scholarly journals Uncertainties in the EDGAR emission inventory of greenhouse gases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efisio Solazzo ◽  
Monica Crippa ◽  
Diego Guizzardi ◽  
Marilena Muntean ◽  
Margarita Choulga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Emissions Inventory ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Log Normal

Abstract. The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) estimates the human-induced emission rates on Earth collaborating with atmospheric modelling activities as well as aiding policy in the design of mitigation strategies and in evaluating their effectiveness. In these applications, the uncertainty estimate is an essential component as it quantifies the accuracy and qualifies the level of confidence in the emission. This study complements the EDGAR's emissions inventory with estimation of the structural uncertainty stemming from its base components (activity data statistics (AD) and emission factors (EF)) by i) associating uncertainty to each AD and EF characterizing the emissions of the three main greenhouse gases (GHG) CO2, CH4 and N2O; ii) combining them, and iii) making assumptions for the cross-country uncertainty aggregation of source categories. It was deemed a natural choice to obtain the uncertainties in EFs and AD from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines issued in 2006 (with a few exceptions), since the EF and AD sources and methodological aspects used by EDGAR have been built over the years based on the IPCC recommendations, which assured consistency in time and comparability across countries. While on one side the homogeneity of the method is one of the key strengths of EDGAR, on the other side it facilitates the propagation of uncertainties when similar emission sources are aggregated. For this reason, this study aims primarily at addressing the aggregation of uncertainties sectorial emissions across GHGs and countries. On global average we find that the anthropogenic emissions of the combined three main GHGs for the year 2015 are accurate within an interval of −15 % to +20 % (defining the 95 % confidence of a log-normal distribution). The most uncertain emissions are those related to N2O from agriculture, while CO2 emissions, although responsible for 74 % of total GHG emissions, accounts for and for approximately 11 % of global uncertainty share. Sensitivity to methodological choices is also discussed.

scholarly journals Uncertainties in the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) emission inventory of greenhouse gases

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 5655-5683
Author(s):  
Efisio Solazzo ◽  
Monica Crippa ◽  
Diego Guizzardi ◽  
Marilena Muntean ◽  
Margarita Choulga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Emissions Inventory ◽  
Atmospheric Research ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Log Normal

Abstract. The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) estimates the human-induced emission rates on Earth. EDGAR collaborates with atmospheric modelling activities and aids policy in the design of mitigation strategies and in evaluating their effectiveness. In these applications, the uncertainty estimate is an essential component, as it quantifies the accuracy and qualifies the level of confidence in the emission. This study complements the EDGAR emissions inventory by providing an estimation of the structural uncertainty stemming from its base components (activity data, AD, statistics and emission factors, EFs) by (i) associating uncertainty to each AD and EF characterizing the emissions of the three main greenhouse gases (GHGs), namely carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O); (ii) combining them; and (iii) making assumptions regarding the cross-country uncertainty aggregation of source categories. It was deemed a natural choice to obtain the uncertainties in EFs and AD statistics from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines issued in 2006 (with a few exceptions), as the EF and AD sources and methodological aspects used by EDGAR have been built over the years based on the IPCC recommendations, which assured consistency in time and comparability across countries. On the one hand, the homogeneity of the method is one of the key strengths of EDGAR, on the other hand, it facilitates the propagation of uncertainties when similar emission sources are aggregated. For this reason, this study aims primarily at addressing the aggregation of uncertainties' sectorial emissions across GHGs and countries. Globally, we find that the anthropogenic emissions covered by EDGAR for the combined three main GHGs for the year 2015 are accurate within an interval of −15 % to +20 % (defining the 95 % confidence of a log-normal distribution). The most uncertain emissions are those related to N2O from waste and agriculture, while CO2 emissions, although responsible for 74 % of the total GHG emissions, account for approximately 11 % of global uncertainty share. The sensitivity to methodological choices is also discussed.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas emissions profiles of neighbourhoods in Durban, South Africa – an initial investigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meryl Jagarnath ◽  
Tirusha Thambiran
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Emissions Inventory ◽  
High Emission ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
The City

Because current emissions accounting approaches focus on an entire city, cities are often considered to be large emitters of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with no attention to the variation within them. This makes it more difficult to identify climate change mitigation strategies that can simultaneously reduce emissions and address place-specific development challenges. In response to this gap, a bottom-up emissions inventory study was undertaken to identify high emission zones and development goals for the Durban metropolitan area (eThekwini Municipality). The study is the first attempt at creating a spatially disaggregated emissions inventory for key sectors in Durban. The results indicate that particular groups and economic activities are responsible for more emissions, and socio-spatial development and emission inequalities are found both within the city and within the high emission zone. This is valuable information for the municipality in tailoring mitigation efforts to reduce emissions and address development gaps for low-carbon spatial planning whilst contributing to objectives for social justice.

scholarly journals Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural activities in the Aburra valley Metropolitan Area - Colombia

