scholarly journals Flooding-related increases in CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from a temperate coastal grassland ecosystem

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanuel W. Gebremichael ◽  
Bruce Osborne ◽  
Patrick Orr
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Grassland Ecosystem ◽  
Standing Water ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Q10 Values

Abstract. Given their increasing trend in Europe, an understanding of the role that flooding events play in carbon and nitrogen cycling and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be important for improved assessments of local and regional GHG budgets. This study presents the results of an analysis of the CO2 and N2O fluxes from a coastal grassland ecosystem affected by episodic flooding that was of either a relatively short or long duration (SFS and LFS sites, respectively). Compared to the SFS, the annual CO2 and N2O emissions were 1.4 and 1.3 times higher at the LFS, respectively. Mean CO2 emissions during the period of standing water were 144 ± 18.18 and 111 ± 9.51 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1, respectively, for the LFS and SFS sites. During the growing season, when there was no standing water, the CO2 emissions were significantly larger from the LFS (244 ± 24.88 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1) than the SFS (183 ± 14.90 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1). Fluxes of N2O ranged from −0.37 to 0.65 mg N2O-N m−2 h−1 at the LFS and from −0.50 to 0.55 mg N2O-N m−2 h−1 at the SFS, with the larger emissions associated with the presence of standing water at the LFS and during the growing season at the SFS. Overall, soil temperature and moisture content were identified as the main drivers of the seasonal changes in CO2 fluxes, but neither adequately explained the variations in N2O fluxes. Analysis of total Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), microbial biomass and Q10 values, indicated that the higher CO2 emissions from the LFS were linked to the flooding-associated influx of nutrients and alterations in soil microbial populations. These results demonstrate that annual CO2 and N2O emissions can be higher in longer-term flooded sites that receive significant amounts of nutrients and where diffusional limitations due to the presence of standing water is limited to periods of the year when the temperatures are lowest.

scholarly journals Flooding-related increases in CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from a temperate coastal grassland ecosystem

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2611-2626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanuel W. Gebremichael ◽  
Bruce Osborne ◽  
Patrick Orr
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Grassland Ecosystem ◽  
Standing Water ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Q10 Values

Abstract. Given their increasing trend in Europe, an understanding of the role that flooding events play in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be important for improved assessments of local and regional GHG budgets. This study presents the results of an analysis of the CO2 and N2O fluxes from a coastal grassland ecosystem affected by episodic flooding that was of either a relatively short (SFS) or long (LFS) duration. Compared to the SFS, the annual CO2 and N2O emissions were 1.4 and 1.3 times higher at the LFS, respectively. Mean CO2 emissions during the period of standing water were 144 ± 18.18 and 111 ± 9.51 mg CO2–C m−2 h−1, respectively, for the LFS and SFS sites. During the growing season, when there was no standing water, the CO2 emissions were significantly larger from the LFS (244 ± 24.88 mg CO2–C m−2 h−1) than the SFS (183 ± 14.90 mg CO2–C m−2 h−1). Fluxes of N2O ranged from −0.37 to 0.65 mg N2O–N m−2 h−1 at the LFS and from −0.50 to 0.55 mg N2O–N m−2 h−1 at the SFS, with the larger emissions associated with the presence of standing water at the LFS but during the growing season at the SFS. Overall, soil temperature and moisture were identified as the main drivers of the seasonal changes in CO2 fluxes, but neither adequately explained the variations in N2O fluxes. Analysis of total C, N, microbial biomass and Q10 values indicated that the higher CO2 emissions from the LFS were linked to the flooding-associated influx of nutrients and alterations in soil microbial populations. These results demonstrate that annual CO2 and N2O emissions can be higher in longer-term flooded sites that receive significant amounts of nutrients, although this may depend on the restriction of diffusional limitations due to the presence of standing water to periods of the year when the potential for gaseous emissions are low.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions from crop rotations including wheat, oilseed rape and dry peas

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1787-1797 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Jeuffroy ◽  
E. Baranger ◽  
B. Carrouée ◽  
E. de Chezelles ◽  
M. Gosme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Biological Fixation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N2o Fluxes

