scholarly journals Estimated regional CO<sub>2</sub> flux and uncertainty based on an ensemble of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> inversions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveen Chandra ◽  
Prabir K. Patra ◽  
Yousuke Niwa ◽  
Akihiko Ito ◽  
Yosuke Iida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
Regional Sources ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Riverine Export

Abstract. Global and regional sources and sinks of carbon across the earth’s surface have been studied extensively using atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) observations and chemistry-transport model (ACTM) simulations (top-down/inversion method). However, the uncertainties in the regional flux (+ve: source to the atmosphere; −ve: sink on land/ocean) distributions remain unconstrained mainly due to the lack of sufficient high-quality measurements covering the globe in all seasons and the uncertainties in model simulations. Here, we use a suite of 16 inversion cases, derived from a single transport model (MIROC4-ACTM) but different sets of a priori (bottom-up) terrestrial biosphere and oceanic fluxes, as well as prior flux and observational data uncertainties (50 sites) to estimate CO2 fluxes for 84 regions over the period 2000–2020. The ensemble inversions provide a mean flux field that is consistent with the global CO2 growth rate, land and ocean sink partitioning of −2.9 ± 0.3 (±1σ uncertainty on mean) and −1.6 ± 0.2 PgC yr−1, respectively, for the period 2011–2020 (without riverine export correction), offsetting about 22–33 % and 16–18 % of global fossil-fuel CO2 emissions. Aggregated fluxes for 15 land regions compare reasonably well with the best estimations for (approx. 2000–2009) given by the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP), and all regions appeared as a carbon sink over 2011–2020. Interannual variability and seasonal cycle in CO2 fluxes are more consistently derived for different prior fluxes when a greater degree of freedom is given to the inversion system (greater prior flux uncertainty). We have evaluated the inversion fluxes using independent aircraft and surface measurements not used in the inversions, which raises our confidence in the ensemble mean flux rather than an individual inversion. Differences between 5-year mean fluxes show promises and capability to track flux changes under ongoing and future CO2 emission mitigation policies.

scholarly journals Carbon balance of China constrained by CONTRAIL aircraft CO<sub>2</sub> measurements

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 7683-7709
Author(s):  
F. Jiang ◽  
H. M. Wang ◽  
J. M. Chen ◽  
T. Machida ◽  
L. X. Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Mean Climate ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentrations

Abstract. Terrestrial CO2 flux estimates in China using atmospheric inversion method are beset with considerable uncertainties because very few atmospheric CO2 concentration measurements are available. In order to improve these estimates, nested atmospheric CO2 inversion during 2002–2008 is performed in this study using passenger aircraft-based CO2 measurements over Eurasia from the Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by Airliner (CONTRAIL) project. The inversion system includes 43 regions with a focus on China, and is based on the Bayesian synthesis approach and the TM5 transport model. The terrestrial ecosystem carbon flux modeled by the BEPS model and the ocean exchange simulated by the OPA-PISCES-T model are considered as the prior fluxes. The impacts of CONTRAIL CO2 data on inverted China terrestrial carbon fluxes are quantified, the improvement of the inverted fluxes after adding CONTRAIL CO2 data are rationed against climate factors and evaluated by comparing the simulated atmospheric CO2 concentrations with three independent surface CO2 measurements in China. Results show that with the addition of CONTRAIL CO2 data, the inverted carbon sink in China increases while those in South and Southeast Asia decrease. Meanwhile, the posterior uncertainties over these regions are all reduced. CONTRAIL CO2 data also have a large effect on the inter-annual variation of carbon sinks in China, leading to a better correlation between the carbon sink and the annual mean climate factors. Evaluations against the CO2 measurements at three sites in China also show that the CONTRAIL CO2 measurements have improved the inversion results.

scholarly journals Understanding the influence of combustion on atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> over Europe by using satellite observations of CO<sub>2</sub> and reactive trace gases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehliyar Sadiq ◽  
Paul I. Palmer ◽  
Mark F. Lunt ◽  
Liang Feng ◽  
Ingrid Super ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Combustion Emissions ◽  
Full Complement ◽  
Reactive Trace Gases ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. We assess how nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) can be used as proxies to determine the combustion contribution to atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) using satellite observations. We focus our analysis on 2018 when there is a full complement of column data from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (NO2, CO, and HCHO) and the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (CO2). We use the nested GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry model to relate high-resolution emission inventories over Europe to these atmospheric data, taking into account scene-dependent averaging kernels. We find that that NO2 and CO are the better candidates to identify incomplete combustion and fingerprints of different combustion sectors, but both have their own challenges associated with properly describing their atmospheric chemistry. The secondary source of HCHO from oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds, particularly over southern European countries, compromises its use as a proxy for combustion emissions. We find a weak positive correlation between the CO : CO2 inventory ratio and observed column enhancements of ΔCO : ΔCO2 (R < 0.2), suggesting some consistency and linearity in CO chemistry and transport. However, we find a stronger negative correlation between the NOx : CO2 inventory ratio and observed column enhancements of ΔNO2 :ΔCO2 (R < 0.50), driven by non-linear photochemistry. Both of these observed ratios are described well by the GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry transport model, providing confidence of the quality of the emission inventory and that the model is a useful tool for interpreting these tracer-tracer ratios. Our results also provide some confidence in our ability to develop a robust method to infer combustion CO2 emission estimates using satellite observations of reactive trace gases that have up until now mostly been used to study surface air quality.

