scholarly journals Insights into CO2 simulations from the Irish Blackwater peatland using ECOSSE model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Premrov ◽  
David Wilson ◽  
Matthew Saunders ◽  
Jagadeesh Yeluripati ◽  
Florence Renou-Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Raised Bog ◽  
Raised Bogs ◽  
Bare Peat

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Non-degraded peatlands are known to be important carbon sink; however, if they are exposed to anthropogenic changes they can act as carbon source. This study forms a part of the larger AUGER project (http://www.ucd.ie/auger). It uses the ECOSSE process-based model to predict CO<sub>2</sub> emissions [heterotrophic respiration (Rh)] associated with different peatland management (Smith et al., 2010). The work aims to provide preliminary insights into CO<sub>2</sub> modelling procedures for drained and rewetted sites from Blackwater, the former Irish raised bog. After drainage in 1950’s (due to peat-extraction) and cessation of draining in 1999, the landscape developed drained ‘Bare Peat’ (BP), and rewetted ‘Reeds’ (R) and ‘Sedges’ (S) sites (Renou-Wilson et al., 2019). Modelling of CO<sub>2</sub> from these sites was done using ECOSSE-v.6.2b model (‘site-specific’ mode) with water-table (WT) module (Smith et al., 2010), and default peatland vegetation parameters. The other model-input parameters (including soil respiration, WT and other soil parameters) were obtained from measurements reported in Renou-Wilson et al. (2019). Simulations on drained BP site were run starting from 1950 and on rewetted R and S sites starting from 1999 (which is the year of cessation of drainage). The climate data inputs (2010-2017) were obtained from ICHEC (EPA_Climate-WRF, 2019). The long-term average climate data for model spin-up were obtained from Met Éireann (2012) with potential evapotranspiration estimated by Thornthwaite (1948) method. Daily ecosystem respiration (Reco) data for May/June 2011 to Aug 2011 obtained from raw CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements (Renou-Wilson et al., 2019) were used. For vegetated sites Rh was estimated from Reco using method explained in Abdalla et al. (2014). Daily CO<sub>2</sub> simulations were compared to Reco for BP site (r<sup>2</sup> =0.20) and to Rh for R site (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.35) and S site (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.55). The preliminary results showed some underestimation of simulated CO<sub>2 </sub>indicating the need for further modelling refinements for satisfactory results. The results from BP site further indicated on the importance of including long-term drainage period (i.e. from 1950 on) because avoiding this step resulted in a large overestimation of predicted CO<sub>2</sub>.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p><p>AUGER project is funded under the Irish EPA Research programme 2014-2020.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Literature</strong></p><p>Abdalla, M., et al. 2014. Simulation of CO<sub>2</sub> and attribution analysis at six European peatland sites using the ECOSSE Model. Water Air Soil Pollut 225:2182.</p><p>EPA_Climate-WRF (2019). ERDDAPv.1.82. ICHEC. https://erddap.ichec.ie/erddap/files/EPA_Climate/WRF/</p><p>Met Éireann. 2012. 30 year averages. Met Éireann - The Irish Meteorological Service, Ireland.</p><p>Renou-Wilson, F., et. al. 2019. Rewetting degraded peatlands for climate and biodiversity benefits: Results from two raised bogs. Ecol. Eng. 127:547-560.</p><p>Smith, J., et al. 2010. ECOSSE. User Manual.</p><p>Thornthwaite, C.W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geog. Review 38, 55-94.</p>

Long-term feedbacks result in the recovery of the CO2 sink in a remnant peatland following water table lowering

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Ratcliffe ◽  
David Campbell ◽  
Louis Schipper ◽  
Aaron Wall ◽  
Beverley Clarkson
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Raised Bogs ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Pristine Site

<p>Peatland biological, physical and chemical properties change over time in response to the long-term water table position. Such changes complicate predicting the response of peatland carbon stocks to sustained drying. Here we use Eddy Covariance measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> exchange to study the effect of sustained water table lowering on peatland carbon dynamics. We compare measurements from a near-pristine peatland with those of a drying remnant, both raised bogs dominated by <em>Empodisma robustum</em> (Restionaceae), across two different time periods separated by a 16-year interval. We found that the remnant bog was initially a source of CO<sub>2 </sub>following water table lowering. However, the CO<sub>2</sub> sink recovered and strengthened after the 16-year interval between measurements. The increase in CO<sub>2 </sub>sink strength in the remnant bog was primarily due to increased photosynthetic uptake of CO<sub>2</sub>, which exceeded that of the near-pristine site in both time periods. Additionally we found the loss of CO<sub>2 </sub>via ecosystem respiration to have declined with time, however, ecosystem respiration remained elevated compared to the near-pristine site. These trends of increasing photosynthesis and declining ecosystem respiration resulted in the CO<sub>2 </sub>sink in the dry bog reaching half the sink strength of the near-pristine bog. We consider two factors to have been key for the recovery of the CO<sub>2</sub> sink in the remnant bog. These were 1) resilience of the peat-forming plant community to water-table change and 2) the expansion of ericoid shrubs. Our results demonstrate that the peatland carbon sink can recover from drying over a multi-decadal timescale, but questions remain as to the long-term trajectory of dry bogs and the stability of carbon fixed after water table lowering.</p>

