Seasonal variations in the origin of river sediments (Baker River, Chile): A pre-requisite for climate and hydrological reconstructions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Amann ◽  
Sebastien Bertrand ◽  
Camila Alvarez Garreton ◽  
Brian Reid
Keyword(s):  
River Sediments ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Hydrological Variability ◽  
Temporal Study ◽  
Chilean Patagonia ◽  
Annual Discharge ◽  
Fjord Sediments

<p></p><div> <div> <div> </div> <div><img>Fjord sediments are increasingly recognized as high-resolution recorders of past climate and hydrological variability. Using them as such, however, requires a comprehensive understanding of the variables that affect their properties and accumulation rates. Here, we conduct a spatial and temporal study of sediment samples collected at the head of Martínez Channel (Chilean Patagonia, 48°S), to understand how the fjord’s sediments register changes in the hydrodynamics of Baker River, Chile's largest river in terms of mean annual discharge. We apply end-member modeling to particle-size distributions of: (i) river suspended sediments, (ii) surface sediments collected along a proximal-distal transect at the fjord head, and (iii) fjord sediments collected in a sequential sediment trap at 15-day resolution during two consecutive years. Results show that the river suspended sediments and fjord sediments are consistently composed of two grain-size subpopulations. The finest end member (EM<sub>1</sub>; mode 4.03 μm) reflects the meltwater contribution, which dominates in all but the winter season. The coarser end member (EM<sub>2</sub>; mode 18.7 μm) dominates in winter, when the meltwater contribution is reduced, and is associated to rainfall events. We propose that log(EM<sub>1</sub>/EM<sub>2</sub>) can be used to reconstruct temperature in the lower Baker River watershed (r = 0.81, p < 0.001). We also show that the fluxes of EM<sub>1</sub> and EM<sub>2</sub> provide quantitative estimates of baseflow (r = 0.82, p < 0.001) and quickflow (r = 0.90, p < 0.001), respectively. These results support the use of fjord sediments for quantitative reconstructions of climate and hydrological changes in glacierized watersheds.</div> </div> </div>

scholarly journals Off-field transport of phosphorus from an Ultisol under pasture

1969 ◽  
Vol 90 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 159-172
Author(s):  
David Sotomayor-Ramírez ◽  
Gustavo A. Martínez ◽  
Luis Pérez-Alegría ◽  
John Ramírez-Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Impact Surface ◽  
Mass Losses ◽  
One Year ◽  
Precipitation Events

Broadcast applications of inorganic fertilizer and organic amendments to pastures can contribute significant phosphorus (P) loads to surface waters. An experiment was conducted to quantify edge of field P concentrations in runoff and mass losses from plots in an Ultisol-Oxisol complex amended with two inorganic P levels [44 kg P/ha/yr (44PI) and 131 kg P/ha/yr (131 PI)], and an organic P source (broiler litter) [131 kg P/ha/yr (131 PC-)]. The total amount of P was split in two applications for the organic treatment and in four for the inorganic treatments. Vegetation within plots was mainly naturalized tropical pastures (80% coverage) and the soil slope was between 10 and 12%. Hydrologic discharge, suspended sediments, dissolved P and total P (TP) were quantified over a one-year period to 7 August 2003. Runoff from each field was diverted to a fractionator, where 1 or 10% was collected. Of the 174 precipitation events, 59 resulted in significant runoff, and hydrologic discharge accounted for 22% to 35% of the total rainfall (164.3 cm). Sediment losses ranged from 230 to 818 kg/ha. Cumulative TP mass losses were 3.19, 7.04, and 5.02 kg P/ha, for the 44PI, 131 PI, and 131PO treatments, respectively. These losses corresponded to 7.3, 4.9, and 3.5% of the annual P applied in the treatments 44PI, 131 PI, and 131PO, respectively. Although the magnitude of P losses was relatively low from an agricultural production standpoint, these can impact surface-water quality via nutrient enrichment. The greatest magnitude of TP mass losses occurred when application coincided with frequent intense rainfall events. RESUMEN Las aplicaciones de fertilizantes y enmiendas orgánicas a los suelos pueden contribuir cantidades significativas de fósforo (P) a las aguas superficiales. Se realizó un experimento para cuantificar las concentraciones de P en la escorrentía y las pérdidas en masa de P al borde de predio en un Ultisol enmendado con dos niveles de superfosfato triple como fuente inorgánica de P [44 kg P/ha/año (44 Pl) y 131 kg P/ha/año (131PI)] y una fuente orgánica de P [131 kg P/ha/año (131PO)] aplicado como pollinaza. La aplicación de P se fraccionó en dos para la fuente orgánica y en cuatro para la fuente inorgánica. La vegetación dentro de los predios era principalmente de pasturas tropicales naturalizadas y la pendiente varió entre 10 y 12%. La descarga hidrológica, sedimentos suspendidos, P disuelto y P total se cuantificaron durante un año. La escorrentía de cada parcela se canalizó hacia un fraccionador donde se recolectó el 1% o el 10% de la misma. De los 174 eventos de precipitación, 59 resultaron en escorrentía significativa, y la descarga hidrológica varió entre 22 y 35% de la totalidad (164.3 cm). Las pérdidas de sedimento variaron entre 230 y 818 kg/ha/año. Las pérdidas de P cumulativas fueron 3.19, 7.04, y 5.02 kg P/ha, para los tratamientos 44PI, 131 PI, y 131PO, respectivamente. Desde una perspectiva de producción agrícola, la magnitud de las pérdidas de P fueron bajas, pero estas cantidades pueden afectar las aguas superficiales vía el enriquecimiento nutricional. Las mayores pérdidas de P ocurrieron en periodos de tiempo cuando la aplicación coincidió con eventos de lluvia de relativamente alta intensidad y frecuencia. 