scholarly journals Carbon balance of China constrained by CONTRAIL aircraft CO<sub>2</sub> measurements

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 10133-10144 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jiang ◽  
H. M. Wang ◽  
J. M. Chen ◽  
T. Machida ◽  
L. X. Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentrations

Abstract. Terrestrial carbon dioxide (CO2) flux estimates in China using atmospheric inversion method are beset with considerable uncertainties because very few atmospheric CO2 concentration measurements are available. In order to improve these estimates, nested atmospheric CO2 inversion during 2002–2008 is performed in this study using passenger aircraft-based CO2 measurements over Eurasia from the Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by Airliner (CONTRAIL) project. The inversion system includes 43 regions with a focus on China, and is based on the Bayesian synthesis approach and the TM5 transport model. The terrestrial ecosystem carbon flux modeled by the Boreal Ecosystems Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model and the ocean exchange simulated by the OPA-PISCES-T model are considered as the prior fluxes. The impacts of CONTRAIL CO2 data on inverted China terrestrial carbon fluxes are quantified, the improvement of the inverted fluxes after adding CONTRAIL CO2 data are rationed against climate factors and evaluated by comparing the simulated atmospheric CO2 concentrations with three independent surface CO2 measurements in China. Results show that with the addition of CONTRAIL CO2 data, the inverted carbon sink in China increases while those in South and Southeast Asia decrease. Meanwhile, the posterior uncertainties over these regions are all reduced (2–12%). CONTRAIL CO2 data also have a large effect on the inter-annual variation of carbon sinks in China, leading to a better correlation between the carbon sink and the annual mean climate factors. Evaluations against the CO2 measurements at three sites in China also show that the CONTRAIL CO2 measurements may have improved the inversion results.

scholarly journals Estimation of the vertical profile of sulfur dioxide injection into the atmosphere by a volcanic eruption using satellite column measurements and inverse transport modeling

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (14) ◽  
pp. 3881-3897 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Eckhardt ◽  
A. J. Prata ◽  
P. Seibert ◽  
K. Stebel ◽  
A. Stohl
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Profile ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Emission Profile

Abstract. An analytical inversion method has been developed to estimate the vertical profile of SO2 emissions from volcanic eruptions. The method uses satellite-observed total SO2 columns and an atmospheric transport model (FLEXPART) to exploit the fact that winds change with altitude – thus, the position and shape of the volcanic plume bear information on its emission altitude. The method finds the vertical emission distribution which minimizes the total difference between simulated and observed SO2 columns while also considering a priori information. We have tested the method with the eruption of Jebel at Tair, Yemen, on 30 September 2007 for which a comprehensive observational data set from various satellite instruments (AIRS, OMI, SEVIRI, CALIPSO) is available. Using satellite data from the first 24 h after the eruption for the inversion, we found an emission maximum near 16 km above sea level (a.s.l.), and secondary maxima near 5, 9, 12 and 14 km a.s.l. 60% of the emission occurred above the tropopause. The emission profile obtained in the inversion was then used to simulate the transport of the plume over the following week. The modeled plume agrees very well with SO2 total columns observed by OMI, and its altitude agrees with CALIPSO aerosol observations to within 1–2 km. The inversion result is robust against various changes in both the a priori and the observations. Even when using only SEVIRI data from the first 15 h after the eruption, the emission profile was reasonably well estimated. The method is computationally very fast. It is therefore suitable for implementation within an operational environment, such as the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers, to predict the threat posed by volcanic ash for air traffic. It could also be helpful for assessing the sulfur input into the stratosphere, be it in the context of volcanic processes or also for proposed geo-engineering techniques to counteract global warming.

scholarly journals Estimation of the vertical profile of sulfur dioxide injection into the atmosphere by a volcanic eruption using satellite column measurements and inverse transport modeling