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 7783-7792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deicy Catalina Guerra Garcia ◽  
Jairo Alexander Osorio Saraz ◽  
Rolando Barahona Rosales
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty ◽  
Tier 1

The aim of this study was to estimate emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) generated by the agricultural activities carried out in the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley (AMVA), located in Medellin - Colombia. A TIER 1 approach of the methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC was followed. Emissions of GHG from cropland, aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions from land were estimated and analysis of the uncertainty of activity data and emission factors were made. The estimated total emission was 63.1 and 66 Gg CO2 eq for 2009 and 2011, respectively. The greatest contribution to greenhouse gases in agricultural production was the application of nitrogen to soils in the form of synthetic and organic fertilizers, which was associated with direct and indirect N2O emissions. The main sources of uncertainty were those derived from the activity data.

scholarly journals Estimation of Greenhouse Gases Emission from Road Transportation in Yogyakarta City

2019 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Qorry Nugrahayu ◽  
Raditya Firmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Yogyakarta City

The use of vehicles in Yogyakarta City is quite a lot. Fuelcombustion in the vehicle produces some greenhouse gases emissions suchas Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrogen Dioxide. This causes thetransportation sector to become one of the largest greenhouse gasesemission contributors. This research is aimed to calculate the greenhousegases emission (Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Methane) from theroad transportation sector in Yogyakarta City using IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Tier 1 and activity data in2015. The result of this research showed that the greenhouse gasesemissions produced in Yogyakarta City for the gasoline fuel and the dieselfuel in 2015 are 236.061 Gg CO2eq /year and 31.807 Gg CO2eq /year. These cause the total greenhouse gases emission from the roadtransportation sector in Yogyakarta City to become 267.868 Gg CO2 eq/year.

The case for long-term studies of greenhouse gas emissions

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIM NEWCOMB
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Long Term Studies

Many nations have recognized the need to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The scientific assessments of climate change of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) support the need to reduce GHG emissions. The 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the 1992 Convention on Climate Change (UNTS 30822) has now been signed by more than 65 countries, although that Protocol has not yet entered into force. Some 14 of the industrialized countries listed in the Protocol face reductions in carbon dioxide emissions of more than 10% compared to projected 1997 carbon dioxide emissions (Najam & Page 1998).

scholarly journals Global Warming Potential of Biomass-to-Ethanol: Review and Sensitivity Analysis through a Case Study

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Pacheco ◽  
Carla Silva
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Electricity Mix ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Biomass To Ethanol

In Europe, ethanol is blended with gasoline fuel in 5 or 10% volume (E5 or E10). In USA the blend is 15% in volume (E15) and there are also pumps that provide E85. In Brazil, the conventional gasoline is E27 and there are pumps that offer E100, due to the growing market of flex fuel vehicles. Bioethanol production is usually by means of biological conversion of several biomass feedstocks (first generation sugar cane in Brazil, corn in the USA, sugar beet in Europe, or second-generation bagasse of sugarcane or lignocellulosic materials from crop wastes). The environmental sustainability of the bioethanol is usually measured by the global warming potential metric (GWP in CO2eq), 100 years time horizon. Reviewed values could range from 0.31 to 5.55 gCO2eq/LETOH. A biomass-to-ethanol industrial scenario was used to evaluate the impact of methodological choices on CO2eq: conventional versus dynamic Life Cycle Assessment; different impact assessment methods (TRACI, IPCC, ILCD, IMPACT, EDIP, and CML); electricity mix of the geographical region/country for different factory locations; differences in CO2eq factor for CH4 and N2O due to updates in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports (5 reports so far), different factory operational lifetimes and future improved productivities. Results showed that the electricity mix (factory location) and land use are the factors that have the greatest effect (up to 800% deviation). The use of the CO2 equivalency factors stated in different IPCC reports has the least influence (less than 3%). The consideration of the biogenic emissions (uptake at agricultural stage and release at the fermentation stage) and different allocation methods is also influential, and each can make values vary by 250%.

Study on Life-Cycle Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gases Emission of Battery Electric Passenger Vehicles in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Qiang Lu ◽  
Zheng Shen ◽  
Yaokun Yang ◽  
Yunlin Liang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Production Stage ◽  
Vehicle Production

