OH reactivity in a South East Asian Tropical rainforest during the Oxidant and Particle Photochemical Processes (OP3) project

Abstract. OH reactivity, the reciprocal of its lifetime from reaction with its sinks, was measured for 12 days in April 2008 within a tropical rainforest on Borneo as part of the OP3 project. The maximum observed value was 83.8 &pm; 26.0 s−1 with the campaign averaged noon-time maximum being 29.1 &pm; 8.5 s−1. The maximum OH reactivity calculated using the campaign averaged noon-time concentrations of observed sinks was ~18 s−1, significantly less than the observations, consistent with other studies in similar environments. OH reactivity was dominated by reaction with isoprene. Numerical simulations of isoprene oxidation using the Master Chemical Mechanism (v3.2) in a highly simplified physical and chemical environment show that the steady state OH reactivity is a linear function of the OH reactivity due to isoprene alone, with a maximum multiplier being equal to the number of isoprene OH attackable bonds (10). Thus the emission of isoprene constitutes a significantly larger emission of reactivity than is offered by the primary reaction with isoprene alone, with significant scope for the secondary oxidation products of isoprene to constitute the missing reactivity. A physically and chemically more sophisticated simulation (including physical loss, photolysis, and other oxidants) showed that the calculated OH reactivity is reduced by the removal of the OH attackable bonds by other oxidants and photolysis, and by physical loss (mixing and deposition). The calculated OH reactivity is increased by peroxide cycling, and by the OH concentration itself. Notable in these calculations is that the lifetime of OH reactivity is significantly longer than the lifetime of isoprene and critically depends on the chemical and physical lifetime of intermediate species. When constrained to the observed campaign averaged diurnal concentrations of primary volatile organic compounds (VOCs), O3, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and other parameters, the model underestimated the observed mean OH reactivity by 30%. However, it was found that: (1) the short lifetimes of isoprene and OH lead to a large variability in their concentrations and so significant variation in the calculated OH reactivity, (2) uncertainties in the OH chemistry in these high isoprene environments can lead to an underestimate of the OH reactivity, and (3) the physical loss of species that react with OH plays a significant role in the calculated OH reactivity, (4) a missing primary source of reactive carbon would have to be emitted at a rate equivalent to 50% that of isoprene to account for the missing OH sink. A clear argument for a significant missing flux of primary emitted VOC compounds to account for the unmeasured reactivity is not found and the development of techniques for the measurement of secondary multifunctional carbon compounds is needed to close the OH reactivity budget.

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OH reactivity in a South East Asian tropical rainforest during the Oxidant and Particle Photochemical Processes (OP3) project

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-13-9497-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (18) ◽

pp. 9497-9514 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

P. M. Edwards ◽

M. J. Evans ◽

K. L. Furneaux ◽

J. Hopkins ◽

T. Ingham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydroxyl Radical ◽

Tropical Rainforest ◽

Primary Source ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Chemical Mechanism ◽

Large Variability ◽

Photochemical Processes ◽

Radical Reactivity ◽

Isoprene Oxidation ◽

Isoprene Oxidation Products

Abstract. OH (hydroxyl radical) reactivity, the inverse of the chemical lifetime of the hydroxyl radical, was measured for 12 days in April 2008 within a tropical rainforest on Borneo as part of the OP3 (Oxidant and Particle Photochemical Processes) project. The maximum observed value was 83.8 ± 26.0 s−1 with the campaign averaged noontime maximum being 29.1 ± 8.5 s−1. The maximum OH reactivity calculated using the diurnally averaged concentrations of observed sinks was ~ 18 s−1, significantly less than the observations, consistent with other studies in similar environments. OH reactivity was dominated by reaction with isoprene (~ 30%). Numerical simulations of isoprene oxidation using the Master Chemical Mechanism (v3.2) in a highly simplified physical and chemical environment show that the steady state OH reactivity is a linear function of the OH reactivity due to isoprene alone, with a maximum multiplier, to account for the OH reactivity of the isoprene oxidation products, being equal to the number of isoprene OH attackable bonds (10). Thus the emission of isoprene constitutes a significantly larger emission of reactivity than is offered by the primary reaction with isoprene alone, with significant scope for the secondary oxidation products of isoprene to constitute the observed missing OH reactivity. A physically and chemically more sophisticated simulation (including physical loss, photolysis, and other oxidants) showed that the calculated OH reactivity is reduced by the removal of the OH attackable bonds by other oxidants and photolysis, and by physical loss (mixing and deposition). The calculated OH reactivity is increased by peroxide cycling, and by the OH concentration itself. Notable in these calculations is that the accumulated OH reactivity from isoprene, defined as the total OH reactivity of an emitted isoprene molecule and all of its oxidation products, is significantly larger than the reactivity due to isoprene itself and critically depends on the chemical and physical lifetimes of intermediate species. When constrained to the observed diurnally averaged concentrations of primary VOCs (volatile organic compounds), O3, NOx and other parameters, the model underestimated the observed diurnal mean OH reactivity by 30%. However, it was found that (1) the short lifetimes of isoprene and OH, compared to those of the isoprene oxidation products, lead to a large variability in their concentrations and so significant variation in the calculated OH reactivity; (2) uncertainties in the OH chemistry in these high isoprene environments can lead to an underestimate of the OH reactivity; (3) the physical loss of species that react with OH plays a significant role in the calculated OH reactivity; and (4) a missing primary source of reactive carbon would have to be emitted at a rate equivalent to 50% that of isoprene to account for the missing OH sink. Although the presence of unmeasured primary emitted VOCs contributing to the measured OH reactivity is likely, evidence that these primary species account for a significant fraction of the unmeasured reactivity is not found. Thus the development of techniques for the measurement of secondary multifunctional carbon compounds is needed to close the OH reactivity budget.

