scholarly journals Effects of seabird nitrogen input on biomass and carbon accumulation after 50 years of primary succession on a young volcanic island, Surtsey

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 6237-6250 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. I. W. Leblans ◽  
B. D. Sigurdsson ◽  
P. Roefs ◽  
R. Thuys ◽  
B. Magnússon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Succession ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Volcanic Island ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
N Input ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. What happens during primary succession after the first colonizers have occupied a pristine surface largely depends on how they ameliorate living conditions for other species. For vascular plants the onset of soil development and associated increase in nutrient (mainly nitrogen; N) and water availability is especially important. Here, we report the relationship between N accumulation and biomass and ecosystem carbon (C) stocks in a 50-year-old volcanic island, Surtsey, Iceland, where N stocks are still exceptionally low. However, a 28-year-old seagull colony on the island provided nutrient-enriched areas, which enabled us to assess the relationship between N stock and biomass and ecosystem C stocks across a much larger range in N stock. Further, we compared areas on shallow and deep tephra sands as we expected that deep-rooted systems would be more efficient in retaining N. The sparsely vegetated area outside the colony had accumulated 0.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1, which was ca. 50–60% of the estimated N input rate from wet deposition. This approximates values for systems under low N input and bare dune habitats. The seagulls have added, on average, 47 kg N ha−1 yr−1, which induced a shift from belowground to aboveground in ecosystem N and C stocks and doubled the ecosystem N-use efficiency, determined as the ratio of biomass and C storage per unit N input. Soil depth did not significantly affect total N stocks, which suggests a high N retention potential. Both total ecosystem biomass and C stocks were strongly correlated with N stock inside the colony, which indicated the important role of N during the first steps of primary succession. Inside the colony, the ecosystem biomass C stocks (17–27 ton C ha−1) had reached normal values for grasslands, while the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks (4–10 ton C ha−1 were only a fraction of normal grassland values. Thus, it will take a long time until the SOC stock reaches equilibrium with the current primary production, during which conditions for new colonists may change.

scholarly journals Effects of seabird nitrogen input on biomass and carbon accumulation after 50 years of primary succession on a young volcanic island, Surtsey

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 6269-6302 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. I. W. Leblans ◽  
B. D. Sigurdsson ◽  
P. Roefs ◽  
R. Thuys ◽  
B. Magnússon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Succession ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Volcanic Island ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Retention ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
N Input

Abstract. What happens during primary succession after the first colonizers have occupied a pristine surface largely depends on how they ameliorate living conditions for other species. For vascular plants the onset of soil development and associated increase in nutrient (mainly nitrogen, N) and water availability is especially important. Here, we report the relation between N accumulation and biomass- and ecosystem carbon (C) stocks in a 50 year old volcanic island, Surtsey, in Iceland, where N stocks are still exceptionally low. However, 27 year old seagull colony on the island provided nutrient-enriched areas, which enabled us to assess the relationship between N stock and biomass- and ecosystem C stocks across a much larger range in N stock. Further, we compared areas on shallow and deep tephra sands as we expected that deep-rooted systems would be more efficient in retaining N. The sparsely vegetated area outside the colony was more efficient in N retention than we expected and had accumulated 0.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1, which was ca. 60% of the estimated N input rate from wet deposition. The seagulls have added, on average, 47 kg N ha−1 yr−1, which induced a shift from belowground to aboveground in ecosystem N and C stocks and doubled the ecosystem "N use efficiency", determined as the ratio of biomass and C storage per unit N input. Soil depth did not significantly affect total N stocks, which suggests a high N retention potential. Both total ecosystem biomass and C stocks were strongly correlated with N stock inside the colony, which indicated the important role of N during the first steps of primary succession. Inside the colony, the ecosystem biomass C stocks (17–27 kg C ha−1) had reached normal values for grasslands, while the soil organic carbon stocks (SOC; 4–10 kg C ha−1) were only a fraction of normal grassland values. Thus, it will take a long time until the SOC stock reaches equilibrium with the current primary production; during which conditions for new colonists may change.

scholarly journals Optimal soil carbon sampling designs to achieve cost-effectiveness: a case study in blue carbon ecosystems

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 20180416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A. Young ◽  
Peter I. Macreadie ◽  
Clare Duncan ◽  
Paul E. Carnell ◽  
Emily Nicholson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Blue Carbon ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Stocks

