsely spread on jute mat and dried at room temperature for 6 – 7 days until they became crispy, thereafter they were milled and subjected to proximate and phytochemical analyses. Data showed that the leaves had low moisture (9.35 9.35%), high crude protein (21.88 21.88%), crude fibre, crude fat, ash and nitrogen free extract (NFE) , of 19.72, 16.88, 9.70 and 22.47% respectively. The phytochemicals positively present were cardiac glycosides, phenols, flavols, flavonols and alkaloids, while saponnins were largely present. From the results, Senna occidentalis leaf meal can be a potential source of vegetable protein and some vital mineral elements as supplements to poultry feeds. Besides, the high levels of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents present in the sample which are known to promote growth by enhancing nutrient utilization, repair of worn out tissues and disease control could make Senna occidentalis leaves worthy of being a phytobiotic additive in poultry diets.

scholarly journals Chemical profile of the endocarp and exocarp of yellow monkey cola (Cola lepidota)

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
VN Osabor ◽  
FI Bassey ◽  
KA Ibe
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Petroleum Ether Extract ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Chemical Profile ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Energy Value

The chemical profile of the Endocarp and Exocarp of yellow monkey cola (Cola lepidota) were investigated using chemical analysis. The results of proximate analysis showed that the endocarp has the following compositions: moisture (20.00+0.10%W/W), ash (4.00+0.11%DM), crude fibre (36.00+0.12%DM), crude fat (16.00+0.11%DM), crude protein (22.84+0.12%DM), available carbohydrate (21.16+0.12%DM) and the energy value (320.00+0.01kcal/100g) while the exocarp contained moisture (22.00+0.12%W/W), ash (8.00+0.11%DM), crude fibre (7.00+0.11%DM), crude fat (12.50+0.10%DM), crude protein (1.58+0.11%DM) available carbohydrate (70.92+0.11%DM) and the energy value (402.42+0.10 kcal/100g). The endocarp mineral elements analysis revealed that sodium (0.033+0.21 mg/100g), lead (0.004+0.12mg/100g) cadmium (0.002 +0.11mg/100) calcium (78.35+0.12 mg/100g), zinc (55.32+0.12mg/100), phosphorus (0.068+0.12mg/100g), iron (47.45+0.11 mg/100g) and manganese (0.09+0.31 mg/100g) while the exocarp mineral elements analysis revealed that sodium (0.011+0.11 mg/100g), magnesium (0.02+0.11 mg/100g), lead (0.02+0.12mg/100g), cadmium (0.03+00.12mg/100g), zinc (12.16+0.12mg/100g), potassium (17.21+0.12mg/100g), calcium (22.55+0.11mg/100g), iron (11.21+0.32mg/100g) and manganese (0.003+0.12mg/100g). The mineral element concentrations of cobalt, nickel and mercury were not detected in both endocarp and exocarp of cola lepidota. The toxicants composition analysis of endocarp revealed that hydro-cyanide, soluble oxalate and phytic acids contents were 0.54+0.01, 8.65+0.12 and 5.50+0.12 mg/100gDM respectively, while the exocarp revealed 0.09+0.12, 0.01+0.11 and 4.00+0.11 mg/100gDM respectively. The results of phytochemical screening of water extract (WE) of both endocarp and exocarp of cola lepidota shows the presence of polyphenols, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides and saponins and the absence of phlobatannins, tannins, anthranoids and anthraquinones. The petroleum ether extract (PEE) revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, and reducing sugars and also the absence of alkaloids, tannins, phlobatanins, anthranoids and authraquinones.KEYWORDS: Cola lepidota, Proximate Composition, Minerals, Nutritional and Anti-nutritional

Nutraceutical records of aquatic plants (Heinsia bussie and Diplazium sammatii) of lesser known values in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
J.E. Okon
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Aqua Feed ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

