scholarly journals Atmospheric characterization through fused mobile airborne and surface in situ surveys: methane emissions quantification from a producing oil field

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1689-1705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Leifer ◽  
Christopher Melton ◽  
Marc L. Fischer ◽  
Matthew Fladeland ◽  
Jason Frash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Surface Approach ◽  
Central California ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Surface Data ◽  
Data Collection Approach

Abstract. Methane (CH4) inventory uncertainties are large, requiring robust emission derivation approaches. We report on a fused airborne–surface data collection approach to derive emissions from an active oil field near Bakersfield, central California. The approach characterizes the atmosphere from the surface to above the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and combines downwind trace gas concentration anomaly (plume) above background with normal winds to derive flux. This approach does not require a well-mixed PBL; allows explicit, data-based, uncertainty evaluation; and was applied to complex topography and wind flows. In situ airborne (collected by AJAX – the Alpha Jet Atmospheric eXperiment) and mobile surface (collected by AMOG – the AutoMObile trace Gas – Surveyor) data were collected on 19 August 2015 to assess source strength. Data included an AMOG and AJAX intercomparison transect profiling from the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) floor into the Sierra Nevada (0.1–2.2 km altitude), validating a novel surface approach for atmospheric profiling by leveraging topography. The profile intercomparison found good agreement in multiple parameters for the overlapping altitude range from 500 to 1500 m for the upper 5 % of surface winds, which accounts for wind-impeding structures, i.e., terrain, trees, buildings, etc. Annualized emissions from the active oil fields were 31.3 ± 16 Gg methane and 2.4 ± 1.2 Tg carbon dioxide. Data showed the PBL was not well mixed at distances of 10–20 km downwind, highlighting the importance of the experimental design.

scholarly journals Improved Atmospheric Characterization through Fused Mobile Airborne & Surface <i>In Situ</i> Surveys: Methane Emissions Quantification from a Producing Oil Field

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Leifer ◽  
Christopher Melton ◽  
Marc L. Fischer ◽  
Matthew Fladeland ◽  
Jason Frash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Central California ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Surface Data ◽  
Sierra Nevada Mountains ◽  
Data Collection Approach

Abstract. Methane (CH4) inventory uncertainties are large, requiring robust emission derivation approaches. We report on a fused airborne/surface data collection approach to derive emissions from an active oil field near Bakersfield, central California. The approach characterizes the atmosphere from the surface to above the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and combines downwind trace gas concentration anomaly (plume) above background with normal winds to derive flux. This approach does not require a well-mixed PBL, allows explicit, data based, uncertainty evaluation, and was applied to complex topography and wind flows. In Situ airborne (collected by AJAX – the Alpha Jet Atmospheric eXperiment) and mobile surface (collected by AMOG – the AutoMObile trace Gas – Surveyor) data were collected on 19 August 2015 to assess source strength. Data included an AMOG and AJAX intercomparison transect profiling from the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) floor into the Sierra Nevada Mountains (0.1–2.2 km altitude), validating a novel surface approach for atmospheric profiling by leveraging topography. The profile intercomparison found good agreement in multiple parameters for the overlapping altitude range from 500 to 1500 m, for the upper 5 % of surface winds, which accounts for wind-impeding structures, i.e., terrain, trees, buildings, etc. Annualized emissions from the active oil fields were 31.3 ±16 Gg methane and 2.4 ± 1.2 Tg carbon dioxide. Data showed the PBL was not well-mixed at distances of 10–20 km downwind, highlighting the importance of the experimental design.

