Particle and VOC emission factor measurements for anthropogenic sources in West Africa

Abstract. A number of campaigns have been carried out to establish the emission factors of pollutants from fuel combustion in West Africa, as part of work package 2 (“Air Pollution and Health”) of the DACCIWA (Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa) FP7 program. Emission sources considered here include wood (hevea and iroko) and charcoal burning, charcoal making, open trash burning, and vehicle emissions, including trucks, cars, buses and two-wheeled vehicles. Emission factors of total particulate matter (TPM), elemental carbon (EC), primary organic carbon (OC) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been established. In addition, emission factor measurements were performed in combustion chambers in order to reproduce field burning conditions for a tropical hardwood (hevea), and obtain particulate emission factors by size (PM0.25, PM1, PM2.5 and PM10). Particle samples were collected on quartz fiber filters and analyzed using gravimetric method for TPM and thermal methods for EC and OC. The emission factors of 58 VOC species were determined using offline sampling on a sorbent tube. Emission factor results for two species of tropical hardwood burning of EC, OC and TPM are 0.98 ± 0.46 g kg−1 of fuel burned (g kg−1), 11.05 ± 4.55 and 41.12 ± 24.62 g kg−1, respectively. For traffic sources, the highest emission factors among particulate species are found for the two-wheeled vehicles with two-stroke engines (2.74 g kg−1 fuel for EC, 65.11 g kg−1 fuel for OC and 496 g kg−1 fuel for TPM). The largest VOC emissions are observed for two-stroke two-wheeled vehicles, which are up to 3 times higher than emissions from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. Isoprene and monoterpenes, which are usually associated with biogenic emissions, are present in almost all anthropogenic sources investigated during this work and could be as significant as aromatic emissions in wood burning (1 g kg−1 fuel). EC is primarily emitted in the ultrafine fraction, with 77 % of the total mass being emitted as particles smaller than 0.25 µm. The particles and VOC emission factors obtained in this study are generally higher than those in the literature whose values are discussed in this paper. This study underlines the important role of in situ measurements in deriving realistic and representative emission factors.

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Aerosol and VOC emission factor measurements for African anthropogenic sources

10.5194/acp-2017-944 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sekou Keita ◽

Cathy Liousse ◽

Véronique Yoboué ◽

Pamela Dominutti ◽

Benjamin Guinot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

West Africa ◽

Black Carbon ◽

Emission Factor ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Total Particulate Matter ◽

Wood Burning ◽

Wheeled Vehicles

Abstract. A number of campaigns have been carried out to establish the emission factors of pollutants from fuel combustion in West Africa, as part of work package 2 (‘Air Pollution and Health’) of the DACCIWA (Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa) FP7 program. Emission sources considered here include wood and charcoal burning, charcoal making, open waste burning, and vehicles including trucks, cars, buses and two-wheeled vehicles. Emission factors of total particulate matter, black carbon, primary organic carbon and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) have been established. In addition, emission factor measurements were performed in combustion chambers in order to reproduce field burning conditions for tropical hardwood, and obtain particulate emission factors by size (PM0.25, PM1, PM2.5 and PM10). Aerosol samples were collected on quartz filters and analysed using gravimetric and thermal methods. The emission factors of 50 NMVOC species were determined using systematic off-line sampling. Emission factors from wood burning for black carbon, organic carbon and total particulate matter were 0.8 ± 0.4 g/kg of dry matter (dm), 9.29 ± 3.82 g/kg dm and 34.54 ± 20.6 g/kg dm, respectively. From traffic sources, the highest emission factors for all particulate species were emitted from two wheeled vehicles with two-stroke engines (2.74 g/kg fuel for black carbon, 65.11 g/kg fuel for organic carbon and 496 g/kg fuel for total particulate matter). The emissions of NMVOCs were lower than those of particles for all sources aside from traffic. The largest NMVOC emissions were observed for two-stroke two-wheeled vehicles, which were up to three times higher than emissions from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. Isoprene and monoterpenes, which are usually associated with biogenic emissions, were present in almost all anthropogenic source categories and could be as significant as aromatic emissions in wood burning (1 g/kg dm). Black carbon was primarily emitted in the ultrafine fraction, with 77 % of the total mass being emitted as particles smaller than 0.25 µm. This study observed higher particle and NMVOC emission factors than those in the current literature. This study underlines the important role of in-situ measurements in deriving realistic and representative emission factors.

