scholarly journals The interdecadal worsening of weather conditions affecting aerosol pollution in the Beijing area in relation to climate warming

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 5991-5999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoye Zhang ◽  
Junting Zhong ◽  
Jizhi Wang ◽  
Yaqiang Wang ◽  
Yanju Liu
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Aerosol Pollution ◽  
The Government

Abstract. The weather conditions affecting aerosol pollution in Beijing and its vicinity (BIV) in wintertime have worsened in recent years, particularly after 2010. The relation between interdecadal changes in weather conditions and climate warming is uncertain. Here, we analyze long-term variations of an integrated pollution-linked meteorological index (which is approximately and linearly related to aerosol pollution), the extent of changes in vertical temperature differences in the boundary layer (BL) in BIV, and northerly surface winds from Lake Baikal during wintertime to evaluate the potential contribution of climate warming to changes in meteorological conditions directly related to aerosol pollution in this area; this is accomplished using NCEP reanalysis data, surface observations, and long-term vertical balloon sounding observations since 1960. The weather conditions affecting BIV aerosol pollution are found to have worsened since the 1960s as a whole. This worsening is more significant after 2010, with PM2.5 reaching unprecedented high levels in many cities in China, particularly in BIV. The decadal worsening of meteorological conditions in BIV can partly be attributed to climate warming, which is defined by more warming in the higher layers of the boundary layer (BL) than the lower layers. This worsening can also be influenced by the accumulation of aerosol pollution, to a certain extent (particularly after 2010), because the increase in aerosol pollution from the ground leads to surface cooling by aerosol–radiation interactions, which facilitates temperature inversions, increases moisture accumulations, and results in the extra deterioration of meteorological conditions. If analyzed as a linear trend, weather conditions have worsened by ∼ 4 % each year from 2010 to 2017. Given such a deterioration rate, the worsening of weather conditions may lead to a corresponding amplitude increase in PM2.5 in BIV during wintertime in the next 5 years (i.e., 2018 to 2022). More stringent emission reduction measures will need to be conducted by the government.

scholarly journals The interdecadal worsening of weather conditions affecting aerosol pollution in the Beijing area in relation to climate warming

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoye Zhang ◽  
Junting Zhong ◽  
Jizhi Wang ◽  
Yaqiang Wang ◽  
Yanju Liu
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Aerosol Pollution ◽  
The Government

Abstract. The weather conditions affecting aerosol pollution in Beijing and its vicinity (BIV) in wintertime have worsened in recent years, particularly after 2010. The relation between interdecadal changes in weather conditions and climate warming is uncertain. Here, we analyze long-term variations of an integrated pollution-linked meteorological index (which is approximately and linearly related to aerosol pollution), the extent of changes in vertical temperature differences in the boundary layer (BL) in the BIV, and northerly surface winds from Lake Baikal during wintertime to evaluate the potential contribution of climate warming to changes in meteorological conditions directly related to aerosol pollution in this area; this is accomplished using NCEP reanalysis data, surface observations, and long-term vertical balloon sounding observations since 1960. The weather conditions affecting BIV aerosol pollution are found to have worsened since the 1960s as a whole. This worsening is more significant after 2010, with PM2.5 reaching unprecedented high levels in many cities in China, particularly in the BIV. The decadal worsening of meteorological conditions in the BIV can partly be attributed to climate warming, which is defined by more warming in the higher layers of the boundary layer (BL) than the lower layers. This worsening can also be influenced by the accumulation of aerosol pollution, to a certain extent (particularly after 2010), because the increase in aerosol pollution from the ground leads to surface cooling by aerosol-radiation interactions, which facilitates temperature inversions, increases moisture accumulations, and results in the extra deterioration of meteorological conditions. If analyzed as a linear trend, weather conditions have worsened by ~ 4 % each year from 2010 to 2017. Given such a deterioration rate, the worsening of weather conditions may lead to corresponding amplitude increase in PM2.5 in the BIV during wintertime in the next five years (i.e., 2018 to 2022). More stringent emission reduction measures will need to be conducted by the government.

scholarly journals Feedback effects of boundary-layer meteorological factors on cumulative explosive growth of PM<sub>2.5</sub> during winter heavy pollution episodes in Beijing from 2013 to 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junting Zhong ◽  
Xiaoye Zhang ◽  
Yunsheng Dong ◽  
Yaqiang Wang ◽  
Cheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Heterogeneous Reactions ◽  
Hygroscopic Growth ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Boundary Layer Height ◽  
Aerosol Pollution ◽  
Pollution Episodes

