scholarly journals Radiative forcings for 28 potential Archean greenhouse gases

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 2011-2053 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Byrne ◽  
C. Goldblatt
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hitran Database ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Radiative Forcings ◽  
Standard Set

Abstract. Despite reduced insolation in the late Archean, evidence suggests a warm climate which was likely sustained by a stronger greenhouse effect, the so-called Faint Young Sun Problem (FYSP). CO2 and CH4 are generally thought to be the mainstays of this enhanced greenhouse, though many other gases have been proposed. We present high accuracy radiative forcings for CO2, CH4 and 26 other gases, performing the radiative transfer calculations at line-by-line resolution and using HITRAN 2012 line data for background pressures of 0.5, 1, and 2 bar. For CO2 to resolve the FYSP alone, 0.21 bar is needed with 0.5 bar of atmospheric pressure, 0.13 bar with 1 bar of atmospheric pressures, or 0.07 bar with 2 bar of atmospheric pressure. For CH4, we find that near-infrared absorption is much stronger than previously thought, arising from updates to the HITRAN database. CH4 radiative forcing peaks at 10.3, 9, or 8.3 W m−2 for background pressures of 0.5, 1 or 2 bar, likely limiting the utility of CH4 for warming the Archean. For the other 26 HITRAN gases, radiative forcings of up to a few to 10 W m−2 are obtained from concentrations of 0.1–1 ppmv for many gases. We further calculate the reduction of radiative forcing due to gas overlap for the 20 strongest gases. We recommend the forcings provided here be used both as a first reference for which gases are likely good greenhouse gases, and as a standard set of calculations for validation of radiative forcing calculations for the Archean.

scholarly journals Radiative forcings for 28 potential Archean greenhouse gases

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1779-1801 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Byrne ◽  
C. Goldblatt
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hitran Database ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Radiative Forcings ◽  
Standard Set

Abstract. Despite reduced insolation in the late Archean, evidence suggests a~warm climate which was likely sustained by a stronger greenhouse effect, the so-called faint young sun problem (FYSP). CO2 and CH4 are generally thought to be the mainstays of this enhanced greenhouse, though many other gases have been proposed. We present high accuracy radiative forcings for CO2, CH4, and 26 other gases, performing the radiative transfer calculations at line-by-line resolution and using HITRAN 2012 line data for background pressures of 0.5, 1, and 2 bar of atmospheric N2. For CO2 to resolve the FYSP alone at 2.8 Gyr BP (80% of present solar luminosity), 0.32 bar is needed with 0.5 bar of atmospheric N2, 0.20 bar with 1 bar of atmospheric N2, or 0.11 bar with 2 bar of atmospheric N2. For CH4, we find that near-infrared absorption is much stronger than previously thought, arising from updates to the HITRAN database. CH4 radiative forcing peaks at 10.3, 9, or 8.3 W m−2 for background pressures of 0.5, 1, or 2 bar, likely limiting the utility of CH4 for warming the Archean. For the other 26 HITRAN gases, radiative forcings of up to a few to 10 W m−2 are obtained from concentrations of 0.1–1 ppmv for many gases. For the 20 strongest gases, we calculate the reduction in radiative forcing due to overlap. We also tabulate the modern sources, sinks, concentrations, and lifetimes of these gases and summaries the literature on Archean sources and concentrations. We recommend the forcings provided here be used both as a first reference for which gases are likely good greenhouse gases, and as a standard set of calculations for validation of radiative forcing calculations for the Archean.

scholarly journals Comment on "Radiative forcings for 28 potential Archean greenhouse gases" by Byrne and Goldblatt (2014)

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1097-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Kochanov ◽  
I. E. Gordon ◽  
L. S. Rothman ◽  
S. W. Sharpe ◽  
T. J. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Spectral Region ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radiative Forcings ◽  
The Status ◽  
Moderate Resolution ◽  
Spectroscopic Database