Researchers are increasingly studying carbon (C) storage by natural ecosystems for climate mitigation, including coastal ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems. Unfortunately, little guidance on how to achieve robust, cost-effective estimates of blue C stocks to inform inventories exists. We use existing data (492 cores) to develop recommendations on the sampling effort required to achieve robust estimates of blue C. Using a broad-scale, spatially explicit dataset from Victoria, Australia, we applied multiple spatial methods to provide guidelines for reducing variability in estimates of soil C stocks over large areas. With a separate dataset collected across Australia, we evaluated how many samples are needed to capture variability within soil cores and the best methods for extrapolating C to 1 m soil depth. We found that 40 core samples are optimal for capturing C variance across 1000's of kilometres but higher density sampling is required across finer scales (100–200 km). Accounting for environmental variation can further decrease required sampling. The within core analyses showed that nine samples within a core capture the majority of the variability and log-linear equations can accurately extrapolate C. These recommendations can help develop standardized methods for sampling programmes to quantify soil C stocks at national scales.

scholarly journals Dynamique De La Végétation De Bamo Et Stocks De Carbone Dans La Mosaïque De Végétation

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Adingra Odette Marie M. Anobla ◽  
Justin Kassi N’Dja
Keyword(s):  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Ecological Value ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Group D ◽  
Non Destructive

This study was conducted in Agboville, Ivory Coast. The objective was (1) to characterize the floristic composition, dynamics, and structure of tree diversity of postcultural fallows; and (2) establish the relationship between the diversity and storage of carbon in timber biomass. The study relied on a network of 50 temporary plots. There were 31 postcultural fallows and 19 plots of primary forest. This study has identified 417 plant species distributed in 306 genera and 83 families. Tree density within postcultural fallows varied between 1025 to 5975 stems / ha, and the analysis showed that the density increases with the age of the postcultural fallows. Tree sampling was non-destructive and to estimate C storage, an allomectric models for above and belowground biomasses was used. Mean estimate of carbon (C) stocks in biomass were 80.25 tC / ha for groupe A (fallows from 4 to 8 years) and 256.5 tC / ha for group D (fallows from 14 to 24 years). These values remain far below those seen in the groups of primary forests with lateritic soil (1335.25 tC / ha). Results showed the ability of some postcultural fallows to store much C. It demonstrated that storage depends mainly on age and conserved species. This supports the idea of employing REDD+ processes in enhancing the ecological value associated with carbon.

Carbon Accumulation and Partitioning Above and Belowground under Coppiced and Replanted Eucalypt Plantations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodinei F Pegoraro ◽  
Ivo R Silva ◽  
Ivan F Souza ◽  
Roberto F Novais ◽  
Nairam F Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Eucalypt Plantations ◽  
C Stocks

Abstract The extent to which the C sink strength of eucalypt plantations can be affected by coppicing or replanting remains unclear. To address this issue, we evaluated variations in C stocks under coppiced or replanted eucalypt stands formed by clones or seedlings. For each field assessment (0 [T0], 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 7.0 years [at harvest]), tree biomass, litterfall, and soil C stocks (0–120 cm depth) were determined. At harvest, debarked stemwood productivity was similar under coppice or replanting, about 50.0 Mg C ha–1. Generally, coppiced stands favored subsoil C storage (40–100 cm), whereas replanted stands favored soil C accrual in topsoil (0–20 cm), depending on the genetic material. Relative to T0, soil C increased about 2.14, 1.91, and 1.84 Mg C ha–1 yr–1 under coppice, replanting with seedlings and clones, respectively. Coarse root biomass under these stands were about 17.3, 13.4, and 9.5 Mg C ha–1, respectively, equivalent to 50% of total harvest residues. Hence, inputs from coarse roots could represent a large contribution to soil C over multiple rotations under coppiced or replanted stands. Otherwise, short-term C losses can be high where stumps and coarse roots are harvested, especially following successive coppice cycles. Study Implications: Our findings have important implications for forest managers growing eucalypt plantations aiming to maximize C accumulation. Both coppiced and replanted stands can fix up to 50 Mg C ha−1 only in debarked stemwood over 7 years, with a comparatively higher C storage in coarse roots under coppice. Despite the increasing demand for forest residues in bioenergy production, harvesting stumps and coarse roots should be avoided, especially upon replanting eucalypt stands after successive coppice cycles.

