Behavior of 129I in the Abukuma River water during two high-flow events in 2018
<p>Radioiodine is one of the most important radionuclides released by the accidents of Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP). Iodine-131 elevated ambient radiation dose rate immediately after the accident, but it is extinguished due to its short half-life. The long-lived <sup>129</sup>I can be used as a tracer to retrospectively infer the level of <sup>131</sup>I. Understanding of environmental behavior of <sup>129</sup>I is important for preparedness against nuclear disaster. This study presents sampling campaigns on the Abukuma River during two high flow events, and discusses riverine <sup>129</sup>I behavior based on comparisons with that of <sup>137</sup>Cs. The study site was the Kuroiwa site locating at midstream of the Abukuma river. Its catchment area was 2886 km<sup>2 </sup>and mean <sup>129</sup>I inventory in the catchment was 0.041 Bq m<sup>-2</sup>. Five and seven river water samples were taken during high-flow events in July 2018 (JUL18) and October 2018 (OCT18), respectively. Suspended sediment and filtrate samples were obtained by decantation and subsequent filtration with 0.45 &#956;m-mash membrane filter, respectively. The suspended sediment and filtrate samples were measured for <sup>137</sup>Cs activity concentrations with HPGe detector and then measured for <sup>129</sup>I/<sup>127</sup>I ratio with accelerator mass spectrometer and for <sup>127</sup>I concentration with ICP-QQQ-MS. Mean <sup>129</sup>I activity concentration in suspended sediment during JUL18 and OCT18 were 1.0 and 0.43 mBq kg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. In terms of temporal trends, <sup>129</sup>I activity concentration in suspended sediment lowered in the peak water discharge phase, contrastive to those of <sup>137</sup>Cs which were the highest at peak water discharge phase. Mean dissolved <sup>129</sup>I activity concentrations during JUL18 and OCT18 were 0.18 and 0.067 &#956;Bq L<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Both <sup>129</sup>I and <sup>137</sup>Cs activity concentrations in dissolved form tended to decrease with time during two high-flow events. Mean apparent distribution coefficient (Kd) during JUL18 and OCT18 were 4.3 &#215;10<sup>4</sup> and 6.1 &#215;10<sup>3</sup> L kg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The Kd values of <sup>129</sup>I were lower than those of <sup>137</sup>Cs and it reveal relatively-high solubility of <sup>129</sup>I. Total exportation of <sup>129</sup>I from the catchment during JUL18 and OCT18 were estimated as 1.0 &#215; 10<sup>4</sup> and 2.3 &#215; 10<sup>4</sup> Bq, respectively. Exported <sup>129</sup>I in dissolved form accounted for 80 and 27% of total exportations, respectively. By contrast, more than 95% of <sup>137</sup>Cs was exported in particulate form in the events. These results indicated an importance of dissolved form for understanding environmental behavior of radioiodine.</p>