Based on the localized data of environmental load, this study has established the life cycle assessment (LCA) model of battery electric passenger vehicle (BEPV) that be produced and used in China, and has evaluated the energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission during vehicle production and operation. The results show that the total energy consumption and GHG emissions are 438GJ and 37,100kg (in terms of CO2 equivalent) respectively. The share of GHG emissions in total emissions at the production stage is 24.6%, and 75.4% GHG emissions are contributed by the operational stage. The main source of energy consumption and GHG emissions at vehicle production stage is the extraction and processing of raw materials. The GHG emissions of raw materials production accounts for 75.0% in the GHG emissions of vehicle production and 18.0% in the GHG emissions of full life cycle. The scenario analysis shows that the application of recyclable materials, power grid GHG emission rates and vehicle energy consumption rates have significant influence on the carbon emissions in the life cycle of vehicle. Replacing primary metals with recycled metals can reduce GHG emissions of vehicle production by about 7.3%, and total GHG emissions can be reduced by about 1.8%. For every 1% decrease in GHG emissions per unit of electricity, the GHG emissions of operation stage will decrease by about 0.9%; for every 1.0% decrease in vehicle energy consumption rate, the total GHG emissions decrease by about 0.8%. Therefore, developing clean energy, reducing the proportion of coal power, optimizing the production of raw materials and increasing the application of recyclable materials are effective ways to improve the environmental performance of BEPV.

scholarly journals Trend Analysis of Taiwan’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Energy Sector and its Mitigation Strategies and Promotion Actions

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 859
Author(s):  
Wen-Tien Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Competent Authority ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Sustainability Indicators ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel

The mitigation strategies and actions for mitigating the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) from the energy sector become more important and urgent. The main aim of this paper was to present a trend analysis of the emissions of GHG from the Taiwan’s energy sector, which was issued by the central competent authority through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology. The data also complied with the procedures of measurement, reporting and verification. Based on the official database, the statistics on energy supply, energy consumption and GHG emissions will be connected to analyze the trends of environmental and energy sustainability indicators over the past decades. It showed that the trends of the relevant sustainability indicators based on GHG emissions from the energy sector indicated two development stages: the growth period (annually 5.6%) of 1990–2005, and the decoupling period (annually 0.5%) of 2005–2018. This result could be ascribed to the Taiwan government by promulgating some regulatory measures on energy saving improvement and renewable energy supply during this period. It was worthy to note that the installed capacities of photovoltaic (PV) power increased from 888 megawatt (MW) in 2015 to 5817 MW in 2020. These technological, behavioral, managerial and policy advancements are in accordance with global mitigation strategies. Under the authorization of the energy-related regulations, some promotional actions or programs for efficient energy use and renewable electricity supply were also announced to reach the targets of GHG emissions reduction in the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

scholarly journals Animal nutrition strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in dairy cattle

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Rendon-Huerta ◽  
Juan Manuel Pinos-Rodríguez ◽  
Ermias Kebreab
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Forage:Concentrate Ratio

The objective of this study was to analyze different animal nutrition strategies from published papers to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in dairy cattle. Ration data used (n = 32 diets) was obtained from 15 published papers selected according to differences between forage:concentrate ratio and crude protein (CP) content. An empirical model was used to estimate enteric methane emissions based on fiber and CP content in the diets. The N2O emission was calculated according to Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) recommendations. Differences between CH4 and N2O affected by FC or CP content were analyzed through a variance analysis. Furthermore, a correlation analysis was carried out to compare CP content and nitrogen excretion in feces, urine and milk. Estimations of enteric CH4 were not significantly different between diets with various forage content levels. Diets with high concentrate content had lower GHG intensity. Nitrogen excretion in feces and urine increased linearly as dietary protein level was increased from the lowest to the highest concentrations, but conversion of nitrogen intake to nitrogen excreted in milk was not affected by increasing dietary protein. In conclusion, dietary manipulation could decrease GHG emissions by unit of produced milk. 

scholarly journals Energy efficiency and emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O in organic and conventional rice production

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
Roni Fernandes Guareschi ◽  
Marcio dos Reis Martins ◽  
Segundo Urquiaga ◽  
Bruno José Rodrigues Alves ◽  
Robert Michael Boddey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

Rice is the second-most produced cereal worldwide and actively contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly methane, especially under deepwater production. Assessments of energy efficiency (EE) and GHG emissions can indicate the sustainability level of agrosystems and support decisions related to the reduction of production costs and environmental pollution. This study aimed to assess both EE and GHG emissions in organic and conventional rice production in the Southern region of Brazil. For this study, eight rice fields were evaluated. Energy inputs and outputs were calculated by multiplying the production input amounts by their respective calorific values or energy coefficients at each stage of production. EE was determined using the ratio between the total energy output and the total energy consumed during the production process. GHG emissions were estimated using the principles of the lifecycle assessment methodology in addition to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommendations. Each 1.0 MJ consumed during the production of organic and conventional rice produced renewable energy averages of 10.5 MJ and 7.90 MJ, respectively, as grains. The primary energy expenses for organic rice were represented by seeds, fuel, tractors, and agricultural machinery and implements, and those for conventional rice were seeds, fuel, and fertilizers. Each kilogram of organic and conventional rice produced accounted for the emission of 0.21 and 0.32 kg of CO2eq, respectively, during the production cycles and delivery to the warehouse, with seeds, fuel, and fertilizers being the main sources of CO2eq emissions to the atmosphere.

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