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Investigating the NO-dependent photooxidation of limonene by OH and O3 using the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11130 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yat Sing Pang ◽

Martin Kaminski ◽

Anna Novelli ◽

Philip Carlsson ◽

Ismail-Hakki Acir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Aerosol ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Chemical Mechanism ◽

Reaction Pathways ◽

Oh Radicals ◽

Oh Radical ◽

Simulation Experiments ◽

Master Chemical Mechanism ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Atmosphere Simulation Chamber

Limonene is the fourth-most abundant monoterpene in the atmosphere, which upon oxidation leads to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and thereby influences climate and air quality.In this study, the oxidation of limonene by OH at different atmospherically relevant NO and HO2 levels (NO: 0.1 &#8211; 10 ppb; HO2: 20 ppt) was investigated in simulation experiments in the SAPHIR chamber at Forschungszentrum J&#252;lich. The analysis focuses on comparing measured radical concentrations (RO2, HO2, OH) and OH reactivity (kOH) with modeled values calculated using the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) version 3.3.1.At high and medium NO concentrations, RO2 is expected to quickly react with NO. An HO2 radical is produced during the process that can be converted back to an OH radical by another reaction with NO. Consistently, for experiments conducted at medium NO levels (~0.5 ppb, RO2 lifetime ~10 s), simulated RO2, HO2, and OH agree with observations within the measurement uncertainties, if the OH reactivity of oxidation products is correctly described.At lower NO concentrations, the regeneration of HO2 in the RO2 + NO reaction is slow and the reaction of RO2 with HO2 gains importance in forming peroxides. However, simulation results show a large discrepancy between calculated radical concentrations and measurements at low NO levels (<0.1 ppb, RO2 lifetime ~ 100 s). Simulated RO2 concentrations are found to be overestimated by a factor of three; simulated HO2 concentrations are underestimated by 50 %; simulated OH concentrations are underestimated by about 35%, even if kOH is correctly described. This suggests that there could be additional RO2 reaction pathways that regenerate HO2 and OH radicals become important, but they are not taken into account in the MCM model.

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Mainz Isoprene Mechanism 2 (MIM2): an isoprene oxidation mechanism for regional and global atmospheric modelling

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-8-14033-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 14033-14085 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D. Taraborrelli ◽

M. G. Lawrence ◽

T. M. Butler ◽

R. Sander ◽

J. Lelieveld

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

Oxidation Mechanism ◽

Tropospheric Chemistry ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Chemical Mechanism ◽