Abstract. In January 2013, February 2014, December 2015 and December 2016 to 10 January 2017, 12 persistent heavy aerosol pollution episodes (HPEs) occurred in Beijing, which received special attention from the public. During the HPEs, the precise cause of PM2.5 explosive growth (mass concentration at least doubled in several hours to 10 h) is uncertain. Here, we analyzed and estimated relative contributions of boundary-layer meteorological factors to such growth, using ground and vertical meteorological data. Beijing HPEs are generally characterized by the transport stage (TS), whose aerosol pollution formation is primarily caused by pollutants transported from the south of Beijing, and the cumulative stage (CS), in which the cumulative explosive growth of PM2.5 mass is dominated by stable atmospheric stratification characteristics of southerly slight or calm winds, near-ground anomalous inversion, and moisture accumulation. During the CSs, observed southerly weak winds facilitate local pollutant accumulation by minimizing horizontal pollutant diffusion. Established by TSs, elevated PM2.5 levels scatter more solar radiation back to space to reduce near-ground temperature, which very likely causes anomalous inversion. This surface cooling by PM2.5 decreases near-ground saturation vapor pressure and increases relative humidity significantly; the inversion subsequently reduces vertical turbulent diffusion and boundary-layer height to trap pollutants and accumulate water vapor. Appreciable near-ground moisture accumulation (relative humidity> 80 %) would further enhance aerosol hygroscopic growth and accelerate liquid-phase and heterogeneous reactions, in which incompletely quantified chemical mechanisms need more investigation. The positive meteorological feedback noted on PM2.5 mass explains over 70 % of cumulative explosive growth.

scholarly journals Lindernia procumbens in Poland: the relationship between weather conditions and the occurrence of the species

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Nobis ◽  
Marcin Nobis ◽  
Katarzyna Piotrowicz ◽  
Zygmunt Kącki ◽  
Zygmunt Dajdok
Keyword(s):  
Climate Changes ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Distribution Limit ◽  
Present Distribution ◽  
The Relationship

Lindernia procumbens in Poland: the relationship between weather conditions and the occurrence of the species New data regarding the occurrence of Lindernia procumbens (prostrate false pimpernel) are discussed and its current geographical range in Poland is given. A comparison of its past and present distribution in Poland indicates an advancement of the distribution limit northwards, which may be caused by climate changes, mostly, by an increased number of heat waves in the warm half-year. The relationship between the occurrence of the species and specific meteorological conditions, especially, unusually hot and dry summer periods, is analysed using long-term meteorological surveys.

scholarly journals Grass pollen seasons in Poland against a background of the meteorological conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Myszkowska ◽  
Katarzyna Piotrowicz ◽  
Monika Ziemianin ◽  
Kazimiera Chłopek ◽  
Katarzyna Dąbrowska-Zapart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grass Pollen ◽  
Pollen Season ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Pollen Concentrations ◽  
Poaceae Pollen ◽  
Pollen Seasons

The paper refers to the estimation of Poaceae pollen seasons in Poland in selected areas. The aim of the study was to present the long-term variability of the start, end and duration of grass pollen seasons and the seasonal pollen index (SPI) in Poland against a background of the meteorological conditions over pollen seasons. The study was performed in eight Polish cities in 1992–2014 (the common seasons were 2003–2012). Pollen season start was relatively stable in the studied period, the seasons began about the 10th of May, a bit earlier in the south part of Poland. Pollen season ends were more changeable in comparison to the season start and fluctuated from the middle of July to the middle of September. SPI clearly depended on temperature and precipitation in April–August. Daily maximum pollen concentrations were achieved between the end of May and the first decade of July and no evident relationship between this day and weather conditions was found, apart from 2004.

Identification of coherent links between interannual sedimentary structures and daily meteorological observations in Arctic proglacial lacustrine varves: potentials and limitations

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystopher J Chutko ◽  
Scott F Lamoureux
Keyword(s):  
Lacustrine Sediments ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Robust Model ◽  
Structure Thickness ◽  
Meteorological Observations

Proglacial lacustrine sediments from High Arctic Lake R (76°17.9′N, 90°59.3′W, unofficial name) are shown to be annually laminated (varved) and contain a variety of subannual structures. The formation of the subannual structures (and overall varve) was controlled by a combination of meteorologic (temperature and rainfall) and geomorphic factors. Using a training set of the ten thickest varves in the 38-year sedimentary record, a heuristic model was developed to link subannual structures with regional meteorological conditions. Within the training set, significant correlations were shown between subannual structure thickness and the magnitude of the corresponding melt event, defined as a period of continuously positive temperature. However, these correlations deteriorated as the varves progressively thinned, and several varves exhibited no relationship between their subannual structures and respective meteorological conditions. Grain size analyses showed that the thin varves were significantly finer than the thick varves and are inferred to reflect changed sediment inflow patterns that altered deposition and reduced the fidelity of the model. Despite these complexities, this study identified the potential to produce long-term, subannual reconstructions of weather conditions. Model results revealed the limitations of simple varve–meteorology relationships, as well as identified necessary environmental and sampling conditions required to produce a more robust model for future applications.