scholarly journals Sampling strategies to estimate suspended sediment concentration for turbidimeter calibration

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 884-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Dalbianco ◽  
Rafael Ramon ◽  
Claudia A. P. de Barros ◽  
Jean P. G. Minella ◽  
Gustavo H. Merten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Insufficient Amount ◽  
Indirect Relationship

ABSTRACT The influx of sediments carried by rivers can be measured continuously using a turbidimeter through the indirect relationship between turbidity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC). However, this process is dependent on obtaining water samples with suspended sediments to calibrate the turbidimeter. Sampling can be carried out through different methods, resulting in errors and uncertainties in estimating the SSC. Four different possibilities for the composition of the calibration curve were tested in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the turbidimeter calibration for different sampling strategies. The study was conducted in 2012 and 2013 in two catchments in southern Brazil that had a strong sediment yield impact. The results indicate that sampling during rainfall events generate a significant and representative SSC for the turbidimeter calibration. The use of an integrating sampler for synthetic samples provides an effective calibration, but overestimates SSC compared to calibration from rainfall event sampling. The samples collected at fixed intervals - weekly and daily - generated an insufficient amount of data and are not representative of real sediment concentrations of the catchments.

Winter Precipitation Microphysics Characterized by Polarimetric Radar and Video Disdrometer Observations in Central Oklahoma

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1558-1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guifu Zhang ◽  
Sean Luchs ◽  
Alexander Ryzhkov ◽  
Ming Xue ◽  
Lily Ryzhkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Polarimetric Radar ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Polarimetric Weather Radar ◽  
Numerical Weather Prediction Models ◽  
Precipitation Events

AbstractThe study of precipitation in different phases is important to understanding the physical processes that occur in storms, as well as to improving their representation in numerical weather prediction models. A 2D video disdrometer was deployed about 30 km from a polarimetric weather radar in Norman, Oklahoma, (KOUN) to observe winter precipitation events during the 2006/07 winter season. These events contained periods of rain, snow, and mixed-phase precipitation. Five-minute particle size distributions were generated from the disdrometer data and fitted to a gamma distribution; polarimetric radar variables were also calculated for comparison with KOUN data. It is found that snow density adjustment improves the comparison substantially, indicating the importance of accounting for the density variability in representing model microphysics.

scholarly journals Signature of Modern Meteorological and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Fjord Sediments (Baker River, Chilean Patagonia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastien Bertrand ◽  
Elke Vandekerkhove ◽  
Dawei Liu ◽  
Virginie Renson ◽  
Malin Kylander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods ◽  
Chilean Patagonia ◽  
Fjord Sediments

Weather circulation patterns as precursor of heavy rainfall events: an application to Sicily, Italy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Cipolla ◽  
Antonio Francipane ◽  
Leonardo Noto
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Convective Precipitation ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Circulation Patterns ◽  
Heavy Rainfall Events ◽  
Economic Damages