Waterflooding Viscous Oil Reservoirs

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (05) ◽  
pp. 689-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Beliveau
Keyword(s):  
High Water ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Fractional Flow ◽  
Viscous Oil ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Barmer Basin ◽  
Development Plans

Summary In 2004, the large Mangala, Aishwariya, and Bhagyam oil-fields were discovered in the remote Barmer basin of Rajasthan, India. The fields contain light, paraffinic crude oils with wax-appearance temperatures only 5°C less than reservoir temperatures and in situ viscosities that range from 8 to 250 cp. As these were the first significant hydrocarbon discoveries in this part of India, there were few analog performance data available. Development plans for the fields are based on hot waterflooding to prevent problems with in-situ wax deposition, with production startup expected in 2009. This article presents some waterflood results from viscous-oil fields around the world, benchmarks the expected performance of the newly discovered Rajasthan fields to this database, and discusses several issues associated with waterflooding viscous oils. Given that the Rajasthan oils have some properties that might be considered "unusual" and potentially troublesome for waterflooding and that there are no long-term production data or a history match of waterflood performance in hand, these benchmarks were considered important reality checks. In fact, fields with similar or much higher viscosities are waterflooded routinely with excellent recoveries in Canada, the USA, and elsewhere. Introduction Waterflooding is sometimes dismissed as an ineffective process for a viscous-oil field, with development plans focused on more-exotic and -expensive recovery mechanisms such as chemical or thermal processes. However, basic application of Darcy's law and fractional flow theory, combined with operations that focus on production at very high water cuts, clearly shows that viscous-oil fields can yield reasonably good ultimate recoveries under waterflood.

Determinación del origen y la composición de las aguas termales ubicadas en los municipios de Becerril (Cesar) y Ciénaga (Magdalena), Colombia

Ingenium ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (21) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Elías Rojas Martínez ◽  
Marlon Fortich Duarte ◽  
Henry Pavajeau Maestre
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
De Medicina

En los municipios de Becerril (Cesar, Colombia) y Ciénaga (Magdalena, Colombia), existen afloramientos de aguas subterráneas con altas temperaturas –aguas termales– asociadas a la formación de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, elevación cuyo origen se debe a la formación y acreción de fragmentos de origen oceánico que luego se incorporaron al continente y al crecimiento de extensos territorios volcánicos –proveyendo actividad magmática–, un proceso que genera la destrucción de rocas y la elevación, por diferencia de densidades, de las rocas fundidas, las cuales producen vapores de altas temperaturas que calientan las aguas subterráneas hasta su punto de ebullición, este vapor de agua se filtra entre fisuras presentes en las formaciones rocosas y va ascendiendo hasta la superficie donde se condensa y brota como agua termal. El artículo analiza los resultados obtenidos de los estudios minero-geológicos realizados en estos depósitos de aguas termales, donde se desarrollaron exploraciones geológicas y geoquímicas in situ, toma de muestras y análisis físico-químicos. Se concluye que estos yacimientos son de origen geotérmico y que, por su composición química estas aguas pueden ser usadas en terapias de medicina alternativa y representan una fuente de desarrollo para el ecoturismo.

Flow Assurance in Buzios Field: Key Challenges and Implemented Solutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Noville ◽  
Milena da Silva Maciel ◽  
Anna Luiza de Moraes y blanco de Mattos ◽  
João Gabriel Carvalho de Siqueira
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Flow Assurance ◽  
Water Alternating Gas ◽  
Early Design Stages ◽  
Scale Deposition ◽  
Full Operation

Abstract This article's goal is to present some of the main flow assurance challenges faced by PETROBRAS in the Buzios oil field, from its early design stages to full operation, up to this day. These challenges include: hydrate formation in WAG (Water Alternating Gas) operations; reliability of the chemical injection system to prevent scale deposition; increasing GLR (Gas Liquid Ratio) management and operations with extremely high flowrates. Flow assurance experience amassed in Buzios and in other pre-salt oil fields, regarding all these presented issues, is particularly relevant for the development of future projects with similar characteristics, such as high liquid flow rate, high CO2 content and high scaling potential.

