Climate and soil type effects on crop residue decomposition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed Gregorich ◽  
Mike Beare ◽  
Denis Curtin ◽  
Henry Janzen ◽  
Ben Ellert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Organic Matter Quality ◽  
Crop Residue Decomposition

<p>Crop residues are an important resource for maintaining soil productivity. The decay of crop residues is linked to many ecosystem functions, affecting atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, nutrient release, microbial diversity, and soil organic matter quality. The rate of decay, in turn, is regulated by soil type, management, and environmental variables, some of which will be changing in the future. Our objective in this study was to evaluate effects of soil type, climate, residue placement on the decomposition and retention of residue-derived C. <sup>13</sup>C-labelled barley straw was either placed at the surface or mixed to 10 cm in soils at four sites in Canada and one site in New Zealand representing different soil types and climates. Soils were collected periodically over 10 yr to determine <sup>13</sup>C remaining. The loss of C from crop residues occurred quickly, most (70-75%) within the first 2 yrs but with only 5-10% remaining after 10 yrs. There were large losses of C from the mixed treatments within the first year, with 20-50% lost after 6 months over winter and 50-70 % lost after one year; after that decomposition slowed. Temperature was the single most important factor regulating the rate of residue decay. Thermal time, expressed as cumulative degree days, explained more of the variability in residue C recovered than time (in calendar years). Slower decay of surface-placed residues may be attributed to lower mean annual precipitation at those sites. Thermal time is a robust, consistent way of predicting crop residue decay rates (or C storage) for comparing C kinetics across sites with different soils and climates.</p>

scholarly journals Crop Residue Management for Sustenance of Natural Resources and Agriculture Productivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maninder Singh ◽  
Anita Jaswal ◽  
Arshdeep Singh
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Crop Residue Management

Crop residue management (CRM) through conservation agriculture can improve soil productivity and crop production by preserving soil organic matter (SOM) levels. Two major benefits of surface-residue management are improved organic matter (OM) near the soil surface and boosted nutrient cycling and preservation. Larger microbial biomass and activity near the soil surface act as a pool for nutrients desirable in crop production and enhance structural stability for increased infiltration. In addition to the altered nutrient distribution within the soil profile, changes also occur in the chemical and physical properties of the soil. Improved soil C sequestration through enhanced CRM is a cost-effective option for reducing agriculture's impact on the environment. Ideally, CRM practices should be selected to optimize crop yields with negligible adverse effects on the environment. Crop residues of common agricultural crops are chief resources, not only as sources of nutrients for subsequent crops but also for amended soil, water and air quality. Maintaining and managing crop residues in agriculture can be economically beneficial to many producers and more importantly to society. Improved residue management and reduced tillage practices should be encouraged because of their beneficial role in reducing soil degradation and increasing soil productivity. Thus, farmers have a responsibility in making management decisions that will enable them to optimize crop yields and minimize environmental impacts. Multi-disciplinary and integrated efforts by a wide variety of scientists are required to design the best site-specific systems for CRM practices to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability while minimizing environmental impacts.

scholarly journals Crop residue decomposition in Minnesota biochar-amended plots

Solid Earth ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 499-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Weyers ◽  
K. A. Spokas
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Microbial Dynamics ◽  
Wood Pellet ◽  
First Order ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
Crop Residue Decomposition

Abstract. Impacts of biochar application at laboratory scales are routinely studied, but impacts of biochar application on decomposition of crop residues at field scales have not been widely addressed. The priming or hindrance of crop residue decomposition could have a cascading impact on soil processes, particularly those influencing nutrient availability. Our objectives were to evaluate biochar effects on field decomposition of crop residue, using plots that were amended with biochars made from different plant-based feedstocks and pyrolysis platforms in the fall of 2008. Litterbags containing wheat straw material were buried in July of 2011 below the soil surface in a continuous-corn cropped field in plots that had received one of seven different biochar amendments or a uncharred wood-pellet amendment 2.5 yr prior to start of this study. Litterbags were collected over the course of 14 weeks. Microbial biomass was assessed in treatment plots the previous fall. Though first-order decomposition rate constants were positively correlated to microbial biomass, neither parameter was statistically affected by biochar or wood-pellet treatments. The findings indicated only a residual of potentially positive and negative initial impacts of biochars on residue decomposition, which fit in line with established feedstock and pyrolysis influences. Overall, these findings indicate that no significant alteration in the microbial dynamics of the soil decomposer communities occurred as a consequence of the application of plant-based biochars evaluated here.

