scholarly journals A seawater desalination scheme for global hydrological models

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 4143-4157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naota Hanasaki ◽  
Sayaka Yoshikawa ◽  
Kaoru Kakinuma ◽  
Shinjiro Kanae
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Good Reproduction ◽  
National Production

Abstract. Seawater desalination is a practical technology for providing fresh water to coastal arid regions. Indeed, the use of desalination is rapidly increasing due to growing water demand in these areas and decreases in production costs due to technological advances. In this study, we developed a model to estimate the areas where seawater desalination is likely to be used as a major water source and the likely volume of production. The model was designed to be incorporated into global hydrological models (GHMs) that explicitly include human water usage. The model requires spatially detailed information on climate, income levels, and industrial and municipal water use, which represent standard input/output data in GHMs. The model was applied to a specific historical year (2005) and showed fairly good reproduction of the present geographical distribution and national production of desalinated water in the world. The model was applied globally to two periods in the future (2011–2040 and 2041–2070) under three distinct socioeconomic conditions, i.e., SSP (shared socioeconomic pathway) 1, SSP2, and SSP3. The results indicate that the usage of seawater desalination will have expanded considerably in geographical extent, and that production will have increased by 1.4–2.1-fold in 2011–2040 compared to the present (from 2.8  ×  109 m3 yr−1 in 2005 to 4.0–6.0  ×  109 m3 yr−1), and 6.7–17.3-fold in 2041–2070 (from 18.7 to 48.6  ×  109 m3 yr−1). The estimated global costs for production for each period are USD 1.1–10.6  ×  109 (0.002–0.019 % of the total global GDP), USD 1.6–22.8  ×  109 (0.001–0.020 %), and USD 7.5–183.9  ×  109 (0.002–0.100 %), respectively. The large spreads in these projections are primarily attributable to variations within the socioeconomic scenarios.

scholarly journals A seawater desalination scheme for global hydrological models

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naota Hanasaki ◽  
Sayaka Yoshikawa ◽  
Kaoru Kakinuma ◽  
Shinjiro Kanae
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Good Reproduction ◽  
National Production

Abstract. Seawater desalination is a practical technology for providing fresh water to coastal arid regions. Indeed, the use of desalination is rapidly increasing due to growing water demand in these areas and decreases in production costs due to technological advances. In this study, we developed a model to estimate the areas where seawater desalination is likely to be used and the likely volume of production. The model was designed to be incorporated into modern global hydrological models (GHMs) that explicitly include human water usage. The model requires spatially detailed information on climate, income levels, and water use, which represent standard input/output data in modern GHMs. The model was applied to a specific historical period and showed fairly good reproduction of the present geographical distribution and national production of desalinated water in the world. The model was applied globally to two periods in the future (2011–2040 and 2041–2070) under three distinct socioeconomic conditions, i.e., SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) 1, SSP2, and SSP3. The results indicate that the usage of seawater desalination will have expanded considerably in geographical extent, and that production will have increased by 1.4–2.2-fold in 2011–2040 compared to the present (from 3.7 km3 yr−1 in 2005 to 5.1–8.3 km3 yr−1), and 6.3–14.2-fold in 2041–2070 (23.4–52.7 km3 yr−1). The large spreads in these projections are primarily attributable to variations within the socioeconomic scenarios.

scholarly journals Municipal Wastewater Reuse: Is It a Competitive Alternative to Seawater Desalination?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6815
Author(s):  
Dafne Crutchik ◽  
José Luis Campos
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Reuse