Abstract. Approximately 65% of anthropogenic emissions of N2O, a potent greenhouse gas (GHG), originate from soils at a global scale, and particularly after N fertilisation of the main crops in Europe. Thanks to their capacity to fix atmospheric N2 through biological fixation, legumes can reduce N fertilizer use, and possibly N2O emissions. Nevertheless, the decomposition of crop organic matter during the crop cycle and residue decomposition, and possibly the N fixation process itself, could lead to N2O emissions. The objective of this study was to quantify N2O emissions from a dry pea crop (Pisum sativum, harvested at maturity) and from the subsequent crops in comparison with N2O emissions from wheat and oilseed rape crops, fertilized or not, in various rotations. A field experiment was conducted over 4 consecutive years to compare the emissions during the pea crop, in comparison with those during the wheat (fertilized or not) or oilseed rape crops, and after the pea crop, in comparison with other preceding crops. N2O fluxes were measured using static chambers. In spite of low N2O fluxes, mainly due to the site's soil characteristics, fluxes during the crop were significantly lower for pea and unfertilized wheat than for fertilized wheat and oilseed rape. The effect of the preceding crop was not significant, while soil mineral N at harvest was higher after the pea crop. These results should be confirmed over a wider range of soil types. Nevertheless, they demonstrate the absence of N2O emissions linked to the symbiotic N fixation process, and allow us to estimate the decrease in N2O emissions by 20–25% through including one pea crop in a three-year rotation. On a larger scale, this reduction of GHG emissions at field level has to be added to the decrease due to the reduced production and transport of the N fertilizer not applied to the pea crop.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrification Inhibitors on N2O Emissions after Cattle Slurry Application

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Herr ◽  
Thomas Mannheim ◽  
Torsten Müller ◽  
Reiner Ruser
Keyword(s):  
Management Practice ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
N2o Fluxes

Cattle slurry injection (INJ) has shown to be an efficient measure to reduce ammonia (NH3) losses from soils but it might also significantly increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, which can dominate the total greenhouse gas (GHG) release in silage maize production (Zea mays L.). Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) are known for their potential to mitigate N2O. Therefore, we tested the effect of NIs added to cattle slurry before INJ on N2O fluxes from a Haplic Luvisol under silage maize in southwest Germany. We determined N2O fluxes at least weekly, with the closed chamber method over two full years. NIs differ in their chemical and physical behavior and we therefore tested a range of commercially available NIs: 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, 3,4-dimethylpyrazol succinic acid, a mixture of both, nitrapyrin, dicyandiamide, and 1,2,4 triazol and 3-methylpyrazol. Although not significant, INJ treatments with NI showed lower mean annual N2O emissions than the INJ treatment without NI in the 1st year. The emission reduction by NI of 46% in the 2nd year was statistically significant. In both years, we did not find any difference in N2O release, crop yield, or nitrogen removal between the different NI treatments. In the 1st year, which was extraordinary dry and warm, emission factors (EFs) for all INJ treatments were 4 to 8-fold higher than default EF from the IPCC. Even in the 2nd year, only three NI treatments reached EFs within the range provided by the IPCC. Direct N2O accounted for between 81 and 91% of the total GHG emission. Area- and yield-related GHG emission of the broadcast application with subsequent incorporation was in both years in the statistical class with lowest emission. In contrast, INJ with NIs showed similar GHG emissions in only one year, and consequently, incorporation was found to be the optimum management practice for livestock farmers in our study region.

scholarly journals Carbon Sequestration and Contribution of CO2, CH4 and N2O Fluxes to Global Warming Potential from Paddy-Fallow Fields on Mineral Soil Beneath Peat in Central Hokkaido, Japan

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habib Mohammad Naser ◽  
Osamu Nagata ◽  
Sarmin Sultana ◽  
Ryusuke Hatano
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Winter Fallow