Good Representation ◽

Chemical Production ◽

Global Models ◽

Mixing Ratios ◽

Isoprene Oxidation

Abstract. We present an oxidation mechanism of intermediate size for isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) suitable for simulations in regional and global atmospheric chemistry models, which we call MIM2. It is a reduction of the corresponding detailed mechanism in the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.1) and intended as the second version of the well-established Mainz Isoprene Mechanism (MIM). Our aim is to improve the representation of tropospheric chemistry in regional and global models under all NOx regimes. We evaluate MIM2 and re-evaluate MIM through comparisons with MCM v3.1. We find that MIM and MIM2 compute similar O3, OH and isoprene mixing ratios. Unlike MIM, MIM2 produces small relative biases for NOx and organic nitrogen-containing species due to a good representation of the alkyl and peroxy acyl nitrates (RONO2 and RC(O)OONO2). Moreover, MIM2 computes only small relative biases with respect to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), methyl peroxide (CH3OOH), methanol (CH3OH), formaldehyde (HCHO), peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN), and formic and acetic acids (HCOOH and CH3C(O)OH), being always below ≈6% in all NOx scenarios studied. Most of the isoprene oxidation products are represented explicitly, including methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), methacrolein (MACR), hydroxyacetone and methyl glyoxal. MIM2 is mass-conserving with respect to carbon, including CO2 as well. Therefore, it is suitable for studies assessing carbon monoxide (CO) from biogenic sources, as well as for studies focused on the carbon cycle. Compared to MIM, MIM2 considers new species like acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), propene (CH2=CHCH3) and glyoxal (CHOCHO) with global chemical production rates for the year 2005 of 7.3, 9.5 and 33.8 Tg/yr, respectively. Our new mechanism is expected to substantially improve the results of atmospheric chemistry models by more accurately representing the interplay between atmospheric chemistry, transport and deposition, especially of nitrogen reservoir species. MIM2 allows regional and global models to easily incorporate new experimental results on the chemistry of organic species.

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Atmospheric OH reactivity in central London: observations, model predictions and estimates of in situ ozone production

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-15-31247-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (21) ◽

pp. 31247-31286

Author(s):

L. K. Whalley ◽

D. Stone ◽

B. Bandy ◽

R. Dunmore ◽

J. F. Hamilton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Degradation Mechanism ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Chemical Mechanism ◽

Ozone Production ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Diurnal Profile ◽

Biogenic Compounds ◽

Master Chemical Mechanism ◽

The Difference

Abstract. Near-continuous measurements of OH reactivity in the urban background atmosphere of central London during the summer of 2012 are presented. OH reactivity behaviour is seen to be broadly dependent on airmass origin with the highest reactivity and the most pronounced diurnal profile observed when air had passed over central London to the East, prior to measurement. Averaged over the entire observation period of 26 days, OH reactivity peaked at ~ 27 s−1 in the morning with a minimum of ~ 15 s−1 during the afternoon. A maximum OH reactivity of 116 s−1 was recorded on one day during morning rush hour. A detailed box model using the Master Chemical Mechanism was used to calculate OH reactivity, and was constrained with an extended measurement dataset of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from GC-FID and a two-dimensional GC instrument which included heavier molecular weight (up to C12) aliphatic VOCs, oxygenated VOCs and the biogenic VOCs of α pinene and limonene. Comparison was made between observed OH reactivity and modelled OH reactivity using (i) a standard suite of VOC measurements (C2-C8 hydrocarbons and a small selection of oxygenated VOCs) and (ii) a more comprehensive inventory including species up to C12. Modelled reactivities were lower than those measured (by 33 %) when only the reactivity of the standard VOC suite was considered. The difference between measured and modelled reactivity was improved, to within 15 %, if the reactivity of the higher VOCs (&geq; C9) was also considered, with the reactivity of the biogenic compounds of α pinene and limonene and their oxidation products almost entirely responsible for this improvement. Further improvements in the model's ability to reproduce OH reactivity (to within 6 %) could be achieved if the reactivity and degradation mechanism of unassigned two-dimensional GC peaks were estimated. Neglecting the contribution of the higher VOCs (&geq; C9) (particularly α pinene and limonene) and model-generated intermediates worsened the agreement between modelled and observed OH concentrations (by 41 %) and the magnitude of in situ ozone production calculated from the production of RO2 was significantly lower (60 %). This work highlights that any future ozone abatement strategies should consider the role that biogenic emissions play alongside anthropogenic emissions in influencing London's air quality.

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Mainz Isoprene Mechanism 2 (MIM2): an isoprene oxidation mechanism for regional and global atmospheric modelling

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-9-2751-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 2751-2777 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

D. Taraborrelli ◽

M. G. Lawrence ◽

T. M. Butler ◽

R. Sander ◽

J. Lelieveld

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

Oxidation Mechanism ◽

Tropospheric Chemistry ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Chemical Mechanism ◽

