Contribution of different grass species to plant-atmosphere ammonia exchange in intensively managed grassland

Abstract. Species diversity in grasslands usually declines with increasing input of nitrogen from fertilizers or atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Conversely, species diversity may also impact the build-up of soil nitrogen pools. Limited information is available on how plant-atmosphere ammonia exchange is related to species diversity in grasslands. We have here investigated grass species abundance and different foliar nitrogen pools in 4-year-old intensively managed grassland. Apoplastic pH and NH4+ concentrations of the 8 most abundant species were used to calculate stomatal NH3 compensation points. Apoplastic NH4+ concentrations differed considerably among the species, ranging from 13 to 117 μM, with highest values in Festuca pratensis. Also apoplastic pH values varied, from pH 6.0 in Phleum pratense to 6.9 in Dactylis glomerata. The observed differences in apoplastic NH4+ and pH resulted in a large span of predicted values for the stomatal NH3 compensation point which ranged from 0.20 to 6.57 nmol mol−1. Three species (Lolium perenne, Festuca pratensis and Dactylis glomerata) had sufficiently high NH3 compensation points and abundance to contribute to the NH3 emission of the whole field. At the same time, other grass species such as Phleum pratense and Lolium multiflorum had NH3 compensation points below the atmospheric NH3 concentration and could thus contribute to NH3 uptake from the atmosphere. Evaluated across species, leaf bulk-tissue NH4+ concentrations correlated well (r2=0.902) with stomatal NH3 compensation points calculated on the basis of the apoplastic bioassay. This suggests that leaf tissue NH4+ concentrations combined with data for the frequency distribution of the corresponding species can be used for predicting the NH3 exchange potential of a mixed grass sward.

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Contribution of different grass species to plant-atmosphere ammonia exchange in intensively managed grassland

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-6-59-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 59-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M. Mattsson ◽

B. Herrmann ◽

S. Jones ◽

A. Neftel ◽

M. A. Sutton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Compensation Point ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Pratensis ◽

Apoplastic Ph ◽

Intensively Managed ◽

Ammonia Exchange

Abstract. Species diversity in grasslands usually declines with increasing input of nitrogen from fertilizers or atmospheric deposition. Conversely, species diversity may also impact the build-up of soil and plant nitrogen pools. One important pool is NH3/NH4+ which also can be exchanged between plant leaves and the atmosphere. Limited information is available on how plant-atmosphere ammonia exchange is related to species diversity in grasslands. We have here investigated grass species abundance and different foliar nitrogen pools in 4-year-old intensively managed grassland. Apoplastic pH and NH4+ concentrations of the 8 most abundant species (Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense, Festuca pratensis, Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Bromus mollis) were used to calculate stomatal NH3 compensation points. Apoplastic NH4+ concentrations differed considerably among the species, ranging from 13 to 117 μM, with highest values in Festuca pratensis. Also apoplastic pH values varied, from pH 6.0 in Phleum pratense to 6.9 in Dactylis glomerata. The observed differences in apoplastic NH4+ and pH resulted in a large span of predicted values for the stomatal NH3 compensation point which ranged between 0.20 and 6.57 nmol mol−1. Three species (Lolium perenne, Festuca pratensis and Dactylis glomerata) had sufficiently high NH3 compensation point and abundance to contribute to the bi-directional NH3 fluxes recorded over the whole field. The other 5 grass species had NH3 compensation points considerably below the atmospheric NH3 concentration and were thus not likely to contribute to NH3 emission but only to NH3 uptake from the atmosphere. Evaluated across species, leaf bulk-tissue NH4+ concentrations correlated well (r2=0.902) with stomatal NH3 compensation points calculated on the basis of the apoplastic bioassay. This suggests that leaf tissue NH4+ concentrations combined with data for the frequency distribution of the corresponding species can be used for predicting the NH3 exchange potential of a mixed grass sward.