Water scarcity is becoming a global challenge to attempts to narrow the water demand–supply gap. To overcome this problem, it is sensible to consider alternative technologies that can exploit non-conventional water resources. The choice of such technologies should be, however, carefully analyzed, because any choice might be unfeasible from an economic point of view. In this work, a methodology to select the most appropriate non-conventional water resource, out of municipal wastewater and seawater, was proposed. Specifically, we attempted to determine which alternative provides cheaper water supply and production costs for domestic uses, depending on the wastewater treatment system used and the water plant capacity. The production of water under three scenarios was analyzed: (i) a city that has a conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP); (ii) a city that uses primary treatment and submarine outfalls to treat municipal wastewater; (iii) seawater desalination. The proposed methodology was tested in Chilean cities that are located in areas where water is a scarce resource. The results showed that the reuse of municipal wastewater represents a cost-competitive alternative to seawater desalination, mainly when municipal wastewater is treated in a conventional WWTP and when water flow demand is higher than 1500 m3/d. In contrast, seawater desalination becomes more profitable than wastewater reuse when the treatment of municipal wastewater is based on the use of submarine outfalls. This study provides a useful economic tool for promoting municipal wastewater reuse as a non-conventional water source for supplying water to cities that suffer from water scarcity in Chile and in similar areas of the world.

INTEGRATION OF AQUACULTURE AND ARID LANDS AGRICULTURE FOR WATER REUSE AND REDUCED FERTILIZER DEPENDENCY

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
KALB T. STEVENSON ◽  
KEVIN M. FITZSIMMONS ◽  
PATRICK A. CLAY ◽  
LILIAN ALESSA ◽  
ANDREW KLISKEY
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fertilizer Regimes ◽  
Field Plots

SUMMARYField irrigation is costly in arid regions, and over-fertilization of farmland can lead to high groundwater nitrate levels and significant environmental challenges. Integrative aquaculture and agriculture (IAA) systems allow the reuse of water and nutrients to offset production costs while promoting greater sustainability. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of an IAA system using treatments formed from one water source, groundwater (GRND) or fish pond effluent (EFF), and one chemical fertilizer regime, eliminated (ELIM) or historical (HIST). Treatments were applied to field plots of barley or cotton. There were typically positive effects of EFF applications on crop growth and yield relative to GRND applications under identical fertilizer regimes. However, GRND-HIST almost always outperformed EFF-ELIM, suggesting that substituting effluent irrigations for a historical fertilization regime without pond biosolid or reduced fertilizer applications could be detrimental to crop production.

scholarly journals History of spinal surgery: one neurosurgeon's perspective

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis E. McDonnell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Spinal Disorders ◽  
Societal Benefit ◽  
Spinal Reconstruction ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Cost

Spinal surgery has advanced from decompression procedures to complex spinal reconstruction and internal stabilization within the last 25 years, as a result of a broad-based technological boom that began in the 1970s with the advent of spinal computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. These technological advances have coincided with, and developed as a result of, the concomitant rise of a complex, economically driven consortium of innovative surgeons and researchers, academic institutions, government agencies, and private industry, to form a Medical–Industrial Complex (MeIC). A major growth industry has formed, resulting in an overall societal benefit. Nevertheless, it has impacted graduate medical education and has significantly increased the cost of treating spinal disorders. Back pain and spinal disorders are a major societal health problem that is associated with a high demand for treatment services. There is a potential for abuse as well as a benefit in offering these services. The MeIC has contributed to the overall rise in the cost of health care insurance and in the migration of manufacturing jobs abroad as a solution for lowering production costs. The increased cost has had a negative impact on local and regional economies.

Seawater Desalination Using a High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTR): Overview of Regulatory and Safety Considerations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mishari Al-Saud ◽  
Fang Chao
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Reactor Technology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Safety Considerations ◽  
Operational Issues ◽  
High Temperature Gas