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Supplementary material to "Aerosol and VOC emission factor measurements for African anthropogenic sources"

10.5194/acp-2017-944-supplement ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Sekou Keita ◽

Cathy Liousse ◽

Véronique Yoboué ◽

Pamela Dominutti ◽

Benjamin Guinot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emission Factor ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Voc Emission ◽

Supplementary Material

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Czech Building Stock: Renovation Wave Scenarios and Potential for CO2 Savings until 2050

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14092455 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 2455

Author(s):

Antonín Lupíšek ◽

Tomáš Trubačík ◽

Petr Holub

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Climate Change Mitigation ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Building Stock ◽

National Debate ◽

Energy Consumptions ◽

Change Mitigation

One of the major anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases is the operation of building stock. Improving its energy efficiency has the potential to significantly contribute to achieving climate change mitigation targets. The purpose of this study was to roughly estimate such potential for the operation of the national building stock of Czechia to steer the national debate on the development of related national plans. The estimation is based on a simplified energy model of the Czech building stock that consists of sub-models of residential and nonresidential building stocks, for which their future energy consumptions, shares of energy carriers and sources, and emission factors were modeled in four scenarios. Uncertainties from the approximation of the emission factors were investigated in a sensitivity analysis. The results showed that the operation of the Czech building stock in 2016 totaled 36.9 Mt CO2, which represented 34.6% of the total national carbon dioxide emissions. The four building stock scenarios could produce reductions in the carbon dioxide emissions of between 28% and 93% by 2050, when also considering on-side production from photovoltaics. The implementation of the most ambitious scenario would represent a drop in national CO2 yearly emissions by 43.2% by 2050 (compared to 2016).

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Major Elements to Consider in Developing Ammonia Emission Factor at Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incinerators

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13042197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 2197

Author(s):

Seongmin Kang ◽

Joonyoung Roh ◽

Eui-chan Jeon

Keyword(s):

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Emission Factor ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Major Elements ◽

Ammonia Emission ◽

Nh3 Emission ◽

The Difference ◽

The One

NH3 is one of the major substances contributing to the secondary generation of PM2.5; therefore, management is required. In Korea, the management of NH3 is insufficient, and the emission factor used by EPA is the same as the one used when calculating emissions. In particular, waste incineration facilities do not currently calculate NH3 emissions. In the case of combustion facilities, the main ammonia emission source is the De-NOx facility, and, in the case of a power plant with a De-NOx facility, NH3 emission is calculated. Therefore, in the case of a Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incinerator with the same facility installed, it is necessary to calculate NH3 emissions. In this study, the necessity of developing NH3 emission factors for an MSW incinerator and calculating emission was analyzed. In addition, elements to be considered when developing emission factors were analyzed. The study found that the NH3 emission factors for each MSW incinerator technology were calculated as Stoker 0.010 NH3 kg/ton and Fluidized Beds 0.004 NH3 kg/ton, which was greater than the NH3 emission factor 0.003 NH3 kg/ton for the MSW incinerator presented in EMEP/EEA (2016). As a result, it was able to identify the need for the development of NH3 emission factors in MSW incinerators in Korea. In addition, the statistical analysis of the difference between the incineration technology of MSW and the NH3 emission factor by the De-NOx facility showed a difference in terms of both incineration technology and De-NOx facilities, indicating that they should be considered together when developing the emission factor. In addition to MSW, it is believed that it will be necessary to review the development of emission factors for waste at workplaces and incineration facilities of sewage sludge.

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Groundwater N<sub>2</sub>O emission factors of nitrate-contaminated aquifers as derived from denitrification progress and N<sub>2</sub>O accumulation

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-5-1215-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 1215-1226 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

D. Weymann ◽

R. Well ◽

H. Flessa ◽

C. von der Heide ◽

M. Deurer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emission Factor ◽

Noble Gas ◽

N2o Emission ◽

Emission Factors ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Northern Germany ◽