Nutraceutical evaluation was determined for two aquatic plants: Heinsia bussie and Diplazium sammatii. Plant leaves were collected from a stream in Mbak Ikot Abasi in Etoi, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria and analyzed for phytochemicals, nutrients, anti-nutrients, minerals and vitamin constituents using standard analytical methods. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive compounds: alkaloids (7.26+0.06), tannin (1.05+0.37), saponin (1.68+0.42), flavonoids (7.83+0.11), cardiac glycosides (6.94+0.48) and terpenes (6.03+0.47) in H. bussie while alkaloids (7.74+0.05), tannin (0.03+0.00), flavonoids (5.37+0.83) cardiac glycosides (4.66+0.38) and terpenes (5.17+0.21) in mg/100g were found in D. sammatii. Results also showed that the leaves contained appreciable amounts of essential nutrients such as crude protein: 11.90±0.62% in H. bussie and 10.80±0.07% in D. sammatii; carbohydrate, 49.70±0.41% in D. sammatii and 39.90±0.02% in H. bussie. Other components like ash and lipid were also present in appreciable amounts. Anti-nutrients such as phytate, saponin and tannins were significantly (p=0.05) low in both vegetables. Minerals analysis showed the highest values for iron (12.05+0.0807mg/kg) and potassium (9.04+0.0307mg/kg) in D. sammatii. Other minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were moderate in both vegetables. The vitamins recorded were axephthol, thiamin, riboflavin and ascorbic acid and were significantly (p=0.05) high. The plant leaves could be said to possess vital phytochemical and nutritional properties as well as essential mineral elements and vitamins. Therefore, these vegetables could be utilized as dietary supplement for aqua-feed production. Keywords: H. bussie, D. sammatii, nutraceutical, Athyriaceae, Rubiaceae

scholarly journals Seasonal and Temperature Dependent Variations in Proximate Parameters and Mineral Elements of Smoke-Dried Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822) using Traditional and Eco-Friendly Kilns in Lagos, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-643
Author(s):  
M.M. Ogunbambo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Smoke-drying Clarias gariepinus (catfish) provides animal protein and a source of livelihood in Lagos, Nigeria. Changes occurring to seasonal and mineral compositions of smoke-dried catfish using local Traditional Drum Kiln (TDK) and a newly constructed Eco-Friendly Kiln (EFK) fitted with a flame, drying and electronic components was carried out in this study. The smoke-drying process was carried out in both wet and dry seasons and smoke-dried catfish samples stored at ambient and adjusted refrigerated temperatures of 28 and 4 0C. The smoke-drying procedure was  standardized at 60 - 80 0C and kiln lasted 24 ± 3 hours. Moisture content results showed a significant difference when the catfish samples were smoke-dried using TDK and EFK and stored in ambient and controlled temperatures in both wet and dry seasons while crude protein, lipid, ash and crude fibre values were significantly different when stored only in dry season. Mineral elements phosphorus, sodium, copper, magnesium and iron showed a significant difference when stored at both temperatures and seasons using both kilns. Mineral elements were found to be most stable in smoke-dried catfish samples when stored at controlled temperatures. This work proved that standardizing smoke-drying process using both kilns resulted in good quality smoke-dried catfish but showed that higher biochemical values were obtained when EFK is used. Key words: Nigeria, Smoke-drying Kilns, Seasons, Ambient, Controlled Temperatures

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF VARYING CONCENTRATE: GRASS HAY RATIOS ON FEED INTAKE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY BY GROWING WEST AFRICAN FOREST SHEEP

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
I. O. A. Adeleye ◽  
U. J. Ikhatua
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
West African ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Gross Energy