Flow Over Flat Uniform Terrain

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Kaimal ◽  
J. J. Finnigan
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Boundary Layer Turbulence ◽  
Locally Homogeneous ◽  
Averaging Time ◽  
Derivatives Of

We start with the simplest of boundary layers, that over an infinite flat surface. Here we can assume the flow to be horizontally homogeneous. Its statistical properties are independent of horizontal position; they vary only with height and time. This assumption of horizontal homogeneity is essential in a first approach to understanding a process already complicated by such factors as the earth's rotation, diurnal and spatial variations in surface heating, changing weather conditions, and the coexistence of convective and shear-generated turbulence. It allows us to ignore partial derivatives of mean quantities along the horizontal axes (the advection terms) in the governing equations. Only ocean surfaces come close to the idealized infinite surface. Over land we settle for surfaces that are locally homogeneous, flat plains with short uniform vegetation, where the advection terms are small enough to be negligible. If, in addition to horizontal homogeneity, we can assume stationarity, that the statistical properties of the flow do not change with time, the time derivatives in the governing equations vanish as well. This condition cannot be realized in its strict sense because of the long-term variabilities in the atmosphere. But for most applications we can treat the process as a sequence of steady states. The major simplification it permits is the introduction of time averages that represent the properties of the process and not those of the averaging time. These two conditions clear the way for us to apply fluid dynamical theories and empirical laws developed from wind tunnel studies to the atmosphere's boundary layer. We can see why micrometeorologists in the 1950s and 1960s scoured the countryside for flat uniform sites. The experiments over the plains of Nebraska, Kansas, and Minnesota (USA), Kerang and Hay (Australia), and Tsimliansk (USSR) gave us the first inklings of universal behavior in boundary layer turbulence. Our concept of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and its vertical extent has changed significantly over the last few decades.

scholarly journals Using a coupled LES-aerosol radiation model to investigate urban haze: Sensitivity to aerosol loading and meteorological conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Slater ◽  
Juha Tonttila ◽  
Gordon McFiggans ◽  
Sami Romakkaniemi ◽  
Thomas Kühn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Anthropogenic Heat ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Aerosol Loading ◽  
Anthropogenic Heat Flux ◽  
Boundary Layer Dynamics

Abstract. The aerosol-radiation-meteorological feedback loop is the process by which aerosols interact with solar radiation to influence boundary layer meteorology. Through this feedback, aerosols cause cooling of the surface, resulting in reduced buoyant turbulence, enhanced atmospheric stratification and suppressed boundary layer growth. These changes in meteorology result in the accumulation of aerosols in a shallow boundary layer, which can enhance the extent of aerosol-radiation interactions. The feedback effect is thought to be important during periods of high aerosol concentrations, for example during urban haze. However, direct quantification and isolation of the factors and processes affecting the feedback loop has thus far been limited to observations and low resolution modelling studies. The coupled LES-aerosol model, UCLALES-SALSA, allows for direct interpretation on the sensitivity of boundary layer dynamics to aerosol perturbations. In this work, UCLALES-SALSA has for the first time been explicitly set up to model the urban environment, including addition of an anthropogenic heat flux and treatment of heat storage terms, to examine the sensitivity of meteorology to the newly coupled aerosol-radiation scheme. We find that: a) Sensitivity of boundary layer dynamics in the model to initial meteorological conditions is extremely high, b) Simulations with high aerosol loading (220 μg/m3) compared to low aerosol loading (55 μg/m3) cause overall surface cooling and a reduction in sensible heat flux, turbulent kinetic energy and planetary boundary layer height for all three days examined and c) Initial meteorological conditions impact the vertical distribution of aerosols throughout the day.