Impacts of long-term warming and enhanced nitrogen and sulfur deposition on carbon sink potential in a boreal peatland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuula Larmola ◽  
Liisa Maanavilja ◽  
Heikki Kiheri ◽  
Mats Nilsson ◽  
Matthias Peichl
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Ecosystem Responses ◽  
Gross Photosynthesis ◽  
Poor Fen ◽  
The Individual

<p>In order to assess peatland carbon sink potential under multiple global change perturbations, we examined the individual and combined effects of long-term warming and enhanced nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition on ecosystem CO<sub>2 </sub>exchange at one of the longest-running experiments on peatlands, Degerö Stormyr poor fen, Sweden. The site has been treated with NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> (15 times ambient annual wet deposition), Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (6 times ambient annual wet deposition) and elevated temperature (air +3.6 C) for 23 years. Gross photosynthesis, ecosystem respiration and net CO<sub>2</sub> exchange were measured weekly during June-August using chambers. After 23 years, two of the experimental perturbations: N addition and warming individually reduced net CO<sub>2</sub> uptake potential down to 0.3-0.4 fold compared to the control mainly due to lower gross photosynthesis. Under S only treatment ecosystem CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes were largely unaltered. In contrast, the combination of S and N deposition and warming led to a more pronounced effect and close to zero net CO<sub>2</sub> uptake potential or net C source. Our study emphasizes the value of the long-term multifactor experiments in examining the ecosystem responses: simultaneous perturbations can have nonadditive interactions that cannot be predicted based on individual responses and thus, must be studied in combination when evaluating feedback mechanisms to ecosystem C sink potential under global change.</p>

scholarly journals Sampling event dataset on five-year observations of macrofungi fruit bodies in raised bogs, Western Siberia, Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Filippova ◽  
Elena Lapshina
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Raised Bog ◽  
Raised Bogs ◽  
Scholarly Article ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sampling Event ◽  
Term Monitoring

The data paper includes the results of a long-term monitoring programme for macrofungi fruiting using permanent plots located in the raised bog ecosystem in central part of Western Siberia (nearby Khanty-Mansiysk), Russia. The goal of the project was to describe the quantitative and qualitative structure and spatial variation of the community of macromycetes, to follow its dynamics seasonally and inter-annually and also elucidate the relationship between the fruiting and climate variables. A total of 263 circular 5 m2 subplots (for a total area of 1,315 m2) were inspected weekly during vegetation seasons 2014-2018 and carpophores of different fungal taxa were counted. The resulting sampling-event dataset includes 16,569 of plot-based observations (= sampling events) with corresponding 6,011 occurrence records of macromycetes identified to species or genus level. In total, 69 species were revealed during the study. About 80% of plot-based observations contain zero records and mark absence of visible fruiting bodies in a certain plot and time. This is the first sampling-event dataset on plot-based observations of macrofungi published in GBIF and the first long-term series of macrofungi monitoring in a raised bog ecosystem accomplished in Western Siberia. The aim of the data paper publication was to provide the description and the link to the published data in the format of a peer-reviewed journal paper and to provide recognition for the effort by means of a scholarly article (based on Data paper definition published at https://www.gbif.org/en/data-papers).

scholarly journals Diversity of green algae in Kamanos raised bog (NW Lithuania) with the aspect of long-term changes in desmids

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-138
Author(s):  
Judita Koreivienė ◽  
Jūratė Kasperovičienė
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Peat Bog ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Raised Bog ◽  
Raised Bogs ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Comprehensive Study