Good Representation ◽

Test Model ◽

Chemical Production ◽

Global Models ◽

Isoprene Oxidation

Abstract. We present an oxidation mechanism of intermediate size for isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) suitable for simulations in regional and global atmospheric chemistry models, which we call MIM2. It is a reduction of the corresponding detailed mechanism in the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.1) and intended as the second version of the well-established Mainz Isoprene Mechanism (MIM). Our aim is to improve the representation of tropospheric chemistry in regional and global models under all NOx regimes. We evaluate MIM2 and re-evaluate MIM through comparisons with MCM v3.1. We find that MIM and MIM2 compute similar O3, OH and isoprene mixing ratios. Unlike MIM, MIM2 produces small relative biases for NOx and organic nitrogen-containing species due to a good representation of the alkyl and peroxy acyl nitrates (RONO2 and RC(O)OONO2). Moreover, MIM2 computes only small relative biases with respect to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), methyl peroxide (CH3OOH), methanol (CH3OH), formaldehyde (HCHO), peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN), and formic and acetic acids (HCOOH and CH3C(O)OH), being always below ≈6% in all NOx scenarios studied. Most of the isoprene oxidation products are represented explicitly, including methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), methacrolein (MACR), hydroxyacetone and methyl glyoxal. MIM2 is mass-conserving with respect to carbon, including CO2 as well. Therefore, it is suitable for studies assessing carbon monoxide (CO) from biogenic sources, as well as for studies focused on the carbon cycle. Compared to MIM, MIM2 considers new species like acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), propene (CH2=CHCH3) and glyoxal (CHOCHO) with global chemical production rates for the year 2005 of 7.3, 9.5 and 33.8 Tg/yr, respectively. Our new mechanism is expected to substantially improve the results of atmospheric chemistry models by representing many more intermediates, that are transported and deposited, which allows us to test model results with many more new measurements. MIM2 allows regional and global models to easily incorporate new experimental results on the chemistry of organic species.

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Technical Note: Conversion of Isoprene Hydroxy Hydroperoxides (ISOPOOH) on Metal Environmental Simulation Chamber Walls

10.5194/acp-2016-816 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Anne-Kathrin Bernhammer ◽

Martin Breitenlechner ◽

Frank N. Keutsch ◽

Armin Hansel ◽

Keyword(s):

Gas Phase ◽

Technical Note ◽

Heterogeneous Reactions ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Chemical Mechanism ◽

Stainless Steel Surface ◽

Sources And Sinks ◽

Environmental Surfaces ◽

Isoprene Oxidation

Abstract. Sources and sinks of isoprene oxidation products from low NOx isoprene chemistry have been studied at the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber with a custom-built selective reagent ion time of flight mass spectrometer (SRI-ToF-MS), which allows quantitative measurement of isoprene hydroxy hydroperoxides (ISOPOOH). The measured concentrations of the main oxidation products were compared to chemical box model simulations based on the Leeds Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) v3.3. The modelled ISOPOOH concentrations are by a factor of 20 higher than the observed and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR) concentrations are by a factor of up to 2 lower compared to observations, despite the artifact-free detection method. Addition of catalytic conversion of 1,2-ISOPOOH and 4,3-ISOPOOH to MVK and MACR on the stainless steel surface of the chamber to the chemical mechanism resolves the discrepancy between model predictions and observation. This suggests that isoprene chemistry in a metal chamber under low NOx conditions cannot be described by a pure gas phase model alone. Biases in the measurement of ISOPOOH, MVK and MACR can not only be caused intra-instrumentally but also by the general experimental setup. The work described here extends the role of heterogeneous reactions affection gas phase composition and properties from instrumental surfaces, described previously, to general experimental setups. The role of such conversion reactions on real environmental surfaces is yet to be explored.

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Chamber simulation of photooxidation of dimethyl sulfide and isoprene in the presence of NOx

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-12-14669-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 14669-14695

Author(s):

T. Chen ◽

M. Jang

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Kinetic Model ◽

Dimethyl Sulfide ◽

Model Simulation ◽

Methanesulfonic Acid ◽

Heterogeneous Reactions ◽

Chemical Mechanism ◽

Gaseous Products ◽

Isoprene Oxidation ◽

Master Chemical Mechanism

Abstract. In the kinetic model of this study, to advance the photooxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in the gas phase, the most recently reported reactions with their rate constants have been included. To improve the model predictability for the formation of sulfuric acid and methanesulfonic acid (MSA), heterogeneous reactions of gaseous DMS products (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) on the surface of aerosol have been included in the kinetic model. DMS was photoirradiated in the presence of NOx using a 2 m3 Teflon film chamber. The resulting chamber data was simulated using the new kinetic model. The model included in this study predicted that concentrations of both MSA and H2SO4 would significantly increase due to heterogeneous chemistry and this was well substantiated with experimental data. The model used in this study also predicted the decay of DMS, the formation of other gaseous products such as SO2, dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2), and the ozone formation linked to a NOx cycle. To study the effect of coexisting volatile organic compounds, the photooxidation of DMS in the presence of isoprene and NOx has been simulated using the new kinetic model integrated with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) for isoprene oxidation, and compared to chamber data. Both the model simulation and the experimental data showed an increase in the yields of MSA and H2SO4 as the isoprene concentration increased.

