scholarly journals Rainbow color map distorts and misleads research in hydrology – guidance for better visualizations and science communication

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 4549-4565
Author(s):  
Michael Stoelzle ◽  
Lina Stein
Keyword(s):  
Science Communication ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Color Vision Deficiency ◽  
Paper Survey ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
Data Variation ◽  
Hydrological Science ◽  
Color Map ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Rainbow Color

Abstract. Nowadays color in scientific visualizations is standard and extensively used to group, highlight or delineate different parts of data in visualizations. The rainbow color map (also known as jet color map) is famous for its appealing use of the full visual spectrum with impressive changes in chroma and luminance. Besides attracting attention, science has for decades criticized the rainbow color map for its non-linear and erratic change of hue and luminance along the data variation. The missed uniformity causes a misrepresentation of data values and flaws in science communication. The rainbow color map is scientifically incorrect and hardly decodable for a considerable number of people due to color vision deficiency (CVD) or other vision impairments. Here we aim to raise awareness of how widely used the rainbow color map still is in hydrology. To this end, we perform a paper survey scanning for color issues in around 1000 scientific publications in three different journals including papers published between 2005 and 2020. In this survey, depending on the journal, 16 %–24 % of the publications have a rainbow color map and around the same ratio of papers (18 %–29 %) uses red–green elements often in a way that color is the only possibility to decode the visualized groups of data. Given these shares, there is a 99.6 % chance to pick at least one visual problematic publication in 10 randomly chosen papers from our survey. To overcome the use of the rainbow color maps in science, we propose some tools and techniques focusing on improvement of typical visualization types in hydrological science. We give guidance on how to avoid, improve and trust color in a proper and scientific way. Finally, we outline an approach how the rainbow color map flaws should be communicated across different status groups in science.

scholarly journals Rainbow colors distort and mislead research in hydrology – guidance for better visualizations and science communication

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Stoelzle ◽  
Lina Stein
Keyword(s):  
Science Communication ◽  
Sequential Data ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
More Care ◽  
The Media ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
Data Variation ◽  
Color Map ◽  
Rainbow Color

Abstract. Nowadays color in scientific visualizations is standard and extensively used to group, highlight or delineate different parts of data in visualizations. The rainbow color map (also known as jet color map) is famous for its appealing use of the full visual spectrum with impressive changes in chroma and luminance. Beside attracting attention, science has for decades criticized the rainbow color map for its non-linear and erratic change of hue and luminance along the data variation. The missed uniformity causes a misrepresentation of data values and flaws in science communication. The rainbow color map is scientifically incorrect and hardly decodable for a considerable number of people due to color-vision deficiency (CVD) or other vision impairments. Here we aim to raise awareness how widely used the rainbow color maps still is in hydrology. To this end we perform a paper survey scanning for color issues in around 1000 scientific publications in three different journals including papers published between 2005 and 2020. In this survey, depending on the journal, 16–24 % of the publications have a rainbow color map and around the same ratio of papers (18–29 %) use red-green elements often in a way that color is the only possibility to decode the visualized groups of data. Given these shares, there is a 99.6 % chance to pick at least one visual problematic publication in 10 randomly chosen papers from our survey. To overcome the use of the rainbow color maps in science, we propose some tools and techniques focusing on improvement of typical visualization types in hydrological science. Consequently, color should be used with more care to highlight most important aspects of a visualization and the identification of correct data types such as categorical or sequential data is essential to pick appropriate color maps. We give guidance how to avoid, improve and trust and color in a proper and scientific way. Finally, we sketch a way to improve the communication of rainbow flaws between different status groups in science, publishers, and the media.

scholarly journals Identification and Development of Indicators and Tools to Measure Various kinds of Impacts of Tourism

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 3168-3175
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Multiple Impacts ◽  
Comparative Result ◽  
Tourism Impacts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Worldwide Phenomenon ◽  
Tourism Activity ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Different Parts

Tourism activity is a worldwide phenomenon. It has experienced continued growth over the decades. It has become one of the fastest-developing economic segments. The initiatives of tourism development have an impact on people, local businesses, and the environment. Along with its innumerable positive impacts, it also poses various threats to the local communities. Impacts of tourism have been reviewed from literature and categorized into different categories in this study. Measurement of these impacts helps the planners to manage tourism optimally. It can be done with the aid of indicators. In order to measure these impacts, various tools have evolved from time to time in different parts of the world. The present study explores the potential measuring tools and techniques for different tourism developments, which will enable planners to prepare a framework for the measurement of the impacts of tourism. The purpose and applications of various tools are also identified. The research concludes that different types of tourism have different characteristics. Although it is a challenge to measure qualitative and multiple impacts, there are means to measure these impacts for its comparison. Likert scale is one of the useful tools to measure and compare qualitative as well as quantitative impacts of tourism together. A comparative result is helpful for planners and policymakers to prepare regulatory provisions to intensify tourism impacts positively on the local community.

scholarly journals Audio-Visual Tools in Science Communication: The Video Abstract in Ecology and Environmental Sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ferreira ◽  
Betina Lopes ◽  
António Granado ◽  
Helena Freitas ◽  
João Loureiro
Keyword(s):  
Science Communication ◽  
Environmental Communication ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Environmental Sciences ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
Number Of Citations ◽  
Video Abstract

