scholarly journals GEOINFORMATION APPROACH FOR COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE NATURAL HAZARD

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W4 ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Nikolova ◽  
P. Zlateva
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Natural Components ◽  
Gis Environment

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Natural hazards are existence of natural components and processes, which create a situation that could negatively affect people, the economy and the environment. In this concern, they are associated with the probability of negative impacts and they are considered as limiting factors for people's lives and activities. Rising public awareness about natural hazards could improve the quality of life, save financial resources and even save lives. Methodological issues of complex analysis of multiple natural hazards in geographic information system (GIS) environment are presented in the current paper on the example of floods and landslide assessment. The complicated nature of natural hazards and the interrelations between natural components require a complex analysis of natural hazard factors and an integrated assessment taking into account all aspects of different hazards as well as the overall hazard resulting from a probable simultaneous occurrence of several adverse natural phenomena. A special attention is given to the data as one of the most important component of the analysis. Different data formats and particularities of spatial data interpretation in GIS environment are considered. Having regard the nature of the data and the phenomenon being evaluated, different GIS spatial analysis tools (fuzzy overlay, weighted sum, interpolation) are applied together with mathematical analyses. The results of the current research and suggested approach could support decision makers in territorial planning and risk management.</p>

scholarly journals The Swiss joint information platform for natural hazards

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Philipp Angehrn ◽  
Sabina Steiner ◽  
Christophe Lienert
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
User Feedback ◽  
Acceptance Testing ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Information Platform

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Swiss Joint Information Platform for Natural Hazards (GIN) has been realized from 2008 to 2010 as part of the Swiss federal government’s OWARNA project, which aimed at optimizing warning and alerting procedures against natural hazard. The first online-version of the platform went productive in 2011 with the primary goal of providing measured and forecast natural hazard data in form of processed cartographic, graphic and other multimedia products to professional users &amp;ndash; before, during and after natural hazard events. In Switzerland water-, weather-, snow- and earthquake-related hazards are the most relevant ones.</p><p>In 2013, an online survey showed that the platform does not fully meet user expectations, particularly as to user experience and usability of its cartographic, web-based user interface. Revaluation and redesign of the overall platform were necessary in order to improve map legibility, caused by the complexity of data, large data amounts, and high spatial density of online, real-time measurement data locations. A new web design and user interaction concept have been developed in 2014 and eventually put online in June 2017. User acceptance testing by means of surveys and direct user feedback sessions were key factors in this perennial redesign process. The GIN platform now features important novel technical and graphical elements: The starting page is based on a dashboard containing virtual dossiers (Fig. 1), with which users configure their desired information, data, and map bundles individually, or use predefined adaptable views on various existing data sets. In addition, there is a new overall spatial search function to query data parameters. A responsive approach further improves the usability of the platform. The focus of these new features is on multi-views involving maps, diagrams, tables, text products, as well as selected geographical areas on maps, and fast data queries (Fig. 2). Current user feedback suggests that the new GIN platform design is well received, and that it is moving closer to its very goal: online monitoring and management of natural hazard events by enhanced usability, more targeted and higher personalization.</p><p>Several Swiss Cantons (i.e., the political entities in Switzerland below the federation) actively participated, and still participate, in the conceptual GIN platform development process through advisory board meetings and consultations. On the operational level, Cantons actively provide and contribute further natural hazard information and measurement data from their own natural hazard monitoring networks. These additional Cantonal regional-scale data sets help to fill spatial data gaps, where no Federal data is available. GIN thusly integrates natural hazard data from Federal and Cantonal levels (and partly even private level), which adds value to all stakeholders on various political levels involved in natural hazard management (Federal, Cantonal, Regional, Communal crisis committees). Stakeholders not only use GIN’s ample database and cartographic product portfolio to accomplish their early warning and crisis management tasks, but also benefit from seamless, secure and reliable IT-services, provided by the Swiss Federal Government. With the new GIN platform, Switzerland has a powerful, integrative, and comprehensive tool for monitoring and responding to natural hazard events.</p>