Twelve ram lambs of the West African Forest type of between 15.7 and 24.6 kg were divided into four groups of 3 animals each. A group was assigned to one of four diets consisting of the following concentrate: grass hay ratios - 20 : 80 (A), 40 : 60 (B), 60 : 40 (C) and 80 : 20 (D). Feed intake, nutrient digestibilities and efficiency of feed utilization were measured. As the level of concentrate increased, the contents of crude protein ether extract, nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and gross energy of the diets increased, while the crude fibre and ash contents decreased almost linearly. Voluntary feed intake increased with increasing levels of concentrate, with diet C having a significantly higher (P 0.01) Relative Intake (RI) value than the other diets. Both the Nutritive Value Index (NVI) and Digestible Energy (DE) intake values were significantly higher (P. 0.01) in diets C and D than the other diets. Generally, the digestion coefficients for the gross energy, crude protein, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract increased with increasing levels of concentrate, the values being significantly higher (P 0.01) in diets C and D, while diet A showed a significantly lower (P 0.05) dry matter digestion coefficient value when compared with either diets. Although a similar trend was observed in the digestion coefficient for ether extract, the differences were not significant (P 0.05). With the exception of animals on diet C which had the highest daily weight gains, average daily weight gains and efficiency of feed utilization increased with successive substitution of concentrate for grass hay.

The Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Energy Value to Pigs of Plantains (Musa Sapientum Var. Paradisiaca Linn)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-191
Author(s):  
V. A. Oyenuga ◽  
B. L. Fetuga
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Large White ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract

The proximate and mineral constituents of six plantain forms, raw green plantain (RGP), cooked green plantain (CGP), raw ripe plantain (RRP), cooked ripe plantain (CRP), green plantain meal (GPM) and ripe plantain meal (RPM) were determined by chemical analysis. 24 large white barrows, weighing initially, between 40-45 kg., were used to study the apparent digestibility of nutrients, digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (ME(n) and total digestible nutrients when the plantains served as the only source of nutrients. In a second experiment ME and ME(n) were measured for the plantain forms using 28 Large White barrows, with diets in which the plantains replaced 50% of maize in a basal diet. All the plantain forms had low fat, crude fibre and crude protein content but high in nitrogen-free extract, phosphorus, potassium and Iron. Identically high dry matter (D.M.) and nitrogen-free extract (N.F.E.) digestion coefficients were obtained for all the plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values. Digestion coefficients for crude protein (46.9, 53.6, 51.8, 34.3,-32.7 %), crude fibre, (46.6, 49.5, 58.7, 62.6, 56.9, 39.6 %), ether extract (55.9, 56.6, 66.9, 69.2, 54.7 and 34.6 %) for RGP, CGP, RRP, CRP, GPM and RPM respectively were considerably lower than for D.M. and N.F.E. The DE, ME ME(n) and TDN values were comparable for all plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values in most cases. The fresh green plantains and green plantain meals had slightly higher energy values than the ripe plantains, even though the nutrients in the ripe plantains were better digested than in the green forms. The results are discussed in relation to variations in the relative proportions of the simple and more complex carbohydrates during ripening.

A note on the utilization of urea by Sudan desert sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
H. M. Hassan ◽  
A. M. S. Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract

SUMMARYSixty-four young male Sudan desert lambs were group-fed for 87 days on four diets, all containing approximately 10% crude protein. The four diets contained 0, 1·3, 1·7 and 2·7% urea, respectively.Average daily gains were 0·15, 0·14, 0·14 and 0·13 kg; feed conversion ratios (kg of feed required to produce 1 kg live-weight gain) were 7·26, 8·14, 8·92 and 7·92; dressing percentages were 43·6, 42·1, 44·1 and 42·3.Digestibility trials with lambs fed on diets with 0 or 2·7% urea gave higher digestibility coefficients for crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract for the urea-supplemented lambs. Crude protein digestibility and nitrogen retention values were lower for urea-supplemented lambs.

scholarly journals Influence of lucerne and meadow hay quality on the digestibility of nutrients in the roe deer

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sommer ◽  
M. Vodňanský ◽  
P. Petrikovič ◽  
R. Požgaj
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Significant Difference