Since each greenhouse gas (GHG) has its own radiative capacity, all three gasses (CO2, CH4 and N2O) must be accounted for by calculating the net global warming potential (GWP) in a crop production system. To compare the impact of GHG fluxes from the rice growing and the fallow season on the annual gas fluxes, and their contribution to the GWP and carbon sequestration (CS) were evaluated. From May to April in Bibai (43°18′ N, 141°44′ E), in central Hokkaido, Japan, three rice paddy fields under actual management conditions were investigated to determine CS and the contribution of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes to GWP. Methane and N2O fluxes were measured by placing the chamber over the rice plants covering four hills and CO2 fluxes from rice plants root free space in paddy fields were taken as an indicator of soil microbial respiration (Rm) using the closed chamber method. Soil CS was calculated as the difference between net primary production (NPP) and loss of carbon (C) through Rm, emission of CH4 and harvest of crop C. Annual cumulative Rm ranged from 422 to 519 g C m−2 yr−1; which accounted for 54.7 to 55.5% of the rice growing season in particular. Annual cumulative CH4 emissions ranged from 75.5 to 116 g C m−2 yr−1 and this contribution occurred entirely during the rice growing period. Total cumulative N2O emissions ranged from 0.091 to 0.154 g N m−2 yr−1 and from 73.5 to 81.3% of the total N2O emissions recorded during the winter-fallow season. The CS ranged from −305 to −365 g C m−2 yr−1, suggesting that C input by NPP may not be compensate for the loss of soil C. The loss of C in the winter-fallow season was much higher (62 to 66%) than in the growing season. The annual net GWP from the investigated paddy fields ranged from 3823 to 5016 g CO2 equivalent m−2 yr−1. Annual GWPCH4 accounted for 71.9 to 86.1% of the annual net GWP predominantly from the rice growing period. These results indicate that CH4 dominated the net GWP of the rice paddy.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions from crop rotations including wheat, rapeseed and dry pea

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 9289-9314 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Jeuffroy ◽  
E. Baranger ◽  
B. Carrouée ◽  
E. de Chezelles ◽  
M. Gosme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Biological Fixation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N2o Fluxes

Abstract. Approximately 65% of anthropogenic emissions of N2O, a potent greenhouse gas, originate from soils at global scale, and particularly after N fertilisation of the main crops in Europe. Thanks to their capacity to fix atmospheric N2 through biological fixation, legumes allow to reduce N fertilizer use, and possibly N2O emission. Nevertheless, the decomposition of crop organic matter during the crop cycle and during the residue decomposition, and possibly the N fixation process itself, could lead to N2O emissions. The objective of this study was to quantify N2O emissions from a dry pea crop (Pisum sativum, harvested at maturity) and from the subsequent crops in comparison with N2O emissions from wheat and oilseed-rape crops, fertilized or not, in various rotations. A field experiment was conducted during 4 consecutive years, aiming at comparing the emissions during the pea crop, in comparison with those during the wheat (fertilized or not) or oilseed rape crops, and after the pea crop, in comparison with other preceding crops. N2O fluxes were measured using static chambers. In spite of low N2O fluxes, mainly linked with the site soil characteristics, fluxes during the crop were significantly lower for pea and unfertilized wheat than for fertilized wheat and oilseed rape. The effect of the preceding crop was not significant, while soil mineral N at harvest was higher after pea. These results, combined with the emission reduction allowed by the production and transport of the N fertiliser not applied on the pea crop, should be confirmed in a larger range of soil types. Nevertheless, they demonstrate the absence of N2O emission linked to the symbiotic N fixation process, and allow us to estimate the decrease of N2O emissions to 20–25% by including one pea crop in a three-year rotation. At a larger scale, this reduction of GHG emissions at field level has to be cumulated with the reduction of GHG emissions linked with the lower level of production and transport of the N fertiliser not applied on the pea crop.

scholarly journals Estimation of Greenhouse Gases Emitted from Energy Industry (Oil Refining and Electricity Generation) in Iraq Using IPCC Methodology

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 662
Author(s):  
Bassim Mohammed Hashim ◽  
Maitham Abdullah Sultan ◽  
Ali Al Maliki ◽  
Nadhir Al-Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Ipcc Methodology ◽  
Oil Derivatives ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