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The effect of some herbicides on seed yield of six grass species – Short Communication

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/4817-pps ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 38 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 23-28

Author(s):

J. Macháč ◽

B. Cagaš ◽

R. Macháč

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Short Communication ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

The Other ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Festuca Pratensis ◽

Arrhenatherum Elatius

The tolerance to or phytotoxicity of selected herbicides and their impact on seed yield was investigated in six grasses grown for seed: Phleum pratense cv. Sobol (a), Festuca rubra cv. Táborská (b), Festuca pratensis cv. Otava (c), Poa pratensis cv. Slezanka (d), Arrhenatherum elatius cv. Medián (e) and Dactylis glomerata cv. Zora (f). All species were tolerant to Grodyl 75 WG (amidosulfuron 75%), (a) and (f) were tolerant to Grodyl plus (amidosulfuron 15 g/kg + isoproturon 600 g/kg) which was phytotoxic to the other grass species; all species were tolerant to Stomp 330 E (pendimethalin 330 g/l); Lintur 70 WG (triasulfuron 4.1% + dicamba 65.9%) was phytotoxic only to (c) while the other species were tolerant to it.

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Analysis of dry matter yield structure of forage grasses

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/4033-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 50 (No. 6) ◽

pp. 277-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

N. Lemežienė ◽

J. Kanapeckas ◽

P. Tarakanovas ◽

S. Nekrošas

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Pratensis ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Yield Data ◽

Yield Structure

An average dry matter yield structure (three cuts per growing season) in relation to agronomically valuable characteristics of six forage grass species and a year of herbage utilization was studied over the period of 1989–2002 in Lithuania. The most productive species of the first cut of two years of herbage utilization were Phleum pratense (P < 0.01) and Festulolium hybrids (P < 0.05) (average dry matter yield were 7.42 and 6.66 t/ha, respectively), moderately productive – Festuca pratensis, Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne (5.58, 5.42 and 5.20 t/ha), significantly lower (P < 0.01) yielding was Poa pratensis (4.19 t/ha). During two years of herbage utilization Dactylis glomerata produced significantly (P < 0.01) higher dry matter yield of aftermath – 7.30 t/ha. Other grass species were ranked in the following order: Festulolium hybrids 5.85 t/ha, Festuca pratensis 4.94 t/ha, Poa pratensis 4.57 t/ha, Lolium perenne 4.48 t/ha, and Phleum pratense 3.92 t/ha. Dactylis glomerata and Poa pratensis distinguished by the highest aftermath percent in the structure of the annual dry matter yield (57.7 and 52.2%). Phleum pratense formed an especially poor aftermath – only 34.6%. An average annual dry matter yield data analysis of two years of herbage utilization over the period of 1989–2002 showed that Dactylis glomerata and Festulolium hybrids were most productive (P < 0.01) species.

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Evaluation of mineral fertilizer effects in a long-term experiment on a planted sward

Agrokémia és Talajtan ◽

10.1556/agrokem.59.2010.2.8 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 295-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Imre Kádár

Keyword(s):

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Agropyron Cristatum ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Festuca Pratensis ◽