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3761-3805 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Eckhardt ◽  
A. J. Prata ◽  
P. Seibert ◽  
K. Stebel ◽  
A. Stohl
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Profile ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Emission Profile

Abstract. An analytical inversion method has been developed to estimate the vertical profile of SO2 emissions from volcanic eruptions. The method uses satellite-observed total SO2 columns and an atmospheric transport model (FLEXPART) to exploit the fact that winds change with altitude – thus, the position and shape of the volcanic plume bear information on its emission altitude. The method finds the vertical emission distribution which minimizes the total difference between simulated and observed SO2 columns while also considering a priori information. We have tested the method with the eruption of Jebel at Tair on 30 September 2007 for which a comprehensive observational data set from various satellite instruments (AIRS, OMI, SEVIRI, CALIPSO) is available. Using satellite data from the first 24 h after the eruption for the inversion, we found an emission maximum near 16 km above sea level (asl), and secondary maxima near 5, 9, 12 and 14 km a.s.l. 60% of the emission occurred above the tropopause. The emission profile obtained in the inversion was then used to simulate the transport of the plume over the following week. The modeled plume agrees very well with SO2 total columns observed by OMI, and its altitude and width agree mostly within 1–2 km with CALIPSO observations of stratospheric aerosol produced from the SO2. The inversion result is robust against various changes in both the a priori and the observations. Even when using only SEVIRI data from the first 15 h after the eruption, the emission profile was reasonably well estimated. The method is computationally very fast. It is therefore suitable for implementation within an operational environment, such as the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers, to predict the threat posed by volcanic ash for air traffic. It could also be helpful for assessing the sulfur input into the stratosphere, be it in the context of volcanic processes or also for proposed geo-engineering techniques to counteract global warming.

scholarly journals Air–sea carbon flux from high-temporal-resolution data of in situ CO<sub>2</sub> measurements in the southern North Sea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Pint ◽  
Gert Everaert ◽  
Hannelore Theetaert ◽  
Michiel B. Vandegehuchte ◽  
Thanos Gkritzalis
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Carbon Flux ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Southern North Sea ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. An important element to keep track of global change is the atmosphere–water exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ocean as it provides insight in how much CO2 is incorporated in the ocean (i.e. the ocean as a sink for CO2) or emitted to the atmosphere (i.e. the ocean as a source). To date, only few high-resolution observation sets are available to quantify the spatiotemporal variability of air–sea CO2 fluxes. In this study, we used observations of pCO2 collected daily at the ICOS station Thornton Buoy in the southern North Sea from February until December 2018 to calculate air–sea CO2 fluxes. Our results show a seasonal variability of the air–sea carbon flux, with the sea being a carbon sink from February until June switching to a carbon source in July and August, before switching back to a sink until December. We calculated that the sink was largest in April (−0.95 ± 0.90 mmol C m−2 d−1), while in August, the source was at its maximum (0.08 ± 0.13 mmol C m−2 d−1). On an annual basis, we found a sink for atmospheric CO2 of 130.19 ± 149.93 mmol C m−2 y−1. Apart from region- and basin-scale estimates of the air–sea CO2 flux, also local measurements are important to grasp local dynamics of the flux and its interactions with biogeochemical processes.

scholarly journals Changes in Power Plant NOx Emissions over Northwest Greece Using a Data Assimilation Technique

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 900
Author(s):  
Ioanna Skoulidou ◽  
Maria-Elissavet Koukouli ◽  
Arjo Segers ◽  
Astrid Manders ◽  
Dimitris Balis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Filter Method ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Data Assimilation Technique

In this work, we investigate the ability of a data assimilation technique and space-borne observations to quantify and monitor changes in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions over Northwestern Greece for the summers of 2018 and 2019. In this region, four lignite-burning power plants are located. The data assimilation technique, based on the Ensemble Kalman Filter method, is employed to combine space-borne atmospheric observations from the high spatial resolution Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and simulations using the LOTOS-EUROS Chemical Transport model. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service-Regional European emissions (CAMS-REG, version 4.2) inventory based on the year 2015 is used as the a priori emissions in the simulations. Surface measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from air quality stations operating in the region are compared with the model surface NO2 output using either the a priori (base run) or the a posteriori (assimilated run) NOx emissions. Relative to the a priori emissions, the assimilation suggests a strong decrease in concentrations for the station located near the largest power plant, by 80% in 2019 and by 67% in 2018. Concerning the estimated annual a posteriori NOx emissions, it was found that, for the pixels hosting the two largest power plants, the assimilated run results in emissions decreased by ~40–50% for 2018 compared to 2015, whereas a larger decrease, of ~70% for both power plants, was found for 2019, after assimilating the space-born observations. For the same power plants, the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) reports decreased emissions in 2018 and 2019 compared to 2015 (−35% and −38% in 2018, −62% and −72% in 2019), in good agreement with the estimated emissions. We further compare the a posteriori emissions to the reported energy production of the power plants during the summer of 2018 and 2019. Mean decreases of about −35% and−63% in NOx emissions are estimated for the two larger power plants in summer of 2018 and 2019, respectively, which are supported by similar decreases in the reported energy production of the power plants (~−30% and −70%, respectively).