Numerical Simulation of Gas Lift Optimization Using Artificial Intelligence for a Middle Eastern Oil Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ahmed Al-Janabi ◽  
Omar F. Al-Fatlawi ◽  
Dhifaf J. Sadiq ◽  
Haider Abdulmuhsin Mahmood ◽  
Mustafa Alaulddin Al-Juboori
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Reservoir Pressure ◽  
Artificial Lift ◽  
Gas Lift

Abstract Artificial lift techniques are a highly effective solution to aid the deterioration of the production especially for mature oil fields, gas lift is one of the oldest and most applied artificial lift methods especially for large oil fields, the gas that is required for injection is quite scarce and expensive resource, optimally allocating the injection rate in each well is a high importance task and not easily applicable. Conventional methods faced some major problems in solving this problem in a network with large number of wells, multi-constrains, multi-objectives, and limited amount of gas. This paper focuses on utilizing the Genetic Algorithm (GA) as a gas lift optimization algorithm to tackle the challenging task of optimally allocating the gas lift injection rate through numerical modeling and simulation studies to maximize the oil production of a Middle Eastern oil field with 20 production wells with limited amount of gas to be injected. The key objective of this study is to assess the performance of the wells of the field after applying gas lift as an artificial lift method and applying the genetic algorithm as an optimization algorithm while comparing the results of the network to the case of artificially lifted wells by utilizing ESP pumps to the network and to have a more accurate view on the practicability of applying the gas lift optimization technique. The comparison is based on different measures and sensitivity studies, reservoir pressure, and water cut sensitivity analysis are applied to allow the assessment of the performance of the wells in the network throughout the life of the field. To have a full and insight view an economic study and comparison was applied in this study to estimate the benefits of applying the gas lift method and the GA optimization technique while comparing the results to the case of the ESP pumps and the case of naturally flowing wells. The gas lift technique proved to have the ability to enhance the production of the oil field and the optimization process showed quite an enhancement in the task of maximizing the oil production rate while using the same amount of gas to be injected in the each well, the sensitivity analysis showed that the gas lift method is comparable to the other artificial lift method and it have an upper hand in handling the reservoir pressure reduction, and economically CAPEX of the gas lift were calculated to be able to assess the time to reach a profitable income by comparing the results of OPEX of gas lift the technique showed a profitable income higher than the cases of naturally flowing wells and the ESP pumps lifted wells. Additionally, the paper illustrated the genetic algorithm (GA) optimization model in a way that allowed it to be followed as a guide for the task of optimizing the gas injection rate for a network with a large number of wells and limited amount of gas to be injected.

Near earthquakes in Central California*

1939 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perry Byerly
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Depth Of Focus ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
P Waves ◽  
Central California ◽  
The Waves

Summary Least-squares adjustments of observations of waves of the P groups at central and southern California stations are used to obtain the speeds of various waves. Only observations made to tenths of a second are used. It is assumed that the waves have a common velocity for all earthquakes. But the time intercepts of the travel-time curves are allowed to be different for different shocks. The speed of P̄ is found to be 5.61 km/sec.±0.05. The speed for S̄ (founded on fewer data) is 3.26 km/sec. ± 0.09. There are slight differences in the epicenters located by the use of P̄ and S̄ which may or may not be significant. It is suggested that P̄ and S̄ may be released from different foci. The speed of Pn, the wave in the top of the mantle, is 8.02 km/sec. ± 0.05. Intermediate P waves of speeds 6.72 km/sec. ± 0.02 and 7.24 km/sec. ± 0.04 are observed. Only the former has a time intercept which allows a consistent computation of structure when considered a layer wave. For the Berkeley earthquake of March 8, 1937, the accurate determination of depth of focus was possible. This enabled a determination of layering of the earth's crust. The result was about 9 km. of granite over 23 km. of a medium of speed 6.72 km/sec. Underneath these two layers is the mantle of speed 8.02 km/sec. The data from other shocks centering south of Berkeley would not fit this structure, but an assumption of the thickening of the granite southerly brought all into agreement. The earthquakes discussed show a lag of Pn as it passes under the Sierra Nevada. This has been observed before. A reconsideration of the Pn data of the Nevada earthquake of December 20, 1932, together with the data mentioned above, leads to the conclusion that the root of the mountain mass projects into the mantle beneath the surface layers by an amount between 6 and 41 km.