In recent years, the use of videos by the scientific community has evolved continuously. Researchers, communicators, and other players are using audio-visual media to reinvent their stories, to deconstruct complex phenomena and to increase the outreach and impact of their scientific publications. An example of this trend is the video abstract: an audio-visual representation of the key findings described in the written abstract. Much of the research in this area is new and focused on content analysis and classification of online science videos. Furthermore, studies with videos and environmental communication are attached to specific topics like climate change. So far, a small fraction of publications has explored the study of the video abstract, its effects, and its potential, as one general scientific area. This paper provides the first characterization of video abstracts in the areas of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. We identified video abstracts in 29 scientific journals, based on impact, representativeness and visibility criteria. A database of 171 videos, from 7 publishers and 17 different video channels was created. Each video was analyzed for different parameters. The analysis considered not only characteristics of each video, but also characteristics from the corresponding scientific papers. Results indicate that between 2010 and 2018 the number of video abstracts increased sevenfold. Despite this growth, there was no solid strategy for disseminating the videos. While most of them are still associated with classic models, such as documentaries, disruptive formats such as animation are the ones that arouse greater interest. Professional shorter videos (2–3 min in length) showed a significantly higher number of daily views and their papers garnered a higher number of citations per day. This data, combined with future qualitative research, will help to develop a model for validating the quality of an Ecology video abstract and provide new insights into the global study of audio-visual communication of science.

scholarly journals A historical kaleidoscope of public communication of science and technology

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. E ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Massarani ◽  
Ildeu Moreira ◽  
Bruce Lewenstein
Keyword(s):  
Science Communication ◽  
Print Media ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Public Communication ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Building Science ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Communication Of Science ◽  
Different Parts

Science communication is today a well-established ―although young― area of research. However, there are only a few books and papers analyzing how science communication has developed historically. Aiming to, in some way, contribute to filling this gap, JCOM organized this special issue on the History of Public Communication of Science and Technology (PCST), joining 15 contributions, from different parts of the globe. The papers published in this issue are organized in three groups, though with diffuse boundaries: geography, media, and discipline. The first group contains works that deal descriptively and critically with the development of PCST actions and either general or specific public policies for this area in specific countries. A second set of papers examines aspects of building science communication on TV or in print media. The third group of papers presents and discusses important PCST cases in specific areas of science or technology at various historical moments.

scholarly journals Contribución de la comunicación institucional de la investigación a su impacto y visibilidad. Caso de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco-Javier Alonso-Flores ◽  
Daniela De-Filippo ◽  
Antonio-Eleazar Serrano-López ◽  
Carolina Moreno-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Science Communication ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Press Releases ◽  
Redes Sociales ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Carlos Iii ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion ◽  
Journal Impact

Institutional offices for the communication and dissemination of science are gaining in importance at Spanish universities, and their activities can contribute to increasing the visibility and reputation of researchers. The objective of this study is to analyze the relations between the institutional communication of research results to the public and the impact and academic visibility of scientific papers. For this purpose, science communication and dissemination undertaken through press releases on R+D+i results from the Science Culture and Innovation Unit (SCIU) at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) were selected as a case study. This SCIU was chosen because it has published yearly reports for more than a decade on the impact in the media of its press releases. Press dossiers of the last five years available (2014-2018) were examined, and a database was created of the citations received by texts published in scientific journals indexed in the Web of Science as well as their mentions on social networks through the company Altmetric.com. After that, this information was statistically analyzed. The main results show that the journal impact index is important for obtaining academic citations or appearing in Twitter conversations. However, the influence of the journal impact factor turns out to be lower when it comes to popularizing scientific publications in the media. Furthermore, the statistical evidence points to the fact that scientific publications disseminated through the SCIU receive proportionally more citations than research that has not been disseminated through the institutional channel. Resumen Las oficinas de comunicación y divulgación pública de la ciencia están ganando importancia en las universidades españolas y las actividades que realizan pueden contribuir al incremento de la visibilidad y reputación del personal de investigación. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las relaciones entre la comunicación institucional pública de los resultados de investigación y el impacto y visibilidad académica de las publicaciones científicas. Para ello, se ha seleccionado como estudio de caso la comunicación y diseminación que realiza la Unidad de Cultura Científica y de Innovación (UCC+i) de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Se ha escogido esta UCC+i porque publica anualmente, desde hace más de una década, informes sobre el impacto que generan en medios de comunicación las notas de prensa que difunden. Se han examinado los dosieres de los últimos cinco años (2014-2018) y se ha creado una base de datos que incluye las citas recibidas por los documentos difundidos en revistas científicas indexadas en la Web of Science y las menciones en redes sociales utilizando Altmetric.com. Posteriormente se ha realizado un análisis estadístico de la información obtenida. Los principales resultados muestran que el factor de impacto de las revistas es importante para conseguir citaciones académicas o para figurar en la conversación que se genera en Twitter. Sin embargo, la influencia del factor de impacto de la revista resulta menor a la hora de conseguir que la publicación científica obtenga popularidad en medios de comunicación. Además, las pruebas estadísticas muestran que las publicaciones científicas divulgadas a través de la UCC+i obtienen proporcionalmente más citas que las que no han sido divulgados por vía institucional.