Term Experiment ◽

Long Term Experiment

Egy műtrágyázási tartamkísérlet 32. évében, 2005-ben vizsgáltuk az eltérő N-, P- és K-ellátottsági szintek és kombinációik hatását a réti csenkesz (Festuca pratensis) vezérnövényű, nyolckomponensű, pillangós nélküli gyepkeverék termésére, fejlődésére és elemtartalmára. A termőhely mészlepedékes csernozjom talaja a szántott rétegben mintegy 3% humuszt, 3–5% CaCO3-ot és 20–22% agyagot tartalmazott, N és K elemekben közepesen, P és Zn elemekben gyengén ellátottnak minősült. A kísérlet 4N×4P×4K = 64 kezelést×2 ismétlést = 128 parcellát foglalt magában. A talajvíz 13–15 m mélyen helyezkedik el, a terület aszályérzékeny. A vizsgált 2005. évben azonban kielégítő mennyiségű (649 mm) csapadék hullott és annak eloszlása is kedvező volt. A gyep telepítése spenót elővetemény után 2000. szeptember 20-án történt gabona sortávra 60 kg·ha–1 vetőmaggal, amelynek 25%-át (15 kg) a réti csenkesz (Festuca pratensis); 21–21%-át (12,6 kg) a nádképű csenkesz (Festuca arundinacea) és az angol perje (Lolium perenne); 9%-át (5,4 kg) a taréjos búzafű (Agropyron cristatum), valamint 6–6%-át (3,6 kg) a vörös csenkesz (Festuca rubra), a réti komócsin (Phleum pratense), a zöld pántlikafű (Phalaris arundinacea) és a csomós ebír (Dactylis glomerata) tette ki. Főbb eredményeink: – A meghatározó N-trágyázás nyomán a szénatermés 5-szörösére emelkedett a két kaszálással a N-kontrollhoz viszonyítva. A maximális 10 t·ha–1 körüli légszáraz szénahozamokat a 300 kg N·ha–1·év–1 N-adag, valamint a 150 mg·kg–1 körüli AL-P2O5-, illetve 150 mg·kg–1 feletti AL-K2O-tartalom biztosította. Növénydiagnosztikai szempontból a nagy terméshez kötődő optimális elemtartalom 2% körüli N- és K-, illetve 0,2–0,3% P-koncentráció volt a szénában. – A két kaszálással felvett minimum (a 2 t·ha–1 körüli szénatermést adó N-kontroll) és maximum (a 10 t·ha–1 körüli szénahozamú, nitrogénnel és PK-vel jól ellátott talajok) elemmennyiségek a következőképpen alakultak: N 21–196 kg, K 39–188 kg, Ca 9–48 kg, Mg 4–22 kg, P 6–21 kg. – Az N×P és N×K kölcsönhatások kifejezettebbé váltak a 2. kaszálás idején. A P 0,18–0,55%, a NO3-N 86–1582 mg·kg–1, a Cu 4,7–7,4 mg·kg–1, a Mo 0,7–4,1 mg·kg–1 extrém értékeket jelzett az N×P kezelések függvényében. Az N×K kezelésekben a K 1,44–2,73%, a Mg 0,26–0,39%, a Na 71–2178 mg·kg–1, a Ba 4,1–9,6 mg·kg–1, a Cd 15–44 µg·kg–1 szélsőértékekkel volt jellemezhető. A Sr a 10–26 mg·kg–1 koncentrációtartományban módosult a P×K-ellátottság nyomán. Élettani, takarmányozástani szempontból az indukált kölcsönhatások nyomon követése elengedhetetlen, amennyiben olyan mérvű tápelemhiányok, illetve aránytalanságok jöhetnek létre, melyek anyagcserezavarokat okozhatnak a növényt fogyasztó állatban.

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Influence of neighbors on node production, stolon growth, and branching of Trifolium repens transplants in a pasture

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b93-149 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 71 (9) ◽

pp. 1266-1269 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Roy Turkington ◽

Elena Klein

Keyword(s):

Trifolium Repens ◽

Maximum Rate ◽

Light Quality ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Holcus Lanatus ◽

Subsequent Growth ◽

Local Environments ◽

Trifolium Repens L

Ten individual plants of Trifolium repens L. were transplanted into a 49-year-old cattle pasture in British Columbia. They were protected from grazing and their subsequent growth was monitored at 2- to 3-week intervals throughout the summer from May to October. The rate of stolon elongation was greatest (2.01 cm ∙ week−1) in late July and a maximum rate of node production (1.48 new nodes per stolon ∙ week−1) occurred in early August. As stolons extended through the pasture they encountered a number of different grass species: Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense, and Poa spp. The stolons grew through a total of 2 m of H. lanatus neighborhood and produced only 3 branches, whereas they produced 11 branches in only 57.2 cm of P. pratense neighborhood. Neighboring grasses impose different local environments on the nodes and stolons of T. repens and consequently influence the dynamics of node production, the rate of stolon elongation, and the amount of stolon branching. Key words: stolon branching, neighbors, light quality, Trifolium repens.