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Investigation of the β-pinene photooxidation by OH in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR

10.5194/acp-2016-1016 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Martin Kaminski ◽

Hendrik Fuchs ◽

Ismail-Hakki Acir ◽

Birger Bohn ◽

Theo Brauers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Degradation Mechanism ◽

Degradation Process ◽

Product Distribution ◽

High Reactivity ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Chemical Mechanism ◽

Emission Rates ◽

Photochemical Degradation ◽

Atmosphere Simulation Chamber ◽

Simulation Chamber

Abstract. Beside isoprene, monoterpenes are the non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOC) with the highest global emission rates. Due to their high reactivity towards OH, monoterpenes can dominate the radical chemistry of the atmosphere in forested areas. In the present study the photochemical degradation mechanism of β-pinene was investigated in the Jülich atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR. The focus of this study is on the OH budget in the degradation process. Therefore the SAPHIR chamber was equipped with instrumentation to measure radicals (OH, HO2, RO2), the total OH reactivity, important OH precursors (O3, HONO, HCHO), the parent VOC beta-pinene, its main oxidation products, acetone and nopinone, and photolysis frequencies. All experiments were carried out under low NOx conditions (≤ 2 ppb) and at atmospheric beta-pinene concentrations (≤ 5 ppb) with and without addition of ozone. For the investigation of the OH budget, the OH production and destruction rates were calculated from measured quantities. Within the limits of accuracy of the instruments, the OH budget was balanced in all β-pinene oxidation experiments. However, even though the OH budget was closed, simulation results from the Master Chemical Mechanism 3.2 showed that the OH production and destruction rates were underestimated by the model. The measured OH and HO2 concentrations were underestimated by up to a factor of two whereas the total OH reactivity was slightly overestimated because of the poor reproduction of the measured nopinone by the model by up to a factor of three. A new, theory-derived first-generation product distribution by Vereecken and Peeters was able to reproduce the measured nopinone time series and the total OH reactivity. Nevertheless the measured OH and HO2 concentrations remained underestimated by the numerical simulations. These observations together with the fact that the measured OH budget was closed suggest the existence of unaccounted sources of HO2.

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Explicit modeling of volatile organic compounds partitioning in the atmospheric aqueous phase

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-13-1023-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 1023-1037 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

C. Mouchel-Vallon ◽

P. Bräuer ◽

M. Camredon ◽

R. Valorso ◽

S. Madronich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Dissolved Organic Matter ◽

Water Content ◽

Gas Phase ◽

Aqueous Phase ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Chemical Mechanism ◽

Organic Species ◽

Cloud Water Content ◽

Isoprene Oxidation

Abstract. The gas phase oxidation of organic species is a multigenerational process involving a large number of secondary compounds. Most secondary organic species are water-soluble multifunctional oxygenated molecules. The fully explicit chemical mechanism GECKO-A (Generator of Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere) is used to describe the oxidation of organics in the gas phase and their mass transfer to the aqueous phase. The oxidation of three hydrocarbons of atmospheric interest (isoprene, octane and α-pinene) is investigated for various NOx conditions. The simulated oxidative trajectories are examined in a new two dimensional space defined by the mean oxidation state and the solubility. The amount of dissolved organic matter was found to be very low (yield less than 2% on carbon atom basis) under a water content typical of deliquescent aerosols. For cloud water content, 50% (isoprene oxidation) to 70% (octane oxidation) of the carbon atoms are found in the aqueous phase after the removal of the parent hydrocarbons for low NOx conditions. For high NOx conditions, this ratio is only 5% in the isoprene oxidation case, but remains large for α-pinene and octane oxidation cases (40% and 60%, respectively). Although the model does not yet include chemical reactions in the aqueous phase, much of this dissolved organic matter should be processed in cloud drops and modify both oxidation rates and the speciation of organic species.

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Emissions of putative isoprene oxidation products from mango branches under abiotic stress

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/ert202 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 64 (12) ◽

pp. 3669-3679 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Kolby J. Jardine ◽

Kimberly Meyers ◽

Leif Abrell ◽

Eliane G. Alves ◽

Ana Maria Yanez Serrano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abiotic Stress ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Isoprene Oxidation ◽

Isoprene Oxidation Products

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OH reactivity in a South East Asian Tropical rainforest during the Oxidant and Particle Photochemical Processes (OP3) project