Stable Component ◽

Sand And Gravel ◽

First Time ◽

Ipcc Default

Abstract. We investigated the dynamics of denitrification and nitrous oxide (N2O) accumulation in 4 nitrate (NO−3) contaminated denitrifying sand and gravel aquifers of northern Germany (Fuhrberg, Sulingen, Thülsfelde and Göttingen) to quantify their potential N2O emission and to evaluate existing concepts of N2O emission factors. Excess N2 – N2 produced by denitrification – was determined by using the argon (Ar) concentration in groundwater as a natural inert tracer, assuming that this noble gas functions as a stable component and does not change during denitrification. Furthermore, initial NO−3 concentrations (NO−3 that enters the groundwater) were derived from excess N2 and actual NO−3 concentrations in groundwater in order to determine potential indirect N2O emissions as a function of the N input. Median concentrations of N2O and excess N2 ranged from 3 to 89 μg N L−1 and from 3 to 10 mg N L−1, respectively. Reaction progress (RP) of denitrification was determined as the ratio between products (N2O-N + excess N2) and starting material (initial NO−3 concentration) of the process, characterizing the different stages of denitrification. N2O concentrations were lowest at RP close to 0 and RP close to 1 but relatively high at a RP between 0.2 and 0.6. For the first time, we report groundwater N2O emission factors consisting of the ratio between N2O-N and initial NO−3-N concentrations (EF1). In addition, we determined a groundwater emission factor (EF2) using a previous concept consisting of the ratio between N2O-N and actual NO−3-N concentrations. Depending on RP, EF(1) resulted in smaller values compared to EF(2), demonstrating (i) the relevance of NO−3 consumption and consequently (ii) the need to take initial NO−3-N concentrations into account. In general, both evaluated emission factors were highly variable within and among the aquifers. The site medians ranged between 0.00043–0.00438 for EF(1) and 0.00092–0.01801 for EF(2), respectively. For the aquifers of Fuhrberg and Sulingen, we found EF(1) median values which are close to the 2006 IPCC default value of 0.0025. In contrast, we determined significant lower EF values for the aquifers of Thülsfelde and Göttingen. Summing the results up, our study supports the substantial downward revision of the IPCC default EF5-g from 0.015 (1997) to 0.0025 (2006).

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Kajian Emisi Partikulat Dan Gas Dari Suatu Pertambangan Nikel Di Halmahera Tengah

Jurnal Rekayasa Hijau ◽

10.26760/jrh.v1i2.1637 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Agung Ghani Kramawijaya

Keyword(s):

Emission Factor ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Nickel Content ◽

Acid Plant ◽

Mining Operations ◽

Activity Data ◽

Particulate Emission ◽

Nickel Deposits ◽

Nickel Mining ◽

Concentration Of Air Pollutants

ABSTRAKNikel merupakan jenis logam yang sangat penting untuk infrastruktur modern, sehingga pencarian deposit nikel terus dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan nikel di dunia. Indonesia merupakan negara dengan deposit nikel yang sangat besar, yaitu 16.200 kt nikel. Salah satu lokasi di Indonesia yang memiliki kandungan nikel adalah Halmahera Tengah. Bijih lateric yang mengandung nikel diangkat dari dalam bumi untuk diolah dan dihasilkan bijih nikel. Keberadaan pertambangan nikel memiliki berbagai dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan, salah satunya adalah penurunan kualitas udara akibat peningkatan konsentrasi pencemar udara. Berbagai jenis pencemar diemisikan dari kegiatan pertambangan, diantaranya adalah partikulat, NOx, SO2, SO3+H2SO4, debu nikel, dan H2S. Tingkat konstribusi pertambangan nikel terhadap pencemaran udara dapat dilihat dengan menghitung laju emisi dari kegiatan operasional pertambangan. Laju emisi dari pertambangan nikel dapat diperoleh melalui invetarisasi emisi. Kegiatan dan proses di pertambangan nikel yang berpotensi menjadi sumber emisi diidentifikasi terlebih dahulu dalam tahap pertama inventarisasi emisi. Selanjutnya, perhitungan emisi dilakukan berdasarkan ketersediaan data yang diperoleh. Faktor emisi yang dipilih dalam perhitungan emisi mempertimbangkan ketersediaan data. Emisi dihitung dengan mengalikan faktor emisi dengan data aktifitas. Berdasarkan hasil inventarisasi emisi, diketahui bahwa pencemar yang paling banyak dihasilkan oleh pertambangan nikel adalah partikulat dengan jumlah 35.173,96 ton. Sumber utama partikulat adalah pertambangan bijih dengan kontribusi sebesar 83%. Sementara itu, gas pencemar yang paling banyak diemisikan dari pertambangan nikel adalah SO2 dengan jumlah 8.392,61 ton. Sumber utama gas SO2 adalah pabrik asam dengan kontribusi sebesar 72%.Kata Kunci: inventarisasi emisi, pertambangan nikel, emisi gas, emisi partikulat ABSTRACTNickel is one kind of a very important metal used for modern infrastructure, so the exploration of nickel deposits conducted continuesly to meet the needs of nickel around the world. Indonesia is a country with very large nickel deposits, ie 16,200 kt of nickel. One of the locations in Indonesia which has a nickel content is Central Halmahera. Lateric bijih containing nickel was mined from the earth to be processed and produced nickel bijih. Nickel mining has many negative environment impacts, one of them is air quality decrease due to increased concentration of air pollutants. Various types of pollutants are emitted from mining activities, such as particulates, NOx, SO2, SO3+H2SO4, nickel dust, and H2S. The contribution of air pollution from nickel mining can be found by estimate the emissions rate from mining operations. Emission rate of the nickel mining can be obtained through emission inventory. The emission source of the activities and processes in nickel mining has to be identified first in the first stages of emission inventory. Furthermore, the estimation of emissions is conducted based on the availability of obtained data. The chosen emission factor in the estimation of emissions considers the availability of data. Emissions are calculated by multiplying the emission factor with activity data. Based on the result of emission inventory, the most pollutants emitted from nickel mining is particulate. Total amount of particulate emission is 35,173.96 tonnes. Main source of particulate is ore mining with contribution of 83%. Meanwhile, the most emitted gas from nickel mining is SO2 with the amount of 8,392.61 tons.Main source of SO2 is acid plant with contribution of 72%.Keywords: emission inventory, nickel mining, gas emission, particulate emission