scholarly journals Crop residue decomposition in Minnesota biochar amended plots

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 599-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Weyers ◽  
K. A. Spokas
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Wood Pellet ◽  
First Order ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
Crop Residue Decomposition ◽  
Charred Wood

Abstract. Impacts of biochar application at laboratory scales are routinely studied, but impacts of biochar application on decomposition of crop residues at field scales have not been widely addressed. The priming or hindrance of crop residue decomposition could have a cascading impact on soil processes, particularly those influencing nutrient availability. Our objectives were to evaluate biochar effects on field decomposition of crop residue, using plots that were amended with biochars made from different feedstocks and pyrolysis platforms prior to the start of this study. Litterbags containing wheat straw material were buried below the soil surface in a continuous-corn cropped field in plots that had received one of seven different biochar amendments or a non-charred wood pellet amendment 2.5 yr prior to start of this study. Litterbags were collected over the course of 14 weeks. Microbial biomass was assessed in treatment plots the previous fall. Though first-order decomposition rate constants were positively correlated to microbial biomass, neither parameter was statistically affected by biochar or wood-pellet treatments. The findings indicated only a residual of potentially positive and negative initial impacts of biochars on residue decomposition, which fit in line with established feedstock and pyrolysis influences. Though no significant impacts were observed with field-weathered biochars, effective soil management may yet have to account for repeat applications of biochar.

scholarly journals Return of crop residues to arable land stimulates N2O emission but mitigates NO3− leaching: a meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijie Li ◽  
Rüdiger Reichel ◽  
Zhenfeng Xu ◽  
Harry Vereecken ◽  
Nicolas Brüggemann
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Residue Incorporation ◽  
Crop Residue Incorporation

AbstractIncorporation of crop residues into the soil has been widely recommended as an effective method to sustain soil fertility and improve soil carbon sequestration in arable lands. However, it may lead to an increase in the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) and leaching of nitrate (NO3−) to groundwater due to higher nitrogen (N) availability after crop residue incorporation. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis based on 345 observations from 90 peer-reviewed studies to evaluate the effects of crop residue return on soil N2O emissions and NO3− leaching for different locations, climatic and soil conditions, and agricultural management strategies. On average, crop residue incorporation significantly stimulated N2O emissions by 29.7%, but decreased NO3− leaching by 14.4%. The increase in N2O emissions was negatively and significantly correlated with mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation, and with the most significant changes occurring in the temperate climate zone. Crop residues stimulated N2O emission mainly in soils with pH ranging between 5.5 and 6.5, or above 7.5 in soils with low clay content. In addition, crop residue application decreased NO3− leaching significantly in soils with sandy loam, silty clay loam, and silt loam textures. Our analysis reveals that an appropriate crop residue management adapted to the site-specific soil and environmental conditions is critical for increasing soil organic carbon stocks and decreasing nitrogen losses. The most important novel finding is that residue return, despite stimulation of N2O emissions, is particularly effective in reducing NO3− leaching in soils with loamy texture, which are generally among the most productive arable soils.

scholarly journals Impact of Green Manuring and Crop Residues Incorporation along with Gypsum on Rehabilitation of Saline Sodic Soil and Yield of Direct Seeded and Transplanted Rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Imdad Ali Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Arshad Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Jamil ◽  
Badar-uz- Zaman ◽  
Muhammad Suhaib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Green Manuring ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Crop Harvest ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Paddy Yield

A two years field study on rice was conducted to see the efficacy of gypsum to improve soil productivity with green manuring (GM) and crop residue (CR) incorporation and its impact on paddy yield of direct seeded rice and transplanted rice grown under saline-sodic soil..................................................Soil organic matter (SOM) intensity was also improved due to GM and CR incorporation particularly during the second year of crop harvest.

scholarly journals Effect of Placement Method of Crop Residue and Irrigation on Soil Physical Properties and Plant Production

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Dwl Putro Tejo Baskoro
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Surface Application ◽  
Wet Condition

A proper management of crop residue can increase crop production since it plays an important role on increasingwater availability. The effect of crop residue application on soil productivity depends on many factors. In this research. theeffect of placement of crop residue and irrigation on soil physical properties and crop production were examined under field condition on dry season. The result showed that crop residue placement had no significant effect on all parameters of measured soil physical properties both under dry condition (no irrigation) and wet condition (with irrigation). The effects ofcrop residue placements on maize growth were also not significant. Nevertheless there was a tendency that surface application produced higher biomass than buried application. On grain yield, however. the effect of crop residue placement was significant. especially under dry condition with no water applied Surface application of crop residues produced higher grain yield than buried application.