AbstractIn Kamanos raised bog, the green algae community was represented by 160 taxa distributed into eight Chlorophyceae orders. The diversity of desmids (93 taxa) that are an essential algal component of raised bogs was most relevant. Chlorococcales comprised 30 taxa and Ulotrichales – 15 taxa. Representatives from the rest green algae groups were scarce. Higher variety of habitats in Lake Kamanos and the pools supported more diverse flora of green algae (151 taxa) compared to black hollows (61 taxa). Actinotaenium cucurbita was the single species found in all studied water bodies of Kamanos raised bog. Characium ornitocephalum, Asterococcus superbus, Cosmarium amoenum, Micrasterias truncata, Spondylosium pulchellum, Netrium digitus were found in the lake and all pools, whereas Cosmoastrum scabrum, Tetmemorus laevis – in all hollows. In the current study, the composition of desmid taxa recorded in Kamanos raised bog in two research periods was compared. The first reports on desmids were published by Vilkaitis (1937, 1940). He found 129 Desmidiales (18 genera) and 10 Zygnematales species (4 genera). Fifty five species identified by V. Vilkaitis were found repeatedly during the current investigation. In 2005, 42 species were newly recoded in Kamanos raised bog, and of these, 17 taxa were new to desmid flora of Lithuania. A numerous rare species recorded by Vilkaitis (1937) were not observed repeatedly probably due to long-term changes that had occurred in the peat bog and not enough comprehensive study that represented only part of Kamanos wetland. Some new rare desmid species (e.g. Micrasterias jenneri, Cosmarium cymatonotophorum, Desmidium cylindricum, Actinotaenium cucurbitinum, Xanthidium bifidum) have recently been found at Kamanos sites.

(A review) N. A. Zeliankevich, D. G. Grummo, O. V. Sozinov, O. V. Galanina. Flora and Vegetation of the Raised Bogs of Belarus / Ed. by A. V. Pugachevsky. Minsk, 2016. 244 p.

2017 ◽  
pp. 109-113
Author(s):  
B. M. Mirkin ◽  
E. D. Lapshina ◽  
E. Z. Baisheva ◽  
L. G. Naumova ◽  
V. B. Martynenko
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
National Strategy ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Raised Bog ◽  
Raised Bogs ◽  
Term Field

This book reviews the flora and vegetation cover of unique examples of the natural ecosystems known as raised bogs that are to be found in Belarus. It presents detailed information about the country's raised bog flora based on original data arising from long-term field studies of Belarussian mires. Taxonomical, phytogeographical, biomorphological and ecological-coenotic analyses are included. Lists of phytocoenotic synataxa have been prepared using both the Braun-Blanquet (floristic) and the dominance approaches, and the syntaxomonical units defined according to these two vegetation classification systems are compared. The results are used in developing action plans for mire conservation and a national strategy for the rational use of raised bogs in Belarus. The volume is copiously illustrated with colour maps and the authors' own photographs.

scholarly journals Drivers of long-term variability in CO<sub>2</sub> net ecosystem exchange in a temperate peatland

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 14981-15018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Helfter ◽  
C. Campbell ◽  
K. J. Dinsmore ◽  
J. Drewer ◽  
M. Coyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Annual Variability ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Land–atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) in peatlands exhibits marked seasonal and inter-annual variability, which subsequently affects the carbon sink strength of catchments across multiple temporal scales. Long-term studies are needed to fully capture the natural variability and therefore identify the key hydrometeorological drivers in the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2. NEE has been measured continuously by eddy-covariance at Auchencorth Moss, a temperate lowland peatland in central Scotland, since 2002. Hence this is one of the longest peatland NEE studies to date. For 11 yr, the site was a consistent, yet variable, atmospheric CO2 sink ranging from −5.2 to −135.9 g CO2-C m−2 yr−1 (mean of −64.1 ± 33.6 g CO2-C m−2 yr−1). Inter-annual variability in NEE was positively correlated to the length of the growing season. Mean winter air temperature explained 87% of the inter-annual variability in the sink strength of the following summer, indicating a phenological memory-effect. Plant productivity exhibited a marked hysteresis with respect to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) over the growing season, indicative of two separate growth regimes. Ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross primary productivity (GPP) were closely correlated (ratio 0.74), suggesting that autotrophic processes were dominant. Whilst the site was wet most of the year (water table depth <5 cm) there were indications that heterotrophic respiration was enhanced by drought, which also depressed GPP. NEE was compared to 5 other peatland sites which have published long-term NEE records. The CO2 uptake rate during the growing season was comparable to 3 other European sites, however the emission rate during the dormant season was significantly higher.

scholarly journals Drought Assessment in a Semi-Arid River Basin in China and its Sensitivity to Different Evapotranspiration Models

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
Dan Zhang ◽  
Zhanling Li ◽  
Qingyun Tian ◽  
Yaru Feng
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Drought Assessment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Drought Characteristics ◽  
Inland River ◽  
Drying Trend ◽  
Selection Of