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The impact of speciated VOCs on regional ozone increment derived from measurements at the UK EMEP supersites between 1999 and 2012

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-15-8361-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (14) ◽

pp. 8361-8380 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

C. S. Malley ◽

C. F. Braban ◽

P. Dumitrean ◽

J. N. Cape ◽

M. R. Heal

Keyword(s):

Measurement Data ◽

Pollution Source ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Diurnal Changes ◽

Mixing Depth ◽

Voc Emissions ◽

Voc Emission ◽

Back Trajectories ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact

Abstract. The impact of 27 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the regional O3 increment was investigated using measurements made at the UK EMEP supersites Harwell (1999–2001 and 2010–2012) and Auchencorth (2012). Ozone at these sites is representative of rural O3 in south-east England and northern UK, respectively. The monthly-diurnal regional O3 increment was defined as the difference between the regional and hemispheric background O3 concentrations, respectively, derived from oxidant vs. NOx correlation plots, and cluster analysis of back trajectories arriving at Mace Head, Ireland. At Harwell, which had substantially greater regional O3 increments than Auchencorth, variation in the regional O3 increment mirrored afternoon depletion of anthropogenic VOCs due to photochemistry (after accounting for diurnal changes in boundary layer mixing depth, and weighting VOC concentrations according to their photochemical ozone creation potential). A positive regional O3 increment occurred consistently during the summer, during which time afternoon photochemical depletion was calculated for the majority of measured VOCs, and to the greatest extent for ethene and m+p-xylene. This indicates that, of the measured VOCs, ethene and m+p-xylene emissions reduction would be most effective in reducing the regional O3 increment but that reductions in a larger number of VOCs would be required for further improvement. The VOC diurnal photochemical depletion was linked to anthropogenic sources of the VOC emissions through the integration of gridded anthropogenic VOC emission estimates over 96 h air-mass back trajectories. This demonstrated that one factor limiting the effectiveness of VOC gridded emissions for use in measurement and modelling studies is the highly aggregated nature of the 11 SNAP (Selected Nomenclature for Air Pollution) source sectors in which they are reported, as monthly variation in speciated VOC trajectory emissions did not reflect monthly changes in individual VOC diurnal photochemical depletion. Additionally, the major VOC emission source sectors during elevated regional O3 increment at Harwell were more narrowly defined through disaggregation of the SNAP emissions to 91 NFR (Nomenclature for Reporting) codes (i.e. sectors 3D2 (domestic solvent use), 3D3 (other product use) and 2D2 (food and drink)). However, spatial variation in the contribution of NFR sectors to parent SNAP emissions could only be accounted for at the country level. Hence, the future reporting of gridded VOC emissions in source sectors more highly disaggregated than currently (e.g. to NFR codes) would facilitate a more precise identification of those VOC sources most important for mitigation of the impact of VOCs on O3 formation. In summary, this work presents a clear methodology for achieving a coherent VOC, regional-O3-impact chemical climate using measurement data and explores the effect of limited emission and measurement species on the understanding of the regional VOC contribution to O3 concentrations.