The energy sector is integral to the wellbeing of the entire Iraqi economy and will remain so well into the future. In the current study, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology was used to estimate CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions from oil refining and electricity generation in Iraq for a period exceeding 25 years. From 1990, Iraq experienced two wars and an economic siege, then faced political, social, and security instability, which affected its energy production. The results showed that the CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions from the oil refining and electricity generation in Iraq experienced a sharp decline in the years 1991, 2003, and 2007 due to a decrease in the production of oil derivatives in refineries, according to political and security conditions. The total CO2 emissions from the types of fuel used in electricity generation in Iraq was approximately 14,000 Gg and 58,000 Gg in 1990 and 2017, respectively. The increase in CO2 emissions was greater than 300% between 1990 and 2017. The continued use of poor types of fuel, such as fuel oil and crude oil, will lead to an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from these sources, and higher levels of environmental pollution.

scholarly journals Soil greenhouse gas emissions under different land-use types in savanna ecosystems of Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2149-2167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Wachiye ◽  
Lutz Merbold ◽  
Timo Vesala ◽  
Janne Rinne ◽  
Matti Räsänen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Soil Co2 Emissions

Abstract. Field measurement data on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are still scarce for many land-use types in Africa, causing a high level of uncertainty in GHG budgets. To address this gap, we present in situ measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) emissions from the lowlands of southern Kenya. We conducted eight chamber measurement campaigns on gas exchange from four dominant land-use types (LUTs) comprising (1) cropland, (2) bushland, (3) grazing land, and (4) conservation land between 29 November 2017 and 3 November 2018, accounting for regional seasonality (wet and dry seasons and transitions periods). Mean CO2 emissions for the whole observation period were the highest by a significant margin (p value < 0.05) in the conservation land (75±6 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1) compared to the three other sites, which ranged from 45±4 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1 (bushland) to 50±5 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1 (grazing land). Furthermore, CO2 emissions varied between seasons, with significantly higher emissions in the wet season than the dry season. Mean N2O emissions were highest in cropland (2.7±0.6 µg N2O-N m−2 h−1) and lowest in bushland (1.2±0.4  µg N2O-N m−2 h−1) but did not vary with season. In fact, N2O emissions were very low both in the wet and dry seasons, with slightly elevated values during the early days of the wet seasons in all LUTs. On the other hand, CH4 emissions did not show any significant differences across LUTs and seasons. Most CH4 fluxes were below the limit of detection (LOD, ±0.03 mg CH4-C m−2 h−1). We attributed the difference in soil CO2 emissions between the four sites to soil C content, which differed between the sites and was highest in the conservation land. In addition, CO2 and N2O emissions positively correlated with soil moisture, thus an increase in soil moisture led to an increase in emissions. Furthermore, vegetation cover explained the seasonal variation in soil CO2 emissions as depicted by a strong positive correlation between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and CO2 emissions, most likely because, with more green (active) vegetation cover, higher CO2 emissions occur due to enhanced root respiration compared to drier periods. Soil temperature did not show a clear correlation with either CO2 or N2O emissions, which is likely due to the low variability in soil temperature between seasons and sites. Based on our results, soil C, active vegetation cover, and soil moisture are key drivers of soil GHG emissions in all the tested LUTs in southern Kenya. Our results are within the range of previous GHG flux measurements from soils from various LUTs in other parts of Kenya and contribute to more accurate baseline GHG emission estimates from Africa, which are key to reducing uncertainties in global GHG budgets as well as for informing policymakers when discussing low-emission development strategies.

scholarly journals Influence of Aeration Method on Gaseous Emissions and the Losses of the Carbon and Nitrogen during Cow Manure Composting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11639
Author(s):  
Youling Wang ◽  
Huizhen Qiu ◽  
Mengchan Li ◽  
Philip Ghanney
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Principal Pathway ◽  
Cumulative Co2 Emissions