Negative Media Effects and Islamic Remedies (Penyelesaian Kepada Kesan Negatif Media Menurut Perspektif Islam)

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Mohd. Shuhaimi Ishak
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
The Political ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Essential Form ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
Effects Of Media ◽  
Political Economic

 Abstract Generally speaking, media is extensively used as the means to disseminate news and information pertaining to business, social, political and religious concerns. A portion of the time and space of media has now become an important device to generate economic and social activities that include advertising, marketing, recreation and entertainment. The Government regards them as an essential form of relaying news and information to its citizens and at the same time utilizes them as a powerful public relations’ mechanism. The effects of media are many and diverse, which can either be short or long term depending on the news and information. The effects of media can be found on various fronts, ranging from the political, economic and social, to even religious spheres. Some of the negative effects arising from the media are cultural and social influences, crimes and violence, sexual obscenities and pornography as well as liberalistic and extreme ideologies. This paper sheds light on these issues and draws principles from Islam to overcome them. Islam as revealed to humanity contains the necessary guidelines to nurture and mould the personality of individuals and shape them into good servants. Key Words: Media, Negative Effects, Means, Islam and Principles. Abstrak Secara umum, media secara meluas digunakan sebagai sarana untuk menyebarkan berita dan maklumat yang berkaitan dengan perniagaan, kemasyarakatan, pertimbangan politik dan agama. Sebahagian dari ruang dan masa media kini telah menjadi peranti penting untuk menghasilkan kegiatan ekonomi dan sosial yang meliputi pengiklanan, pemasaran, rekreasi dan hiburan. Kerajaan menganggap sarana-sarana ini sebagai wadah penting untuk menyampaikan berita dan maklumat kepada warganya dan pada masa yang sama juga menggunakannya sebagai mekanisme perhubungan awam yang berpengaruh. Pengaruh media sangat banyak dan pelbagai, samada berbentuk jangka pendek atau panjang bergantung kepada berita dan maklumat yang brekenaan. Kesan dari media boleh didapati mempengaruhi pelbagai aspek, bermula dari bidang politik, ekonomi, sosial bahkan juga agama. Beberapa kesan negatif yang timbul dari media ialah pengaruhnya terhadap budaya dan sosial, jenayah dan keganasan, kelucahan seksual dan pornografi serta ideologi yang liberal dan ekstrim. Kertas ini menyoroti isu-isu ini dan cuba mengambil prinsip-prinsip dari ajaran Islam untuk mengatasinya. Tujuan Islam itu sendiri diturunkan kepada umat manusia ialah untuk menjadi pedoman yang diperlukan untuk membina dan membentuk keperibadian individu dan menjadikan manusia hamba yang taat kepada Tuhannya. Kata Kunci: Media, Kesan Negatif, Cara-cara, Islam dan Prinsip-prinsip.

The Mortality Rate of COVID-19 in Iraq Compare with Iran and Turkey, its Association with the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and the Iraqi Preparedness Plan Prior to Pandemics. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rawand Essa
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Critical Position ◽  
Preparedness Plan ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

BACKGROUND In the span of COVID-19, the mortality rate has been different from one country to another. As a country in the Middle East Iraq has a critical position, lies between Iran and Turkey while both countries coronavirus cases increase on daily basis, while Iranian mortality rate record is high similar to Turkey. After Wuhan city of China, Lombard of Italy, Qum city in Iran has the highest number of COVID-19 as a first country in the Middle East. OBJECTIVE aim of this study is to show the effect of BCG vaccine during pandemic diseases, especially nowadays at the time of COVID-19. One of the crucial observations is the government preparedness and strategic planning prior pandemics, in which the BCG vaccine is an attenuated live vaccine for control of tuberculosis (TB). BCG vaccine has a non-specific immune effect that is used against pathogens like bacteria and viruses, through the promotion of pro-inflammatory cytokines' secretion. METHODS An epidemiological study has been performed, and it shows that some countries are more prone to contagious diseases like COVID-19, regardless of the main cultural, religious, societal similarities among the three mentioned countries. The information data has been collected from WHO reports and worldometer in 18 February 2020 to 10 May 2020. Regarding the efficacy of the BCG vaccine, relevant data has been retrieved from Google scholar, Pub-med and BCG world-atlas. RESULTS COVID-19 mortality rates are at peak in Iran and Turkey while the mortality rate is very low in Iraq, while the patients that died in Iraq all had history of other long-term diseases as heart disease, blood pressure, cancer etc. CONCLUSIONS From the experiences of the three countries in the life span of COVID-19, the historical plan of BCG vaccine in Iraq in cooperation with WHO since the last decades it shows that COVID-19 mortality rate is lower than other countries due to the early vaccination of the Iraqis, otherwise Iraq is more fragile than Iran and Turkey due to the poor conditions of Iraq in terms of economics, politics, war and other aspects.

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