It was confirmed in metabolic experiments with 4 individuals of roe deer (2 males and 2 females with the live weight of 20.8 and 17.9 kg, respectively) that due to the animals’ selective choice of a part of feeds there was no significant difference in the intake of lucerne hay of different quality and high-quality meadow hay (515.86 ± 66.97 and 597.82 ± 94.87 g, respectively). However, different quality of lucerne hay influenced the animals’ intake of crude protein and crude fibre. When the animals were fed meadow hay, they took in significantly less crude protein and fibre and significantly more nitrogen-free extract, fat and ash. Digestibility of crude protein was observed to be significantly decreased in hay of lower quality (by 10.1%). Digestibility coefficients for crude protein, crude fibre, organic matter and fat were significantly lower in grass hay compared to lucerne hay. Based on the coefficients of nutrient digestibility it can be stated that meadow hay, even if of excellent quality, is not a suitable supplement for the roe deer.  

scholarly journals Evaluation of Maize Accessions for Nutrients Composition, Forage and Silage Yields

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Amodu ◽  
T. T. Akpensuen ◽  
D. D. Dung ◽  
R. J. Tanko ◽  
A. Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Maize Seeds ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Number Of Leaves

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield of forage, silage and nutrients composition of two maize accessions: West Atlantic Seed Alliance 1 (WASA1) and an accession from Shika tagged (SHIMAZ). The maize seeds were planted in plots of 5 m x 5 m (25 m2) size with four replicates for each accession. The results showed that, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the accessions for plant height and number of leaves at 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after sowing (WAS), but leaf area index (LAI) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in SHIMAZ accession at 6 and 10 WAS. The number of leaves per plant, green leaves, leaf area and forage yield at 91, 105 and 119 days after sowing (DAS) were not significant (P > 0.05) in the two accessions of maize, but leaf area and LAI were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in WASA1 accession.. The percentage dry-matter (DM) content was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in WASA1, although leaf, and stem ratios were significantly (P < 0.01) higher at various stages of harvest. The crude protein (CP) and nitrogen free-extract (NFE) were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in WASA1 accession while crude fibre (CF) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in SHIMAZ. The proximate components (ash, EE and CP) and NDF were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in WASA1 silage, but NFE and ADF were higher (P < 0.05) in SHIMAZ accession.

Sesbania Leaves as Sole Feed for Growing Black Bengal Boats

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 133-133
Author(s):  
Md Shahjaiai ◽  
K J Khan ◽  
M A Akbar ◽  
A M M Tareque ◽  
H Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Sesbania Aculeata ◽  
Group A ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

Sesbania, a tropical legume browse, provides green foliage high in crude protein and low in crude fibre (Sen, Ray and Ranjhan, 1978). In Bangladesh two varieties of sesbania, Sesbania aculeata and a recently introduced African Sesbania rostrata are largely cultivated for green manuring in agricultural fields during kharif season. The leaves of sesbania may be used as good source of protein to supplement protein-poor roughages in ruminants diets. However, there is an extreme paucity of information on its nutritional value for goats. An attempt was therefore made to study the effect of feeding sesbania leaves as sole feed on growth performance and nutrient utilization in growing Black Bengal goats.Nine Black Bengal male castrated goats aged about 5 months and weighing 9.0 kg on average initially were used in a 56 day study.The goats were housed individually in a slatted floor and were introduced to the experimental feed over a period of 2 weeks.The animals were allocated at random to one of three dietary treatments in a randomised block design according to live weight.The control group A given road-side grass and the groups B and C offered green leaves of Sesbania aculeata and Sesbania rostrata, respectively.

The effects of undecorticated cotton cake added to a grass diet fed to sheep

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Dodsworth ◽  
C. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Total Digestible Nutrient

Results are given from two digestibility trials in which the following three diets were fed to sheep: (i) grass only, (ii) grass+5 oz. cotton cake daily, (iii) grass+10 oz. cotton cake daily.In the first trial the average dry-matter content of the grass was low (approx. 14%), intake was low and the supplements were eaten in addition to the grass. In the second trial where the dry-matter content (approx. 20%) of the grass and the intake were higher, the cake supplements reduced herbage consumption.The feeding of cake did not have any significant effect on the dry-matter percentage in the faeces but depressed the digestibility of the dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract in the diets including cake and reduced their starch equivalent and total digestible nutrient values.No evidence was found to support the recommendation that undecorti-cated cotton cake should be fed to grazing animals.

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