Abstract High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTR) is a promising Gen IV reactor technology that has a wide range of applications. Saudi Arabia expressed interest in using HTR as an energy source for seawater desalination. A pre-feasibility study showed that HTR-Desalination is economically competitive and feasible. Yet, the application of HTR power and process heat in the desalination industry faces some technical, conceptual, and regulatory challenges. These challenges are mainly because the reactor and desalination plant are co-located and share common systems and facilities. Moreover, there is a risk of radioactivity and brine discharge impact, since both plants share the water source and discharge location. All these issues challenge the reliability and safety of both plants. Therefore, it is essential to develop effective regulatory frameworks. The basic regulatory and infrastructural requirement for the HTR is like any other nuclear power plant. This study reflects on the typical operational issues and influence of accidents in both plants and their impact on the other. Concluded with regulatory recommendations with an effort to find common interfaces between the regulatory aspects of the nuclear power and desalination industries, which aim at providing a more holistic view on a more comprehensive regulatory framework for nuclear desalination.

scholarly journals Sistem Akuifer dan Potensi Airtanah Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Opak

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Setyawan Purnama ◽  
Suyono Suyono ◽  
Budi Sulaswono
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Groundwater Condition

Opak River Basin is an area with high concentration of settlement. Generally, the settlement use groundwater as a water source. Variation of groundwater condition cause differentiation of water usage in some regions. There are two objectives of this research. First, to determine aquifer system in the research area and second, to calculate the groundwater potential in each aquifer system. To achieve these objectives, aquifer system is determined base on its geology and geomorphology, whereas groundwater potency is calculated by static and dynamic approach. As a result, show that the aquifer system in Opak River Basin can be distinguished into seven aquifer system. There are The Upper Merapi Aquifer System, The Middle Merapi Aquifer System, The Lower Merapi Aquifer System, Baturagung Range Aquifer System, The Aquifer System of Baturagung Range Foot Slope, Sentolo Hill Aquifer System and Sanddune Aquifer System. Among the seventh aquifer system, The Middle Merapi Aquifer System, The Lower Merapi Aquifer System and The Sanddune Aquifer System have high productivity. Sentolo Hill Aquifer System and The Aquifer System of Baturagung Range Foot Slope Aquifer have low productivity, whereas The Baturagung Range is categorized as non akuifer.

Territorio usado e circuito superior marginal: Equipamentos médicos em campinas, Ribeirão Preto e São José do Rio Preto (SP)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 3302-3312
Author(s):  
Virna Carvalho David
Keyword(s):  
Medical Equipment ◽  
Urban Economy ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Treatment Services ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
National Production ◽  
Informational Environment ◽  
New Forms Of Work

A tecnociência, a informação e as finanças são variáveis determinantes da globalização e isso se releva também para a saúde. Os avanços tecnológicos no campo da medicina e a recente sofisticação dos serviços de diagnóstico e tratamento revelam a difusão do meio técnico científico e informacional (Santos, 1994), ao mesmo tempo em que reforçam antigas concentrações da produção de bens e de serviços de saúde. No Brasil, o impacto seletivo das modernizações criou uma produtividade geográfica em algumas cidades do estado de São Paulo, como Campinas, Ribeirão Preto e São José do Rio Preto. É, portanto, no contexto da urbanização recente que podemos observar novas formas de trabalho ligadas aos equipamentos médicos que emergem dentro do processo de substituição de umadivisão do trabalho por outra mais moderna. Uma diversidade de agentes com diferentes níveis de capital, tecnologia e organização passa a dinamizar uma economia urbana complexa ligada a rede de cidades do país, dando forma aos circuitos da economia urbana (Santos, 1979). O território usado para produzir e consumir saúde mostrou como a tecnificação da medicina moderna tem beneficiado um processo acelerado de renovação técnica e normativa da produção nacional de aparelhos médicos. O circuito superior marginal desses equipamentos emergente nessas três cidades foi capaz de nos mostrar novos mecanismos de oligopolização da economia urbana e de uso do território   Technoscience, information and finance are determining variables of globalization, and this is also relevant to health. Technological advances in the medical field and the recent sophistication of diagnostic and treatment services reveal the diffusion of the technical scientific and informational environment (Santos, 1994), while at the same time reinforcing old concentrations of the production of goods and health services. In Brazil, the selective impact of modernizations has created a geographical productivity in some cities of the state of São Paulo, such as Campinas, Ribeirão Preto and São José do Rio Preto. It is, therefore, in the context of recent urbanization that we can observe new forms of work linked to medical equipment emerging within the process of replacing one division of labor with a more modern one. A diversity of agents with different levels of capital, technology and organization start to dynamize a complex urban economy linked to the network of cities in the country,shaping the circuits of the urban economy (Santos, 1979). The territory used to produce and consume health showed how the technification of modern medicine has benefited an accelerated process of technical and normative renovation of the national production of medical equipment. The marginal upper circuit of these equipment emerging in these three cities was able to show us new mechanisms of oligopolization of the urban economy and of the use of territory.  