scholarly journals The Exploitation of Local Vitis vinifera L. Biodiversity as a Valuable Tool to Cope with Climate Change Maintaining Berry Quality

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
María Carmen Antolín ◽  
María Toledo ◽  
Inmaculada Pascual ◽  
Juan José Irigoyen ◽  
Nieves Goicoechea
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

(1) Background: The associated increase in global mean surface temperature together with raised atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is exerting a profound influence on grapevine development (phenology) and grape quality. The exploitation of the local genetic diversity based on the recovery of ancient varieties has been proposed as an interesting option to cope with climate change and maintaining grape quality. Therefore, this research aimed to characterize the potential fruit quality of genotypes from seven local old grapevine varieties grown under climate change conditions. (2) Methods: The study was carried out on fruit-bearing cuttings (one cluster per plant) that were grown in pots in temperature gradient greenhouses (TGG). Two treatments were applied from fruit set to maturity: (1) ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and temperature (T) (ACAT) and (2) elevated CO2 (700 ppm) and temperature (T + 4 °C) (ECET). (3) Results: Results showed that some of the old genotypes tested remained quite stable during the climate change conditions in terms of fruit quality (mainly, total soluble solids and phenolic content) and of must antioxidant properties. (4) Conclusion: This research underlines the usefulness of exploiting local grapevine diversity to cope with climate change successfully, although further studies under field conditions and with whole plants are needed before extrapolating the results to the vineyard.

scholarly journals Source attributions of pollution to the Western Arctic during the NASA ARCTAS field campaign

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4707-4721 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Bian ◽  
P. R. Colarco ◽  
M. Chin ◽  
G. Chen ◽  
J. M. Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Regional Sources ◽  
Western Arctic ◽  
Co Concentrations

Abstract. We use the NASA GEOS-5 transport model with tagged tracers to investigate the contributions of different regional sources of CO and black carbon (BC) to their concentrations in the Western Arctic (i.e., 50–90° N and 190–320° E) in spring and summer 2008. The model is evaluated by comparing the results with airborne measurements of CO and BC from the NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) field campaigns to demonstrate the strengths and limitations of our simulations. We also examine the reliability of tagged CO tracers in characterizing air mass origins using the measured fossil fuel tracer of dichloromethane and the biomass burning tracer of acetonitrile. Our tagged CO simulations suggest that most of the enhanced CO concentrations (above background level from CH4 production) observed during April originate from Asian anthropogenic emissions. Boreal biomass burning emissions and Asian anthropogenic emissions are of similar importance in July domain wise, although the biomass burning CO fraction is much larger in the area of the ARCTAS field experiments. The fraction of CO from Asian anthropogenic emissions is larger in spring than in summer. European sources make up no more than 10% of CO levels in the campaign domain during either period. Comparisons of CO concentrations along the flight tracks with regional averages from GEOS-5 show that the along-track measurements are representative of the concentrations within the large domain of the Western Arctic in April but not in July.

scholarly journals Assessment of Impacts of Hurricane Katrina on Net Primary Productivity in Mississippi

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrinidhi Ambinakudige ◽  
Sami Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
The United States

Abstract Southern forests contribute significantly to the carbon sink for the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) associated with the anthropogenic activities in the United States. Natural disasters like hurricanes are constantly threatening these forests. Hurricane winds can have a destructive impact on natural vegetation and can adversely impact net primary productivity (NPP). Hurricane Katrina (23–30 August 2005), one of the most destructive natural disasters in history, has affected the ecological balance of the Gulf Coast. This study analyzed the impacts of different categories of sustained winds of Hurricane Katrina on NPP in Mississippi. The study used the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) model to estimate NPP by using remote sensing data. The results indicated that NPP decreased by 14% in the areas hard hit by category 3 winds and by 1% in the areas hit by category 2 winds. However, there was an overall increase in NPP, from 2005 to 2006 by 0.60 Tg of carbon, in Mississippi. The authors found that Pearl River, Stone, Hancock, Jackson, and Harrison counties in Mississippi faced significant depletion of NPP because of Hurricane Katrina.

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