Abstract. In the recent article by Byrne and Goldblatt, "Radiative forcing for 28 potential Archean greenhouse gases", Clim. Past. 10, 1779–1801 (2014), the authors employ the HITRAN2012 spectroscopic database to evaluate the radiative forcing of 28 Archean gases. As part of the evaluation of the status of the spectroscopy of these gases in the selected spectral region (50–1800 cm−1), the cross sections generated from the HITRAN line-by-line parameters were compared with those of the PNNL database of experimental cross sections recorded at moderate resolution. The authors claimed that for NO2, HNO3, H2CO, H2O2, HCOOH, C2H4, CH3OH and CH3Br there exist large or sometimes severe disagreements between the databases. In this work we show that for only three of these eight gases a modest discrepancy does exist between the two databases and we explain the origin of the differences. For the other five gases, the disagreements are not nearly at the scale suggested by the authors, while we explain some of the differences that do exist. In summary, the agreement between the HITRAN and PNNL databases is very good, although not perfect. Typically differences do not exceed 10 %, provided that HITRAN data exist for the bands/wavelengths of interest. It appears that a molecule-dependent combination of errors has affected the conclusions of the authors. In at least one case it appears that they did not take the correct file from PNNL (N2O4 (dimer)+ NO2 was used in place of the monomer). Finally, cross sections of HO2 from HITRAN (which do not have a PNNL counterpart) were not calculated correctly in BG, while in the case of HF misleading discussion was presented there based on the confusion by foreign or noise features in the experimental PNNL spectra.

scholarly journals Comment on "Radiative forcings for 28 potential Archean greenhouse gases" by Byrne and Goldblatt (2014)

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1985-2007
Author(s):  
R. V. Kochanov ◽  
I. E. Gordon ◽  
L. S. Rothman ◽  
S. W. Sharpe ◽  
T. J. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Spectral Region ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radiative Forcings ◽  
The Status ◽  
Moderate Resolution ◽  
Spectroscopic Database

Abstract. In the recent article by Byrne and Goldblatt, "Radiative forcing for 28 potential Archean greenhouse gases," Clim. Past. 10, 1779–1801 (2014), the authors employ the HITRAN2012 spectroscopic database to evaluate the radiative forcing of 28 Archean gases. As part of the evaluation of the status of the spectroscopy of these gases in the selected spectral region (50–1800 cm−1), the cross sections generated from the HITRAN line-by-line parameters were compared with those of the PNNL database of experimental cross sections recorded at moderate resolution. The authors claimed that for NO2, HNO3, H2CO, H2O2, HCOOH, C2H4, CH3OH and CH3Br there exist large or sometimes severe disagreements between the databases. In this work we show that for only three of these eight gases does a modest discrepancy exist between the two databases and we explain the origin of the differences. For the other five gases, the disagreements are not nearly at the scale suggested by the authors, while we explain some of the differences that do exist. In summary, the agreement between the HITRAN and PNNL databases is very good, although not perfect. Typically differences do not exceed 10%, provided that HITRAN data exist for the bands/wavelengths of interest. It appears that a molecule-dependent combination of errors have affected the conclusions of the authors. In at least one case it appears that they did not take the correct file from PNNL (N2O4 + NO2 dimer was used in place of the monomer). Finally, cross sections of HO2 from HITRAN (which do not have a PNNL counterpart) were not calculated correctly.

On the structure of instantaneous radiative forcing kernels for greenhouse gases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda C. Maycock ◽  
Christopher J. Smith ◽  
Alexandru Rap ◽  
Owain Rutherford
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Small Amplitude ◽  
The Other ◽  
Background Concentration ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Water Vapour Absorption ◽  
Cloud Radiative Effects ◽  
Absorption Features

AbstractThe SOCRATES offline radiative transfer code is used to investigate the magnitude and structure of the instantaneous radiative forcing kernels (IRFKs) for five major greenhouse gases (GHGs; CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC-11, and O3). All gases produce IRFKs that peak in the tropical upper troposphere. In addition to differences in spectroscopic intensities and the position of absorption features relative to the peak of the Planck function for Earth’s temperature, the variation in current background concentration of gases substantially affects the IRFK magnitudes. When the background concentration of CO2 is reduced from parts per million to parts per trillion levels, the peak magnitude of the IRFK increases by a factor of 642. When all gases are set to parts per trillion concentrations in the troposphere, the peak IRFK magnitudes are 1.0, 3.0, 3.1, 58 and 75 Wm−2 ppmv−1 100 hPa−1 for CH4, CO2, N2O, O3 and CFC-11, respectively. The altitude of the IRFK maximum also differs, with the maximum for CFC-11 and water vapour occurring above 100 hPa while the other gases peak near 150-200 hPa. Overlap with water vapour absorption decreases the magnitude of the IRFKs for all the GHGs, particularly in the low-to-mid troposphere, but it does not strongly affect the peak IRFK altitude. Cloud radiative effects reduce the magnitude of the IRFK for CO2 by around 10-20% in the upper troposphere. The use of IRFKs to estimate IRF is found to be accurate for small amplitude perturbations, but becomes inaccurate for large amplitude changes (e.g. a doubling) for gases with a higher atmospheric optical depth.