CD-ROM in Developing Countries: A UNESCO Perspective

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-183
Author(s):  
Abdelaziz Abid ◽  
Denise Pélissier
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cooperative Network ◽  
Clearing House ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Parts

UNESCO set up a Clearing House in 1992 to promote and disseminate the information it gathers and to create new information sources corresponding to the needs of Member States. A survey of needs showed a strong demand for CD-ROMs, and the success of a prototype, UNESCO Databases, encouraged it to prepare a new edition and plan two more CD-ROMs, Index Translationum and World Heritage. Another programme involves the CD-ROMs of full text as a means of helping less developed countries to obtain affordable economic access to literature. An agreement has been reached with ADONIS whereby free subscriptions to the ADONIS discs for 1991 and 1992 are given to ten selected institutions in Africa, the Arab states, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. A further initiative is the joint ICSU/UNESCO International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, a cooperative network of donors and recipients. Training workshops are also being held in different parts of the world, and an inventory of CD-ROM in developing countries is being prepared.

Rainbow Color Map (Still) Considered Harmful

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Borland ◽  
Russell M. Taylor Ii
Keyword(s):  
Color Map ◽  
Rainbow Color

Security Theory Process, definitions, tools and techniques

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
William O’Toole ◽  
Dr Stephen Luke ◽  
Travis Semmens ◽  
Dr Jason Brown ◽  
Andrew Tatrai
Keyword(s):  
Return On Investment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Basic Requirement ◽  
The World ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Security Incidents ◽  
Different Parts

The widely respected Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs describes our basic requirement for safety and security as just above food, water, warmth, and rest. For the purposes of this chapter, safety is considered in the context of event security. In this context safety is an emotion that is affected by the trust a patron places on the signals, signs and feelings they detect when they review a place, an event, buy a ticket to an event, or attend an event. In essence, the relationship between a patron and a security provider is one of trust. Patrons attending events have an emotional investment in an event, based on both their expectation of the event itself and on their awareness of the risks of attending an event, formed via knowledge of security incidents at other venues around the world. The security profession, on the other hand, invests in the event process through planning, implementation, and application that needs to be robust and stable to fulfil patrons’ trust and maximise their return on investment, and to prevent failure or any other incident that may significantly damage the event. This chapter will explore what security does to make people feel safe and to prevent the loss of assets. It will use a systems theory approach to discuss the interrelation and interaction of the various dynamic aspects of the different parts of the security process.

scholarly journals Peer-reviewed publishing of results from Citizen Science projects

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. L01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Gadermaier ◽  
Daniel Dörler ◽  
Florian Heigl ◽  
Stefan Mayr ◽  
Johannes Rüdisser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Publishing Process ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Science Projects ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Personal Experiences

Citizen science (CS) terms the active participation of the general public in scientific research activities. With increasing amounts of information generated by citizen scientists, best practices to go beyond science communication and publish these findings to the scientific community are needed. This letter is a synopsis of authors' personal experiences when publishing results from citizen science projects in peer-reviewed journals, as presented at the Austrian Citizen Science Conference 2018. Here, we address authors' selection criteria for publishing CS data in open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journals as well as barriers encountered during the publishing process. We also outline factors that influence the probability of publication using CS data, including 1) funding to cover publication costs; 2) quality, quantity and scientific novelty of CS data; 3) recommendations to acknowledge contributions of citizen scientists in scientific, peer-reviewed publications; 4) citizen scientists' preference of the hands-on experience over the product (publication) and 5) bias among scientists for certain data sources and the scientific jargon. These experiences show that addressing these barriers could greatly increase the rate of CS data included in scientific publications.

The Information Deficit Model and Climate Change Communication

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brianne Suldovsky
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Public Engagement ◽  
News Media ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Climate Change Communication ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Deficit Model ◽  
The Public ◽  
Change Communication

Many publics remain divided about the existence and consequences of anthropogenic climate change despite scientific consensus. A popular approach to climate change communication, and science communication more generally, is the information deficit model. The deficit model assumes that gaps between scientists and the public are a result of a lack of information or knowledge. As a remedy for this gap, the deficit model is a one-way communication model where information flows from experts to publics in an effort to change individuals’ attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. Approaches to climate change communication that reflect the deficit model include websites, social media, mobile applications, news media, documentaries and films, books, and scientific publications and technical reports. The deficit model has been highly criticized for being overly simplistic and inaccurately characterizing the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, particularly for politically polarized issues like climate change. Even so, it continues to be an integral part of climate change communication research and practice. In an effort to address the inadequacies of the deficit model, scholars and practitioners often utilize alternative forms of public engagement, including the contextual model, the public engagement model, and the lay expertise model. Each approach to public engagement carries with it a unique set of opportunities and challenges. Future work in climate change communication should explore when and how to most effectively use the models of public engagement that are available.

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