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Effects of grass species on ruminal degradability of silages and prediction of dry matter effective degradability

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/1725-cjas ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽

pp. 315-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

F. Jančík ◽

V. Koukolová ◽

P. Kubelková ◽

B. Čermák

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Ruminant Nutrition ◽

Accuracy Level ◽

Ruminal Degradability

Forty samples of grass silages, made from the five most widely used grass species in ruminant nutrition (Dactylis glomerata L.,Phleum pratense L., Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea L. and hybrid Felina) were tested in the present study. These grass species conserved by an ensiling process were compared among each other according to dry matter (DM) rumen degradability parameters (a = portion of DM solubilized at initiation of incubation, b = fraction of DM potentially degradable in the rumen, c = rate constant of disappearance of fraction b and EDDM = effective degradability of DM, estimated for each ingredient assuming the rumen solid outflow rates of 0.02 (EDDM2), 0.05 (EDDM5) and 0.08 (EDDM8) h–1). Based on the chemical composition of grass silages the regression equations for prediction of EDDM were evaluated. The influence of the ensiling process on dry matter degradability parameters was also assessed. The best values of EDDM were determined for Lolium perenne (EDDM2 = 753.2, EDDM5 = 631.1 and EDDM8 = 567.7 g/kg DM). The best predictor was NDF (R2-values of 0.757 (EDDM2), 0.863 (EDDM5) and 0.906 (EDDM8)). Using two predictors the accuracy level increased. The combination of CF and NDF gave R2-values 0.892, 0.920 and 0.929 for EDDM2, EDDM5 and EDDM8, respectively. The regression equations based on the most important grass species harvested in different vegetation periods seem to be a useful tool for practical use. No significant P < 0.05) effect of the ensiling process in relation to dry matter rumen degradability parameters was proved.

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The resistance of Lolium perenne L. × hybridum, Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra, F. arundinacea, Phleum pratense and Dactylis glomerata to soil pollution by diesel oil and petroleum

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/42/2019-pse ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (No. 6) ◽

pp. 307-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽

Agata Borowik ◽

Jan Kucharski

Keyword(s):

Soil Pollution ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Diesel Oil ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Lolium Perenne L ◽

Phleum Pratense L

Resistance of common European grasses to diesel oil and petroleum pollution is not well-known. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the level of resistance of selected grasses to pollution by diesel and petroleum using the pot experiment. The achieved results were compared with those determined for grasses grown on the non-polluted soil. Soil pollution with the tested products was found to significantly decrease the yield of all grasses, with the decrease being lower upon soil pollution with petroleum than with diesel oil. The most resistant to the pollution with diesel oil and petroleum were Phleum pratense L., Lolium perenne L. and Lolium × hybridum Hausskn. The degradation of particular groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) depended on their chemical properties, on the type of pollutant and grass species. The greatest degradation was determined in the case of BTEX, C6–C12 benzines as well as 2- and 3-ring hydrocarbons, whereas the lowest in the case of 5-and 6-ring hydrocarbons and C12–C25 oils. The most useful species in the remediation of soils polluted with diesel oil and petroleum turned out to be: Lolium perenne L., Lolium × hybridum Hausskn and Phleum pratense L., whereas the least useful appeared to be: Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata L. and Poa pratensis L.

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Evaluation of Suitability of Grass Species for Dry Conditions (Water Stress)

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201462050953 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 953-960 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paulo António Jerónimo ◽

František Hrabě ◽

Pavel Knot ◽

Michal Kvasnovský

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Shoot Formation ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Pratensis ◽