The objective of this research was to explore the effects of different aeration methods on NH3 and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the losses of carbon and nitrogen from composting of cow manure and corn stalks in the laboratory-scale reactors. Here, we designed three treatments, including continuous aerated treatment C1 (aeration rates 0.21 L·kg−1 dry matter (DM)·min−1) and intermittent aerated treatments I1 (aeration rates 0.42 L·kg−1 DM·min−1; aerate 10 min, stop 10 min) and I2 (aeration rates 0.84 L·kg−1 DM·min−1; aerate 5 min, stop 15 min). The results showed that the physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH values, and germination index) of composting products met the requirements of maturity and sanitation. Compared with continuous aerated treatment C1, the cumulative NH3 emissions of I1 and I2 treatments decreased by 24.37% and 19.27%, while the cumulative CO2 emissions decreased by 13.01% and 20.72%. On the contrary, the cumulative N2O emissions of I1 and I2 treatments increased by 22.22% and 43.14%. CO2 emission was the principal pathway for the TOC losses, which comprised over 65% of TOC losses. C1 treatment had the highest TOC losses due to its highest cumulative CO2 emissions. The TN losses of I1 and I2 treatments reduced 9.07% and 6.1% compared to C1 treatment, so the intermittent aerated modes could reduce the TN loss. Due to the potential for mitigation of gaseous emissions, I1 treatment was recommended to be used in aerobic composting of cow manure.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gases emissions from riparian wetlands: an example from the Inner Mongolia grassland region in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 4855-4872
Author(s):  
Xinyu Liu ◽  
Xixi Lu ◽  
Ruihong Yu ◽  
Heyang Sun ◽  
Hao Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Riparian Wetlands ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Riparian Wetland ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Gradual riparian wetland drying is increasingly sensitive to global warming and contributes to climate change. Riparian wetlands play a significant role in regulating carbon and nitrogen cycles. In this study, we analyzed the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from riparian wetlands in the Xilin River basin to understand the role of these ecosystems in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, the impact of the catchment hydrology and soil property variations on GHG emissions over time and space was evaluated. Our results demonstrate that riparian wetlands emit larger amounts of CO2 (335–2790 mgm-2h-1 in the wet season and 72–387 mgm-2h-1 in the dry season) than CH4 and N2O to the atmosphere due to high plant and soil respiration. The results also reveal clear seasonal variations and spatial patterns along the transects in the longitudinal direction. N2O emissions showed a spatiotemporal pattern similar to that of CO2 emissions. Near-stream sites were the only sources of CH4 emissions, while the other sites served as sinks for these emissions. Soil moisture content and soil temperature were the essential factors controlling GHG emissions, and abundant aboveground biomass promoted the CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions. Moreover, compared to different types of grasslands, riparian wetlands were the potential hotspots of GHG emissions in the Inner Mongolian region. Degradation of downstream wetlands has reduced the soil carbon pool by approximately 60 %, decreased CO2 emissions by approximately 35 %, and converted the wetland from a CH4 and N2O source to a sink. Our study showed that anthropogenic activities have extensively changed the hydrological characteristics of the riparian wetlands and might accelerate carbon loss, which could further affect GHG emissions.

Combustion and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of a Natural Gas-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine at Low and High Load Conditions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongsheng Guo ◽  
Brian Liko ◽  
Jennifer Littlejohns
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Renewable Natural Gas ◽  
Load Conditions

Abstract The Paris agreement is exerting pressure on industries that generate significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as transportation. Electrification can help reduce GHG emissions from light duty vehicles, but it is unfeasible for heavy duty vehicles that are predominately powered by diesel engines. Fuel switching from diesel to low carbon fuels is a more practical way helping reduce GHG emissions from heavy duty vehicles. Natural gas and renewable natural gas are low carbon or renewable fuels that generate much less carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions than diesel during combustion. Natural gas/renewable natural gas – diesel dual fuel combustion is an efficient way to replace diesel by natural gas/renewable natural gas in heavy duty diesel engines. This paper reports an experimental investigation on combustion and GHG emissions of a heavy duty natural gas – diesel dual fuel engine at different load/speed conditions. The variation in the effect of natural gas fraction on engine performance with changing engine load was compared and analyzed. Nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen oxides (NOx), methane (CH4) and CO2 emissions were experimentally investigated and analyzed. The results revealed that the effect of natural gas fraction on engine performance changed with varying engine load and speed condition. N2O emissions from a dual fuel engine changed with increasing natural gas fraction, but the effect of N2O emissions on overall GHG emissions was not significant. However, CH4 emissions contributed significantly to the overall GHG emissions in a dual fuel engine, especially at low load conditions.

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