scholarly journals Seasonal and elevational variations of black carbon and dust in snow and ice in the Solu-Khumbu, Nepal and estimated radiative forcings

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 8089-8103 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kaspari ◽  
T. H. Painter ◽  
M. Gysel ◽  
S. M. Skiles ◽  
M. Schwikowski
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radiative Forcings ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Radiative Transfer Modeling ◽  
The Himalaya ◽  
Snow And Ice Melt ◽  
Snow And Ice

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) and dust deposited on snow and glacier surfaces can reduce the surface albedo, accelerate snow and ice melt, and trigger albedo feedback. Assessing BC and dust concentrations in snow and ice in the Himalaya is of interest because this region borders large BC and dust sources, and seasonal snow and glacier ice in this region are an important source of water resources. Snow and ice samples were collected from crevasse profiles and snow pits at elevations between 5400 and 6400 m a.s.l. from Mera glacier located in the Solu-Khumbu region of Nepal during spring and fall 2009, providing the first observational data of BC concentrations in snow and ice from the southern slope of the Himalaya. The samples were measured for Fe concentrations (used as a dust proxy) via ICP-MS, total impurity content gravimetrically, and BC concentrations using a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2). Measured BC concentrations underestimate actual BC concentrations due to changes to the sample during storage and loss of BC particles in the ultrasonic nebulizer; thus, we correct for the underestimated BC mass. BC and Fe concentrations are substantially higher at elevations < 6000 m due to post-depositional processes including melt and sublimation and greater loading in the lower troposphere. Because the largest areal extent of snow and ice resides at elevations < 6000 m, the higher BC and dust concentrations at these elevations can reduce the snow and glacier albedo over large areas, accelerating melt, affecting glacier mass balance and water resources, and contributing to a positive climate forcing. Radiative transfer modeling constrained by measurements at 5400 m at Mera La indicates that BC concentrations in the winter–spring snow/ice horizons are sufficient to reduce albedo by 6–10% relative to clean snow, corresponding to localized instantaneous radiative forcings of 75–120 W m−2. The other bulk impurity concentrations, when treated separately as dust, reduce albedo by 40–42% relative to clean snow and give localized instantaneous radiative forcings of 488 to 525 W m−2. Adding the BC absorption to the other impurities results in additional radiative forcings of 3 W m−2. The BC and Fe concentrations were used to further examine relative absorption of BC and dust. When dust concentrations are high, dust dominates absorption, snow albedo reduction, and radiative forcing, and the impact of BC may be negligible, confirming the radiative transfer modeling. When impurity concentrations are low, the absorption by BC and dust may be comparable; however, due to the low impurity concentrations, albedo reductions are small. While these results suggest that the snow albedo and radiative forcing effect of dust is considerably greater than BC, there are several sources of uncertainty. Further observational studies are needed to address the contribution of BC, dust, and colored organics to albedo reductions and snow and ice melt, and to characterize the time variation of radiative forcing.

Dry chip feedrate control using online chip moisture

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (05) ◽  
pp. 295-305
Author(s):  
Wesley Gilbert ◽  
Ivan Trush ◽  
Bruce Allison ◽  
Randy Reimer ◽  
Howard Mason
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Rate Control ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Process Variability ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Feedback Control Strategy ◽  
And Control

Normal practice in continuous digester operation is to set the production rate through the chip meter speed. This speed is seldom, if ever, adjusted except to change production, and most of the other digester inputs are ratioed to it. The inherent assumption is that constant chip meter speed equates to constant dry mass flow of chips. This is seldom, if ever, true. As a result, the actual production rate, effective alkali (EA)-to-wood and liquor-to-wood ratios may vary substantially from assumed values. This increases process variability and decreases profits. In this report, a new continuous digester production rate control strategy is developed that addresses this shortcoming. A new noncontacting near infrared–based chip moisture sensor is combined with the existing weightometer signal to estimate the actual dry chip mass feedrate entering the digester. The estimated feedrate is then used to implement a novel feedback control strategy that adjusts the chip meter speed to maintain the dry chip feedrate at the target value. The report details the results of applying the new measurements and control strategy to a dual vessel continuous digester.