scholarly journals Downward longwave radiation estimates for clear-sky conditions over northeast Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Antonio Costa dos Santos ◽  
Bernardo Barbosa da Silva ◽  
Tantravahi Venkata Ramana Rao ◽  
Prakki Satyamurty ◽  
Antonio Ocimar Manzi
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Downward Longwave Radiation ◽  
Sky Conditions

The main objective of this paper is to assess the performance of nine downward longwave radiation equations for clear-sky condition and develop a locally adjusted equation using the observed vapor pressure and air temperature data. The radiation and atmospheric parameters were measured during the months of October 2005 to June 2006 at a micrometeorological tower installed at the experimental site in a banana orchard in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. The comparative statistics for the performance of the downward longwave radiation calculation models during daytime and nighttime compared to measured data have shown that the parameterizations with more physical foundations have the best results. The locally adjusted equation and Sugita and Brutsaert model developed in 1993 showed errors less than 1.0% in comparison with measured values. Downward longwave radiation is one of the most expensive and difficult component of the radiation budget to be monitored in micrometeorological studies. Hence, the locally adjusted equation can be used to estimate downward longwave energy, needed as input to some agricultural and hydrological models, in semi-arid regions of the Northeast Brazil, where this component is not monitored.

scholarly journals An Overview and Classification of Tolerance Compensation Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3471-3480
Author(s):  
Alexander Aschenbrenner ◽  
Benjamin Schleich ◽  
Sandro Wartzack
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Product Complexity ◽  
Design Engineers ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Compensation Methods ◽  
Innovative Products

AbstractTechnological advances as well as novel manufacturing and design paradigms, such as industry 4.0 and digitalization, offer new opportunities for innovative products. However, they also increase the product complexity and cause new challenges in the production process. Therefore, agile production approaches are crucial. Tolerance compensation provides more flexibility in the production process, as demands on dimensional accuracy of the components are reduced. As a result, tolerance compensation also offers the possibility of reducing production costs without compromising product quality. Nevertheless, tolerance compensation is often considered a reactive intervention to reduce the number of out-of-spec parts a posteriori instead of including it in the early stages of Geometrical Variations Management. The contribution tackles this issue by characterizing and categorizing different methods of tolerance compensation as well as providing design guidelines for the application of tolerance compensation methods. This enables design engineers to select a suitable tolerance compensation method for different applications.

scholarly journals Water management strategies in hotels in arid regions: results and implications from a case study on Gran Canaria island (Spain)

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (45) ◽  
pp. 242-256
Author(s):  
Deborah POPELY ◽  
◽  
Alberto MORENO-MELGAREJO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Gran Canaria ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Hotel Managers

Hotels are water-intensive businesses, and water scarcity presents a pressing problem for managers who rely on an uninterrupted supply of water to meet guests’ needs and maintain profitability. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore strategies that hotel managers used to successfully maintain adequate water supplies in arid regions. Data were collected from semistructured interviews and hotel water usage reports from three hotels in Spanish island of Gran Canaria. This study may contribute to business practice by illuminating processes that hotel managers, employees, guests, and partners, can take to improve environmental performance and align practices with water governance.

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