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Fugitive particulate emission factors for dry fly ash disposal

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association ◽

10.1080/10962247.2013.795201 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 63 (7) ◽

pp. 806-818 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Stephen F. Mueller ◽

Jonathan W. Mallard ◽

Qi Mao ◽

Stephanie L. Shaw

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Particulate Emission ◽

Ash Disposal

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Aerosol distribution in the northern Gulf of Guinea: local anthropogenic sources, long-range transport and the role of coastal shallow circulations

10.5194/acp-2018-346 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Cyrille Flamant ◽

Adrien Deroubaix ◽

Patrick Chazette ◽

Joel Brito ◽

Marco Gaetani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Boundary Layer ◽

West Africa ◽

Long Range ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Lower Troposphere ◽

Atmospheric Pollutants ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Long Range Transport ◽

Aerosol Distribution ◽

Range Transport

Abstract. The complex vertical distribution of aerosols over coastal southern West Africa (SWA) is investigated using airborne observations and numerical simulations. Observations were gathered on 2 July 2016 offshore of Ghana and Togo, during the field phase of the Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa project. The aerosol loading in the lower troposphere includes emissions from coastal cities (Accra, Lomé, Cotonou and Lagos) as well as biomass burning aerosol and dust associated with long-range transport from Central Africa and the Sahara, respectively. Our results indicate that the aerosol distribution is impacted by subsidence associated with zonal and meridional regional scale overturning circulations associated with the land-sea surface temperature contrast and orography over Ghana and Togo. Numerical tracer release experiments highlight the dominance of aged emissions from Accra on the observed pollution plume loadings over the ocean. The contribution of aged emission from Lomé and Cotonou is also evident above the marine boundary layer. Lagos emissions do not play a role for the area west of Cotonou. The tracer plume does not extend very far south over the ocean (i.e. less than 100 km from Accra), mostly because emissions are transported northeastward near the surface over land and westward above the marine atmospheric boundary layer. The latter is possible due to interactions between the monsoon flow, complex terrain and land-sea breeze systems, which support the vertical mixing of the urban pollution. This work sheds light on the complex – and to date undocumented – mechanisms by which coastal shallow circulations distribute atmospheric pollutants over the densely populated SWA region.

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New emission factors for Australian vegetation fires measured using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – Part 2: Australian tropical savanna fires

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-14-6311-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 6311-6360 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

T. E. L. Smith ◽

C. Paton-Walsh ◽

C. P. Meyer ◽

G. D. Cook ◽

S. W. Maier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Fourier Transform ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Emission Factor ◽

Fourier Transform Infrared ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Tropical Savanna ◽

Tropical Savannas ◽

Open Path ◽

Savanna Fires

Abstract. Savanna fires contribute approximately 40–50% of total global annual biomass burning carbon emissions. Recent comparisons of emission factors from different savanna regions have highlighted the need for a regional approach to emission factor development, and better assessment of the drivers of the temporal and spatial variation in emission factors. This paper describes the results of open-path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP-FTIR) spectroscopic field measurements at twenty-one fires occurring in the tropical savannas of the Northern Territory, Australia, within different vegetation assemblages and at different stages of the dry season. Spectra of infrared light passing through a long (22–70 m) open-path through ground-level smoke released from these fires were collected using an infrared lamp and a field-portable FTIR system. The IR spectra were used to retrieve the mole fractions of fourteen different gases present within the smoke, and these measurements used to calculate the emission ratios and emission factors of the various gases emitted by the burning. Only a handful of previous emission factor measures are available specifically for the tropical savannas of Australia and here we present the first reported emission factors for methanol, acetic acid, and formic acid for this biome. Given the relatively large sample size, it was possible to study the potential causes of the within-biome variation of the derived emission factors. We find that the emission factors vary substantially between different savanna vegetation assemblages; with a majority of this variation being mirrored by variations in the modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of different vegetation classes. We conclude that a significant majority of the variation in the emission factor for trace gases can be explained by MCE, irrespective of vegetation class, as illustrated by variations in the calculated methane emission factor for different vegetation classes using data subsetted by different combustion efficiencies. Therefore, the selection of emission factors for emissions modelling purposes need not necessarily require detailed fuel type information, if data on MCE (e.g. from future spaceborne total column measurements) or a correlated variable were available. From measurements at twenty-one fires, we recommend the following emission factors for Australian tropical savanna fires (in grams of gas emitted per kilogram of dry fuel burned) which are our mean measured values: 1674 g kg−1 of carbon dioxide; 87 g kg−1 of carbon monoxide; 2.1 g kg−1 of methane; 0.11 g kg−1 of acetylene; 0.49 g kg−1 of ethylene; 0.08 g kg−1 of ethane; 1.57 g kg−1 of formaldehyde; 1.06 g kg−1 of methanol; 1.54 g kg−1 of acetic acid; 0.16 g kg−1 of formic acid; 0.53 g kg−1 of hydrogen cyanide; and 0.70 g kg−1 of ammonia.

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