scholarly journals High-Accuracy Surface Topography Manufacturing for Continuous Phase Plates Using an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 683
Author(s):  
Huiliang Jin ◽  
Caixue Tang ◽  
Haibo Li ◽  
Yuanhang Zhang ◽  
Yaguo Li
Keyword(s):  
Surface Topography ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma ◽  
Plasma Jet ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Phase Plate ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet ◽  
Pressure Plasma

The continuous phase plate (CPP) is the vital diffractive optical element involved in laser beam shaping and smoothing in high-power laser systems. The high gradients, small spatial periods, and complex features make it difficult to achieve high accuracy when manufacturing such systems. A high-accuracy and high-efficiency surface topography manufacturing method for CPP is presented in this paper. The atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) system is presented and the removal characteristics are studied to obtain the optimal processing parameters. An optimized iterative algorithm based on the dwell point matrix and a fast Fourier transform (FFT) is proposed to improve the accuracy and efficiency in the dwell time calculation process. A 120 mm × 120 mm CPP surface topography with a 1326.2 nm peak-to-valley (PV) value is fabricated with four iteration steps after approximately 1.6 h of plasma processing. The residual figure error between the prescribed surface topography and plasma-processed surface topography is 28.08 nm root mean square (RMS). The far-field distribution characteristic of the plasma-fabricated surface is analyzed, for which the energy radius deviation is 11 μm at 90% encircled energy. The experimental results demonstrates the potential of the APPJ approach for the manufacturing of complex surface topographies.

Near-Infrared Combination and Overtone Bands of CH in CHX3, CHX2—CHX2, and CHX2—CX2—CHX2

2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 1393-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reikichi Iwamoto ◽  
Akishi Nara ◽  
Toshihiko Matsuda
Keyword(s):  
Excited State ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coupled Modes ◽  
Third Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Combination Bands ◽  
Deformation Modes

In the present report we studied spectral characteristics of the near-infrared combination and overtone bands of CH vibrations of a CH sequence. The near-infrared bands of the CH in CHX3 (X, halogen), which were interpreted in terms of the CH stretching and CH deformation fundamentals without any ambiguity, typically showed how the frequency and intensity of a combination or an overtone depend on the vibrational excited state. In the CH–C–CH of CHX2CX2CHX2, the vibrations of one CH are isolated from those of the other CH, and the combination and overtone bands were similarly interpreted as those of the CH, although each of the combination bands was split into two because of non-degeneracy of the CH deformation. In the CH–CH of CHX2CHX2, the CH deformations only have coupled modes. The first combination showed four narrowly separate bands, which were reasonably interpreted on the basis of the CH stretching and the coupled CH deformation modes. We demonstrated that the first combination of coupled modes as well as the combination of up to, at least, the third order of isolated modes have the nature of the characteristic bands.

Predictions of Current Attachment at Thermionic Cathode for TIG Arcs

2008 ◽  
Vol 580-582 ◽  
pp. 319-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabu Tanaka ◽  
Kentaro Yamamoto ◽  
Tashiro Shinichi ◽  
John J. Lowke
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Work Function ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Numerical Calculations ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Arc Plasma ◽  
Melting Points ◽  
Thermionic Cathode ◽  
Uniform Current

Study of current attachment at thermionic cathode for TIG arc at atmospheric pressure is attempted from numerical calculations of arc-electrodes unified model. The calculations show that the maximum temperature of arc plasma close to the cathode tip for W-2% ThO2 reaches 19,000 K and it is the highest value in comparison with the other temperatures for W-2% La2O3 and W-2% CeO2, because the current attachment at the cathode tip is constricted by a centralized limitation of liquid area of ThO2 due to its higher melting point. The calculations also show that, in cases of W- 2% La2O3 and W-2% CeO2, the liquid areas of La2O3 and Ce2O3 are widely expanded at the cathode tip due to their lower melting points and then produce uniform current attachments at the cathode. It is concluded that the current attachment at thermionic cathode is strongly dependent on work function, melting point and Richardson constant of emitter materials.

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