Application and Exploration of Early In-Situ Combustion Huff-and-Puff Technology in a Deep Undisturbed Reservoir with Extra Heavy Oil

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Wang Xiaoyan ◽  
Zhao Jian ◽  
Yin Qingguo ◽  
Cao Bao ◽  
Zhang Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Gas Injection ◽  
Thermal Recovery ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Pilot Test ◽  
In Situ Combustion ◽  
Coiled Tubing

Summary Achieving effective results using conventional thermal recovery technology is challenging in the deep undisturbed reservoir with extra-heavy oil in the LKQ oil field. Therefore, in this study, a novel approach based on in-situ combustion huff-and-puff technology is proposed. Through physical and numerical simulations of the reservoir, the oil recovery mechanism and key injection and production parameters of early-stage ultraheavy oil were investigated, and a series of key engineering supporting technologies were developed that were confirmed to be feasible via a pilot test. The results revealed that the ultraheavy oil in the LKQ oil field could achieve oxidation combustion under a high ignition temperature of greater than 450°C, where in-situ cracking and upgrading could occur, leading to greatly decreased viscosity of ultraheavy oil and significantly improved mobility. Moreover, it could achieve higher extra-heavy-oil production combined with the energy supplement of flue gas injection. The reasonable cycles of in-situ combustion huff and puff were five cycles, with the first cycle of gas injection of 300 000 m3 and the gas injection volume per cycle increasing in turn. It was predicted that the incremental oil production of a single well would be 500 t in one cycle. In addition, the supporting technologies were developed, such as a coiled-tubing electric ignition system, an integrated temperature and pressure monitoring system in coiled tubing, anticorrosion cementing and completion technology with high-temperature and high-pressure thermal recovery, and anticorrosion injection-production integrated lifting technology. The proposed method was applied to a pilot test in the YS3 well in the LKQ oil field. The high-pressure ignition was achieved in the 2200-m-deep well using the coiled-tubing electric igniter. The maximum temperature tolerance of the integrated monitoring system in coiled tubing reached up to 1200°C, which provided the functions of distributed temperature and multipoint pressure measurement in the entire wellbore. The combination of 13Cr-P110 casing and titanium alloy tubing effectively reduced the high-temperature and high-pressure oxygen corrosion of the wellbore. The successful field test of the comprehensive supporting engineering technologies presents a new approach for effective production in deep extra-heavy-oil reservoirs.

scholarly journals Level 2 processing for the imaging Fourier transform spectrometer GLORIA: derivation and validation of temperature and trace gas volume mixing ratios from calibrated dynamics mode spectra

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2473-2489 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ungermann ◽  
J. Blank ◽  
M. Dick ◽  
A. Ebersoldt ◽  
F. Friedl-Vallon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Fourier Transform Spectrometer ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Mixing Ratios

Abstract. The Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) is an airborne infrared limb imager combining a two-dimensional infrared detector with a Fourier transform spectrometer. It was operated aboard the new German Gulfstream G550 High Altitude LOng Range (HALO) research aircraft during the Transport And Composition in the upper Troposphere/lowermost Stratosphere (TACTS) and Earth System Model Validation (ESMVAL) campaigns in summer 2012. This paper describes the retrieval of temperature and trace gas (H2O, O3, HNO3) volume mixing ratios from GLORIA dynamics mode spectra that are spectrally sampled every 0.625 cm−1. A total of 26 integrated spectral windows are employed in a joint fit to retrieve seven targets using consecutively a fast and an accurate tabulated radiative transfer model. Typical diagnostic quantities are provided including effects of uncertainties in the calibration and horizontal resolution along the line of sight. Simultaneous in situ observations by the Basic Halo Measurement and Sensor System (BAHAMAS), the Fast In-situ Stratospheric Hygrometer (FISH), an ozone detector named Fairo, and the Atmospheric chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (AIMS) allow a validation of retrieved values for three flights in the upper troposphere/lowermost stratosphere region spanning polar and sub-tropical latitudes. A high correlation is achieved between the remote sensing and the in situ trace gas data, and discrepancies can to a large extent be attributed to differences in the probed air masses caused by different sampling characteristics of the instruments. This 1-D processing of GLORIA dynamics mode spectra provides the basis for future tomographic inversions from circular and linear flight paths to better understand selected dynamical processes of the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere.

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