scholarly journals Quantification of nitrogen balance components in a commercial broiler barn 

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 566-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. von Bobrutzki ◽  
S. Ammon ◽  
W. Berg ◽  
M. Fiedler
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Input ◽  
Commercial Broiler ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

Characterizing the respective nitrogen (N) use efficiency requires understanding the N flow of inputs and outputs from a commercial broiler barn. In this study, an N mass balance was performed for one entire growing cycle. The objectives were to quantify, sample, and analyze all N components entering and leaving the barn. The N from feed, chickens, and bedding material was considered as inputs, the outputs included the N accretion in mature broilers, the total N emissions (N<sub>TNE</sub>), the N accumulation in litter, and the N of mortality. Of particular relevance was the determination of an appropriate method to mirror the heterogenic texture of the litter. Litter samples were collected weekly according to a defined procedure. The major N input was feed N, accounting for 99% of the total N input. After the 36-day growing cycle, the N outputs were portioned as follows: 59% (1741.3 kg N) in mature broilers, 37% (1121.3 kg N) accumulated in litter, and 4% in NTNE (114.3 kg N). The N accumulations in broiler tissue and litter agree well with other studies. The measured emissions were consistently lower compared to other references, due to the fact that these references were mainly based on studies where broilers were raised on built-up litter. In contrast to in situ quantified N emissions in this study, other published values were assumed to be the difference of N between inputs and outputs. This study illustrates that extensive sampling of litter is a prerequisite for calculating litter masses. The accurate specification of the litter texture proved to be crucial within the mass balance approach. With this information, the feasible improvements within management practices can be identified.

Carbon accumulation in Colorado ponderosa pine stands

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A Hicke ◽  
Rosemary L Sherriff ◽  
Thomas T Veblen ◽  
Gregory P Asner
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
The Us

Woody encroachment and thickening have occurred throughout the western United States and have been proposed as important processes in the US carbon (C) budget despite large uncertainty in the magnitude of these effects. In this study we investigated ponderosa pine encroachment near Boulder, Colorado. We reconstructed a time series of forest structure to estimate changes in C storage by the trees. Advantages of this technique include the ability to estimate changes in C stocks over time with a single series of measurements (i.e., no historical measurements), and the ability to calculate accumulation rate changes through time. Substantial variation occurred in the C amounts and accumulation rates among the three plots resulting from differences in slope, aspect, and soil conditions. Accumulation rates increased exponentially as trees increased in size and additional trees established within the plots, and were highly variable among plots (0.09–0.7 Mg C·ha–1·year–1 during 1980–2001). These rates were less than those used in studies of the US carbon budget, and only by assuming no mortality for the densest stand could we generate a projected rate in 2050 that was similar. Thus, time since the initiation of encroachment and rate of encroachment are variables that should be considered for accurately computing the continental C budget.

scholarly journals Pain, Culture and Pedagogy: A Preliminary Investigation of Attitudes Towards “Reasonable” Pain Tolerance in the Grassroots Reproduction of a Culture of Risk

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412098809
Author(s):  
Paul K. Miller ◽  
Sophie Van Der Zee ◽  
David Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sporting Culture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

In recent years a considerable body of psychological research has explored the relationship between membership of socio-cultural groups and personal pain perception. Rather less systematic attention has, however, been accorded to how such group membership(s) might influence individual attitudes towards the pain of others. In this paper, immersion in the culture of competitive sport, widely regarded as being exaggeratedly tolerant of risky behaviours around pain, is taken as a case-in-point with students of Physical Education (PE) in tertiary education as the key focus. PE students are highly-immersed in competitive sporting culture both academically and (typically) practically, and also represent a key nexus of cross-generational transmission regarding the norms of sport itself. Their attitudes towards the pain that others should reasonably tolerate during a range of activities, sporting and otherwise, were evaluated through a direct comparison with those of peers much less immersed in competitive sporting culture. In total, N=301 (144 PE, 157 non-PE) undergraduate students in the UK responded to a vignette-based survey. Therein, all participants were required to rate the pain (on a standard 0-10 scale) at which a standardised “other” should desist engagement with a set of five defined sporting and non-sporting tasks, each with weak and strong task severities. Results indicated that PE students were significantly more likely to expect others to persevere through higher levels of pain than their non-PE peers, but only during the sport-related tasks – an effect further magnified when task severity was high. In other tasks, there was no significant difference between groups, or valence of the effect was actually reversed. It is argued that the findings underscore some extant knowledge about the relationship between acculturated attitudes to pain, while also having practical implications for understanding sport-based pedagogy, and its potentially problematic role in the ongoing reproduction of a “culture of risk.”