Soil amendments and water-stable aggregation of a desurfaced Dark Brown Chernozem

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiguo Sun ◽  
Francis J. Larney ◽  
Murray S. Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Animal Manures ◽  
Maximum Stability

Aggregate stability, which influences soil resistance to wind and water erosion, can be improved by the application of organic amendments. In spring 1992, a desurfaced Dark Brown Chernozem in southern Alberta was amended with six animal manures, four crop residues and two rates of phosphate fertilizer, to determine their efficacy in restoring soil productivity. Eroded check (no amendment) and topsoil check (no desurfacing) treatments were left for comparison. One year later, wet aggregate stability at five levels of aggregate pre-wetting was determined. Aggregate stabilities of crop residue-amended soils were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than those of soils treated with animal manures or fertilizer/checks at all wetness levels. Significant (P < 0.01) quadratic response and plateau relationships between aggregate stability and soil water content showed that there was a threshold moisture content for maximum stability. With the onset of rainfall, aggregates on the crop residue-amended treatments would reach maximum stability sooner than those on the fertilizer/check treatments, thereby decreasing the potential for water erosion. Stability of air-dry aggregates showed weak positive relationships with organic and inorganic C. Amendment of eroded soils with crop residues is likely more effective in limiting erosion than amendment with animal manures or chemical fertilizers, at least in the first year after incorporation. Key words: Soil erosion, aggregate stability, animal manure, crop residue

scholarly journals Nexus Between Crop Residue Burning, Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development Goals Over North-Western India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Venkatramanan ◽  
Shachi Shah ◽  
Ashutosh Kumar Rai ◽  
Ram Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Western India ◽  
Crop Residue Management ◽  
Crop Residue Burning ◽  
North Western

The crop residue burning in India particularly North-western India is responsible for air pollution episodes and public health concerns; greenhouse gases emissions and radiation imbalance; and declining soil organic matter and soil productivity. The objectives of this paper are to estimate the crop residue burning and emissions from crop residue burning, to recommend interventions in crop residue management and to propose a crop residue management-bioeconomy model incorporating strategies to sustainably manage the crop residues through interventions that enable waste valorization, food and nutritional security, farmers’ livelihood and sustainable agricultural production system. A national inventory on crop residue burning including the pollutant species was prepared using the IPCC methodology. The crop types included for the estimation are cereals, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, cotton, jute and Mesta. The total amount of crop residues generated and burned for the year 2017–18 was estimated at 516 million tonnes and 116 million tonnes respectively. It is estimated that 116.3 Tg of crop residues burning released about 176.1 Tg of CO2, 10 Tg of CO, 313.9 Gg of CH4, 8.14 Gg of N2O, 151.14 Gg of NH3, 813.8 Gg of NMVOC, 453.4 Gg of PM2.5, and 935.9 Gg of PM10. The emission estimates can be a proxy to prepare the national level inventory of air pollutant species from crop residue burning. The crop residue management (CRM) demands a transition from the traditional zone of CRM to bioeconomy zone of CRM, wherein the interventions aim at the sustainability of agroecosystem. The proposed bioeconomy model has a four-pronged strategy that includes smart agriculture practices, waste bioeconomy involving aspirational principles of bioeconomy, capacity building of stakeholders’ and proactive government policy. Sustainable agricultural bioeconomy provides ample opportunities to reduce crop residue burning, increase farmers’ livelihood and decarbonize the agricultural production. India’s efforts and policies can provide lessons for other agricultural regions having similar environmental constraints.