<p>Since the impacts of climate change on the environment have been constantly rising over the last decades, scientists have paid much attention to understanding the effects of this phenomenon. Climate change leads to different kinds of extremes, such as heavy rainfall events, characterized by short duration and high intensity, and drought, which can cause the problem of water scarcity over a certain area. These types of extreme events cause several damages for the affected areas since they can result in loss of human lives and economic damages. In particular, heavy rainfall events, which are often associated with convective precipitation because of their characteristics, may result in flash floods, especially when they hit small catchments with low times of concentration, thus causing economic damages and, more relevantly, human lives losses.</p><p>The increasing occurrence of heavy rainfall events in many areas of Europe, also in Italy, over the last few years, has contributed to raising the importance of understanding which factors could be recognized as drivers of these events. In this perspective, it is possible to identify in atmospheric circulation one of the causes of severe rainfall events occurrence since some air fluxes, generated from certain schemes of atmospheric circulation, could lead to the accumulation of moisture within a certain volume of the atmosphere, hence to the occurrence of rainfall.</p><p>Since even the Sicily (Italy) has been experimenting heavy rainfall events and consequent flash floods and urban floods in the last years, this work aims to find out a relationship between some weather circulation patterns, developed by the UK Met Office, and the rainfall Annual MAXima (AMAX) for the Sicily, recorded by the rain gauge network of Autorità di Bacino - Regione Siciliana. The possible connection between AMAX and WPs has been investigated in order to define some specific schemes of atmospheric circulation that are responsible for leading to the occurrence of AMAX in Sicily. In order to do this, a database containing the AMAX of all the available gauges for the Sicily has been used. A distinction between AMAX occurred in summer and winter season and their related WPs has been performed as well, with the goal to understand the possible influence of WPs on the summer and winter AMAX. Furthermore, in order to distinguish convective from stratiform AMAX, some analyses on reanalysis data, namely the CAPE and the Vertical Integral of Divergence of Moisture Flux (VIDMF), have been done.</p>

Sublethal Responses of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to Suspended Sediments

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1389-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Servizi ◽  
Dennis W. Martens
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Cough Frequency ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Sugar Levels

Underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Fraser River suspended sediments (SS) in the laboratory. Comparisons with other rivers indicated that Fraser River sediments caused the lowest turbidity for a given SS value. Blood sugar levels (y) were elevated and directly proportional to SS exposure (x) according to y = 5.79 + 4.23(x). Published blood sugar data for adult sockeye salmon (O. nerka) exposed to Fraser River SS were in agreement with the linear relationship for underyearling coho. Cough frequency was elevated approximately eightfold over control levels at 0.24 g SS∙L−1. No increase in cough frequency was observed at 0.02 g SS∙L−1. Avoidance was defined by movement to the surface to escape higher SS at depth. Mean avoidance (y) was related to SS by y = 0.077 + 4.457(x) − 1.547(x2) + 0.202(x3). Mean avoidance was less than 5% up to the inflection point at 2.55 g SS∙L−1 but rose to approximately 25% at 7.0 g SS∙L−1. Laboratory results indicated that sublethal responses could be expected at naturally occurring SS levels in the Fraser River.

Contribution of Combined Sewer Overflow-Derived Sediments to Annual Participate Load and Oxygen Demand in the River Roch, England

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Brownbill ◽  
D. H. Jackson ◽  
I. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Water Discharge ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflow ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Natural Sediment ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Sewer Overflow

The nature and behaviour of sediments released from a Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) and their impact on the steep, gravel-bedded River Roch in northwest England were monitored by sampling suspended and bedload sediments, and by analysis of bed material. CSO-derived suspended sediments characteristically had 103 478 mg kg−1 wet weight COD, and 17 536 mg kg−1 wet weight BOD, respectively 1.1 and 3.5 times those of river suspended sediments. However, over a two-year monitoring period, overflows accounted for only 0.3% of the river water discharge, and 2.0% of the river sediment load. The CSO sediment-related BOD was only 3.5 to 7% of the river's natural sediment-related BOD in the two study years, while CSO derived COD and ammonia accounted for only 3% and 0.5% of the river pollutant loads. Under certain hydraulic conditions during storm events, sediment-BOD from the CSO could account for 60% of the river's instantaneous BOD load. However, the only high sewer-derived sediment oxygen demands occurred during storm events. No lagged impacts on dissolved oxygen were observed. In this naturally turbulent, welloxygenated river, sediments suspended in overflow liquor have a short-lived impact on DO levels, but they are too fine to settle out in the first kilometre downstream. This welldesigned, new, CSO has a minimal impact on the stream.

Insights into recharge processes and speleothem proxy archives from long-term monitoring networks of cave drip water hydrology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Baker ◽  
Pauline Treble ◽  
Andreas Hartmann ◽  
Mark Cuthbert ◽  
Monika Markowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Drip Water ◽  
Antecedent Conditions ◽  
Hydrological Variability ◽  
Cave Drip Water ◽  
Semi Arid