The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is widely used for climatological and hydrological studies, in which the estimation of potential evapotranspiration (PET) is of great importance. As many different models exist in estimating PET, the question that arises is in which way the selection of the PET model affects the calculated SPEI and the drought assessment. This study, on the basis of evaluating drought conditions over the Hexi Inland River Basin in China with long-term climate data of 18 stations by using SPEI, compared three types and eight kinds different PET models with respect to their sensitivity to the calculation of SPEI, and to drought events and drought characteristics. The results showed that the study area experienced a drying trend over the past 56 years, and the extreme drought events occurred more frequently after 2000 as a whole. All the investigated PET models were sensitive to the estimation of SPEI and to the drought assessment. When considering the alternatives of the Thornthwaite model in the calculation of SPEI for drought identification, the Blaney–Criddle equation among the temperature-based models and the Makkink equation among the radiation-based models are recommended due to the comparable results in determining the drought trends, drought events, and drought characteristics.

scholarly journals Climate drivers of plague epidemiology in British India, 1898–1949

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1928) ◽  
pp. 20200538
Author(s):  
Warren S. D. Tennant ◽  
Mike J. Tildesley ◽  
Simon E. F. Spencer ◽  
Matt J. Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
British India ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The World ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis infection, continues to threaten low- and middle-income countries throughout the world. The complex interactions between rodents and fleas with their respective environments challenge our understanding of human plague epidemiology. Historical long-term datasets of reported plague cases offer a unique opportunity to elucidate the effects of climate on plague outbreaks in detail. Here, we analyse monthly plague deaths and climate data from 25 provinces in British India from 1898 to 1949 to generate insights into the influence of temperature, rainfall and humidity on the occurrence, severity and timing of plague outbreaks. We find that moderate relative humidity levels of between 60% and 80% were strongly associated with outbreaks. Using wavelet analysis, we determine that the nationwide spread of plague was driven by changes in humidity, where, on average, a one-month delay in the onset of rising humidity translated into a one-month delay in the timing of plague outbreaks. This work can inform modern spatio-temporal predictive models for the disease and aid in the development of early-warning strategies for the deployment of prophylactic treatments and other control measures.

scholarly journals Tracking Changes on Soil Structure and Organic Carbon Sequestration after 30 Years of Different Tillage and Management Practices

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Ramón Bienes ◽  
Maria Jose Marques ◽  
Blanca Sastre ◽  
Andrés García-Díaz ◽  
Iris Esparza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Wilting Point

Long-term field trials are essential for monitoring the effects of sustainable land management strategies for adaptation and mitigation to climate change. The influence of more than thirty years of different management is analyzed on extensive crops under three tillage systems, conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT), and with two crop rotations, monoculture winter-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat-vetch (Triticum aestivum L.-Vicia sativa L.), widely present in the center of Spain. The soil under NT experienced the largest change in organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, macroaggregate stability, and bulk density. In the MT and NT treatments, SOC content was still increasing after 32 years, being 26.5 and 32.2 Mg ha−1, respectively, compared to 20.8 Mg ha−1 in CT. The SOC stratification (ratio of SOC at the topsoil/SOC at the layer underneath), an indicator of soil conservation, increased with decreasing tillage intensity (2.32, 1.36, and 1.01 for NT, MT, and CT respectively). Tillage intensity affected the majority of soil parameters, except the water stable aggregates, infiltration, and porosity. The NT treatment increased available water, but only in monocropping. More water was retained at the permanent wilting point in NT treatments, which can be a disadvantage in dry periods of these edaphoclimatic conditions.

scholarly journals PERSIANN-CCS-CDR, a 3-hourly 0.04° global precipitation climate data record for heavy precipitation studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Sadeghi ◽  
Phu Nguyen ◽  
Matin Rahnamay Naeini ◽  
Kuolin Hsu ◽  
Dan Braithwaite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Data Record ◽  
Precipitation Estimation ◽  
Precipitation Estimates ◽  
Global Precipitation ◽  
Climate Data Record

AbstractAccurate long-term global precipitation estimates, especially for heavy precipitation rates, at fine spatial and temporal resolutions is vital for a wide variety of climatological studies. Most of the available operational precipitation estimation datasets provide either high spatial resolution with short-term duration estimates or lower spatial resolution with long-term duration estimates. Furthermore, previous research has stressed that most of the available satellite-based precipitation products show poor performance for capturing extreme events at high temporal resolution. Therefore, there is a need for a precipitation product that reliably detects heavy precipitation rates with fine spatiotemporal resolution and a longer period of record. Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Cloud Classification System-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CCS-CDR) is designed to address these limitations. This dataset provides precipitation estimates at 0.04° spatial and 3-hourly temporal resolutions from 1983 to present over the global domain of 60°S to 60°N. Evaluations of PERSIANN-CCS-CDR and PERSIANN-CDR against gauge and radar observations show the better performance of PERSIANN-CCS-CDR in representing the spatiotemporal resolution, magnitude, and spatial distribution patterns of precipitation, especially for extreme events.

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