Organic C accumulation in soil over 30 years in semiarid southwestern Saskatchewan – Effect of crop rotations and fertilizers

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Campbell ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
B.-C. Liang ◽  
G. Roloff ◽  
E. C. Gregorich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Cropping Frequency ◽  
Crop Residue Decomposition

Because crop management has a strong influence on soil C, we analyzed results of a 30-yr crop rotation experiment, initiated in 1967 on a medium textured Orthic Brown Chernozem at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, to determine the influence of cropping frequency, fertilizers and crop types on soil organic C (SOC) changes in the 0- to 15-cm depth. Soil organic C in the 0- to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm depths were measured in 1976, 1981, 1984, 1990, 1993, and 1996, but results are only presented for the 0- to 15-cm depth since changes in the 15- to 30-cm depth were not significant. We developed an empirical equation to estimate SOC dynamics in the rotations. This equation uses two first order kinetic expressions, one to estimate crop residue decomposition and the other to estimate soil humus C mineralization. Crop residues (including roots) were estimated from straw yields, either measured or calculated from grain yields. The parameter values in our equation were obtained from the scientific literature or were based on various assumptions. Carbon lost by wind and water erosion was estimated using the EPIC model. We found that (i) SOC was increased most by annual cropping with application of adequate fertilizer N and P; (ii) that frequent fallowing resulted in lowest SOC except when fall-seeded crops, such as fall rye (Secale cereale L.), that reduce erosion were included in the rotation, and (iii) the fallow effects are exacerbated when low residue yielding flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was included in the rotation. Some of the imprecision in SOC values we speculated to be related to variations in soil texture at the test site. In the first 10 yr of the experiment, SOC was low and constant for fallow-spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (F-W) and F-W-W rotations because this land was managed in this manner for the previous 50 yr. However, in rotations that received N + P fertilizer and were cropped annually [continuous wheat (Cont W) and wheat-lentil (Lens culinaris L.)], or that included fall-seeded crops (e.g., F-Rye-W), SOC appeared to increase sharply in this period. In the drought period (1984–1988) SOC was generally constant, but large increases occurred in the wet period (1990 to 1996) in response to high residue inputs. The efficiency of conversion of residue C to SOC for the 30-yr experimental period was about 10–12% for F-W, F-W-W and Cont W (+P) systems, and it was about 17–18% for the well fertilized F-Rye-W, Cont W, and W-Lent systems. The average annual SOC gains (Mg ha−1 yr−1) between 1967 and 1996 were 0.11 for F-W (N + P), 0.09 for the mean of the three F-W-W rotations (N + P, + N, + P), 0.23 for F-Rye-W (N + P), 0.32 for Cont W (N + P), 0.12 for Cont W (+P), and 0.28 for W-Lent (N + P). The corresponding mean estimated (by our equation) annual SOC gains for these rotations, were 0.06, 0.10, 0.16, 0.22, 0.14, and 0.22 Mg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Because soil C measurements are usually so variable, we recommend that calculations such as ours may be employed to assist in the interpretation of measured C trends and to test if they seem reasonable. Key words: Carbon sequestration, carbon conversion efficiency, eroded carbon, crop residue carbon, cropping frequency, wheat, fall rye, flax

scholarly journals Properties of humic acids depending on the land use in different parts of Slovakia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Banach-Szott ◽  
Bozena Debska ◽  
Erika Tobiasova
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Organic Matter Quality ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Effects Of Land Use

AbstractMany studies report organic carbon stabilization by clay minerals, but the effects of land use and soil type on the properties of humic acids (HAs) are missing. The aim of the paper is to determine the effects of land use and soil types on the characteristics of HAs, which have a considerable influence on organic matter quality. It was hypothesised that the effect of the land use on HAs properties depends on the particular size distribution. The research was performed in three ecosystems: agricultural, forest, and meadow, located in Slovakia. From each of them, the samples of 4 soil types were taken: Chernozem, Luvisol, Planosol, and Cambisol. The soil samples were assayed for the content of total organic carbon (TOC) and the particle size distribution. HAs were extracted with the Schnitzer method and analysed for the elemental composition, spectrometric parameters in the UV-VIS range, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, and the infrared spectra were produced. The research results have shown that the properties of HAs can be modified by the land use and the scope and that the direction of changes depends on the soil type. The HAs of Chernozem and Luvisol in the agri-ecosystem were identified with a higher “degree of maturity”, as reflected by atomic ratios (H/C, O/C, O/H), absorbance coefficients, and the FT-IR spectra, as compared with the HAs of the meadow and forest ecosystem. However, as for the HAs of Cambisol, a higher “degree of maturity” was demonstrated for the meadow ecosystem, as compared with the HAs of the agri- and forest ecosystem. The present research has clearly identified that the content of clay is the factor determining the HAs properties. Soils with a higher content of the clay fraction contain HAs with a higher “degree of maturity”.

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