<p>Since 2010 we have established cave drip water hydrological monitoring networks in four contrasting climate zones (Mediterranean, montane, semi-arid and sub-tropical) across continental Australia. Deploying over one hundred automated drip loggers, we combine these long-term monitoring datasets with climate and water isotope data, lidar mapping, electrical resistivity imaging and karst hydrological modelling to provide insights into recharge processes and the impact of hydrological variability on speleothem proxy archives.</p><p>We identify increases in drip discharge and compare the timing of those events to antecedent climate conditions (rainfall, evapotranspiration). We find rainfall recharge thresholds vary with climate. At our montane site, recharge occurs after 13 to 31 mm rainfall events, depending on antecedent conditions. At the semi-arid site, recharge occurs after 40 mm rainfall events, and at our sub-tropical sites, recharge occurs following all instances where > 93 mm / week of precipitation occurs, with lower precipitation thresholds (down to 33 mm / week) possible depending on antecedent conditions and at sites with limited vegetation cover. We use these recharge thresholds to constrain simple soil moisture balance models to better understand soil and karst storage volumes. Combined with electrical resistivity imaging, we can relate recharge to the caves to subsurface water flow paths and karst water stores.</p><p>At our montane and Mediterranean climate sites, relatively consistent drip water isotopic composition confirms the presence of well-mixed water stores. This allows us to quantify the extent of speleothem oxygen isotope variability due to fractionation associated with changes in drip rate. We identify significant differences in long-term mean drip rates between different drip sites within a cave, and significant differences in event-based drip rate responses within a cave. Drip hydrological variability helps explain the within-cave variability of speleothem oxygen isotope composition observed at both sites, and helps identify the primary drip water oxygen isotope signal.</p><p>At our semi-arid site, drip water isotopic composition is dominated by epikarst evaporation and our drip water monitoring demonstrates that recharge events are infrequent (~1.6 per year). Using both observational and modelling data, we quantify the relative importance of evaporative fractionation in the epikarst and fractionation during calcite precipitation. Using modern speleothem samples, we demonstrate that the oxygen isotope signal in this water limited environment reflects the balance between the oxygen isotope composition of recharge and its subsequent fractionation in the soil, epikarst and cave.</p>

scholarly journals High-resolution Holocene climate and hydrological variability from two major Mediterranean deltas (Nile and Rhone)

The Holocene ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1158-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bassem Jalali ◽  
Marie-Alexandrine Sicre ◽  
Nejib Kallel ◽  
Julien Azuara ◽  
Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Sedimentary Sequences ◽  
Proxy Records ◽  
The North ◽  
Hydrological Variability ◽  
Monsoon Intensity ◽  
Nw Mediterranean

High-resolution records of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and terrestrial n-alkanes (TERR-alkanes) combined with pollen from the same sedimentary sequences were generated to assess variations in the Nile River discharge over the Holocene. These independent proxy records indicate a period of wetter conditions in the Nile watershed during the early-Holocene consistent with insolation-driven enhanced monsoon precipitation, known as the African Humid Period (AHP). The detection of a dry episode around 9200 yr BP in the TERR-alkane and pollen time series suggests a temporary weakening of the monsoon intensity most probably triggered by extratropical cooling in the North Atlantic. An interval of C4 grass expansion between 8800 and 8400 yr BP was also evidenced from the TERR-alkane distribution and confirmed by palynological data. SSTs of the coastal waters off the Nile delta reveal strong fluctuations in the early-Holocene followed by a slight warming and two pronounced cold intervals around 3500 yr BP and 1500 yr BP. Comparison of these results with the same proxy data acquired from the Rhone River sediments (NW Mediterranean Sea) highlights an east–west contrast in the climate signals.

scholarly journals Using the mineralogy of river sediments as pollution indicator of clay mining activity

RBRH ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-513
Author(s):  
Rafael Carvalho Alves de Mello ◽  
Antenor Zanardo ◽  
Fabiano Tomazini da Conceição ◽  
Alexandre Martins Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Mining Activity ◽  
Pollution Indicator ◽  
Field Campaigns ◽  
Surface Water Samples ◽  
Annual Discharge ◽  
Annual Flux

ABSTRACT View of the difficulty to elect standards for water pollution control in clay mining activity, this study aimed to verify the possibility of using the mineralogy of river sediments as a pollution indicator of clay mining activity. The study was carried out in the Assistência Stream basin, located in the largest ceramic pole of the Americas. Surface water samples of Assistência Stream were collected in 67 field campaigns in 2014. This stream showed an average annual discharge of 0.8 m3.s-1 with an annual flux of suspended solids of 3,680 t.year-1 and an annual flux of dissolved solids of 4,234 t.year-1. The mineralogical analysis of fluvial sediments indicated the presence of quartz, montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite in the fraction <53 micrometers. The kaolinite is from the surface soil erosion. However, the illite, predominant clay mineral in the rocks explored by mining, is practically absent in the surface horizon of the Assistência Stream basin. Thus, its presence in the suspended solids transported by Assistência Stream is associated with atmospheric deposition of dust produced during clay mining activities present in this watershed.

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