Above Ground Biomass ◽

Fodder Production ◽

Moisture Regimes ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

Number Of Stems

Based on three-year results of a ﬁeld experiment evaluating aboveground biomass production and the number of stems of above-ground shoots of grass species (Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis) grown in a 200×200 mm layout in two water regime variants (normal and reduced – 50% of precipitation) and further in two variants of mowing intensity (meadow – 3 mowings, grazing – 5 mowings per year), the following has been ascertained. The most productive species on averages of the two moisture regimes is Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne and Festuca pratensis have fodder weight signiﬁcantly lower by 20.8% and 22.6% (meadow var.) and 16.9% and 21.9% (grazing var.). Reduction of moisture signiﬁcantly decreased the above ground biomass weight in case of meadow exploitation in Dactylis glomerata −41.2%, in Lolium perenne by −9.9% and in Festuca pratensis −33.5%. In case of grazing exploitation, the inﬂuence of “drought” on production was less pronounced. Dactylis glomerata provided the same output, in Lolium perenne there was a decrease of −15.7% and in Festuca pratensis −11.9%. Reduction of precipitation signiﬁcantly decreased shoot formation particularly in case of meadow utilization in Lolium perenne −23.7%, Dactylis glomerata −34.7% and Festuca pratensis −20.5%. In case of grazing utilization, reduction in the number of pseudostems due to “drought” was lower – in the order of the above species – 27.1% – 4.6% – 9.6%. Generally, compared with meadow utilization, grazing utilization decreases fodder production in both moisture regimes and increases the number of above-ground shoots.

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Germination of seeds and growth of seedlings of selected grass species under the influence of blastokolins from germinating grass seeds

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2006.081 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 253-262

Author(s):

Halina Lipińska

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Pratensis ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Petri Dishes ◽

Randomization Method ◽

Growth Of Seedlings

Experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions in Department of Grass Science and Greenland Shaping in 2002-2004. Studies included six experiment series on Petri dishes set by means of complete randomization method in four replications. Following species were tested: Festulolium, Festuca pratensis, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis making one or two-species combinations. Fifteen seeds of two species were arranged alternately in 1- centimeter distance on a Petri dish. Objects where seeds germinated with no neighborhood of other species (30 seeds on a dish), were control. The filter's humidity on Petri dishes was maintained by wetting it with distilled water. Achieved results revealed significant influence of blastokolins of tested grass species on seed germination and initial seedling growth. Secretion of germinating Festulolium seeds showed the highest activity. Reaction of tested grass species to allelochemicals varied. In reference to control objects, Phleum pratense among tested species was distinguished with the highest susceptibility to allelochemicals released during seed germination.

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Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) as Affected by Rhizobacteria

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha44110252 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 296-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Olivera STAJKOVIĆ-SRBINOVIĆ ◽

Dušica DELIĆ ◽

Djordje KUZMANOVIĆ ◽

Biljana SIKIRIĆ ◽

Nataša RASULIĆ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Pratensis ◽

Meadow Fescue ◽

Total N ◽

Plant Growth Promoting ◽

Uninoculated Control ◽

Growth Promoting ◽

Dactylis Glomerata L

A diverse group of soil bacteria found in the rhizosphere which can colonize plant roots and improve plant growth are designated as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. The aim of this study was isolation and screening of different rhizobacterial strains for plant growth promoting characteristics and their ability to improve growth of two grass species, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.). The strains investigated, belonging to the genera Azotobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and rhizobial bacteria, showed various plant growth promoting traits, such as phosphate solubilisation, siderophore production, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. Co-inoculation of meadow fescue with Azotobacter chroococcum A2 and Sinorhizobium meliloti or Pseudomonas sp., and A. chroococcum A5 with S. meliloti, significantly increased shoot dry weight (SDW)(25-33%), as well as total N (26-33%), P (24-31%) and K (26-28%) contents in plants (mg pot-1), compared to uninoculated control. In addition, inoculation of orchardgrass with A. chroococcum strain A1, as well as co-inoculation with B. megaterium and A. chroococcum A1 or A31, significantly increased SDW (51-59%) and total N (54-59%), P (51-74%) and K (49-55%) contents, compared to uninoculated control. Nitrogen percentage in SDW was slightly higher than sufficiency ranges, while K percentage was optimal in all treatments in both species. Phosphorous percentage was lower than sufficiency ranges as a consequence of very low soil P content. The results emphasize the potential of particular rhizobacteria to improve the growth of forage grasses.

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