scholarly journals Characterization of Soil Carbon Stocks in the City of Johannesburg

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Kelebohile Rose Seboko ◽  
Elmarie Kotze ◽  
Johan van Tol ◽  
George van Zijl
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Shallow Soils ◽  
Deep Soils ◽  
Soc Stocks ◽  
Soil Groups

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial indicator of soil health and soil productivity. The long-term implications of rapid urbanization on sustainability have, in recent years, raised concern. This study aimed to characterize the SOC stocks in the Johannesburg Granite Dome, a highly urbanized and contaminated area. Six soil hydropedological groups; (recharge (deep), recharge (shallow), responsive (shallow), responsive (saturated), interflow (A/B), and interflow (soil/bedrock)) were identified to determine the vertical distribution of the SOC stocks and assess the variation among the soil groups. The carbon (C) content, bulk density, and soil depth were determined for all soil groups, and thereafter the SOC stocks were calculated. Organic C stocks in the A horizon ranged, on average, from 33.55 ± 21.73 t C ha−1 for recharge (deep) soils to 17.11 ± 7.62 t C ha−1 for responsive (shallow) soils. Higher C contents in some soils did not necessarily indicate higher SOC stocks due to the combined influence of soil depth and bulk density. Additionally, the total SOC stocks ranged from 92.82 ± 39.2 t C ha−1 for recharge (deep) soils to 22.81 ± 16.84 t C ha−1 for responsive (shallow) soils. Future studies should determine the SOC stocks in urban areas, taking diverse land-uses and the presence of iron (Fe) oxides into consideration. This is crucial for understanding urban ecosystem functions.

scholarly journals Microbial Utilisation of Aboveground Litter-Derived Organic Carbon Within a Sandy Dystric Cambisol Profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Preusser ◽  
Patrick Liebmann ◽  
Andres Stucke ◽  
Johannes Wirsching ◽  
Karolin Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Stable Isotope Labelling ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Microbial Groups ◽  
Aboveground Litter ◽  
Over Time

Litter-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is considered to be a major source of stabilised C in soil. Here we investigated the microbial utilisation of litter-derived DOC within an entire soil profile using a stable isotope labelling experiment in a temperate beech forest. The natural litter layer of a Dystric Cambisol was replaced by 13C enriched litter within three areas of each 6.57 m−2 for 22 months and then replaced again by natural litter (switching-off the 13C input). Samples were taken continuously from 0 to 180 cm depths directly after the replacement of the labelled litter, and 6 and 18 months thereafter. We followed the pulse of 13C derived from aboveground litter into soil microorganisms through depth and over time by analysing 13C incorporation into microbial biomass and phospholipid fatty acids. Throughout the sampling period, most of the litter-derived microbial C was found in the top cm of the profile and only minor quantities were translocated to deeper soil. The microbial 13C stocks below 30 cm soil depth at the different samplings accounted constantly for only 6–12% of the respective microbial 13C stocks of the entire profile. The peak in proportional enrichment of 13C in subsoil microorganisms moved from upper (≤ 80 cm soil depth) to lower subsoil (80–160 cm soil depth) within a period of 6 months after switch-off, and nearly disappeared in microbial biomass after 18 months (&lt; 1%), indicating little long-term utilisation of litter-derived C by subsoil microorganisms. Among the different microbial groups, a higher maximum proportion of litter-derived C was found in fungi (up to 6%) than in bacteria (2%), indicating greater fungal than bacterial dependency on litter-derived C in subsoil. However, in contrast to topsoil, fungi in subsoil had only a temporarily restricted increase in litter C incorporation, while in the Gram-positive bacteria, the C incorporation in subsoil raised moderately over time increasingly contributing to the group-specific C stock of the entire profile (up to 9%). Overall, this study demonstrated that microorganisms in topsoil of a Dystric Cambisol process most of the recently deposited aboveground litter C, while microbial litter-derived C assimilation in subsoil is low.

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