Asteroid and comet impacts: the ultimate environmental catastrophe

2006 ◽  
Vol 364 (1845) ◽  
pp. 2041-2054 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Probability Of Occurrence ◽  
International Action ◽  
Precise Prediction ◽  
Low Probability

Cosmic impacts represent the most extreme class of natural hazards, combining a very low probability of occurrence with a capability of killing hundreds of millions and destabilizing global civilization. Fortunately, these disasters are amenable to precise prediction and even (in principle) can be avoided entirely by appropriate application of space technology. However, impacts take place so rarely that they have only recently been recognized as a significant natural hazard. Concerted international action to deal with impacts depends on increased public awareness.

scholarly journals Natural hazards and climate change are not drivers of disasters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alik Ismail-Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Time Dependent

AbstractMany nations face challenges in assessing, understanding, and responding to the time-dependent nature of disaster risk. Changes in the intensity of occurrences of extreme events coupled with changes in vulnerability and exposure alter the impacts of natural hazards on society in mostly negative ways. Here an interrelationship between natural hazard (NH), climate change (CC), vulnerability (V), exposure (E), and decisionmaking (DM) is considered. While NHs trigger disasters and CC is likely to intensify occurrences of disasters, V and E present major drivers of disasters. Informed DM on disaster risk reduction should be based on scientific evidence from NH and CC, knowledge of V and E, and relevant options for actions on preventive disaster measures as a part of preparedness and public awareness.

scholarly journals Assessment of Social Vulnerability to Natural Hazards in Nepal

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipendra Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
District Level ◽  
Vulnerability Mapping ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Preparedness Planning ◽  
Arc Gis ◽  
Gis Environment

Abstract. This paper disseminates district-wise social vulnerability to natural hazards in Nepal. Disasters like earthquake, flood, landslide, epidemic and drought are common in Nepal. Every year thousands of people are killed along with huge economic and environmental losses are reported in Nepal due to various natural disasters. Although natural hazards are well recognized in Nepal, quantitative as well as qualitative social vulnerability mapping does not exist until now. This study aims to fulfil the hiatus of such quantification considering district level social vulnerability to natural hazards using available census. To perform district level vulnerability mapping, 13 variables were selected and aggregated indexes were plotted in Arc GIS environment to depict the level of social vulnerability for all 75 districts in Nepal. Only 4 districts were found to be under very low social vulnerability whereas 46 districts (61 %) were found to be under moderate to high social vulnerability status. Vulnerability mapping highlights the immediate need for decentralized frameworks to tackle natural hazards in district level and the results of this study can contribute to preparedness, planning and resource management, inter-district coordination, contingency planning and public awareness efforts.

Infrastructural approach to processing of spatial data in the problems of management of territorial development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.В. Бычков ◽  
Г.М. Ружников ◽  
В.В. Парамонов ◽  
А.С. Шумилов ◽  
Р.К. Фёдоров
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Content Management ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Distributed Services ◽  
Spatial Data Processing

Рассмотрен инфраструктурный подход обработки пространственных данных для решения задач управления территориальным развитием, который основан на сервис-ориентированной парадигме, стандартах OGC, web-технологиях, WPS-сервисах и геопортале. The development of territories is a multi-dimensional and multi-aspect process, which can be characterized by large volumes of financial, natural resources, social, ecological and economic data. The data is highly localized and non-coordinated, which limits its complex analysis and usage. One of the methods of large volume data processing is information-analytical environments. The architecture and implementation of the information-analytical environment of the territorial development in the form of Geoportal is presented. Geoportal provides software instruments for spatial and thematic data exchange for its users, as well as OGC-based distributed services that deal with the data processing. Implementation of the processing and storing of the data in the form of services located on distributed servers allows simplifying their updating and maintenance. In addition, it allows publishing and makes processing to be more open and controlled process. Geoportal consists of following modules: content management system Calipso (presentation of user interface, user management, data visualization), RDBMS PostgreSQL with spatial data processing extension, services of relational data entry and editing, subsystem of launching and execution of WPS-services, as well as services of spatial data processing, deployed at the local cloud environment. The presented article states the necessity of using the infrastructural approach when creating the information-analytical environment for the territory management, which is characterized by large volumes of spatial and thematical data that needs to be processed. The data is stored in various formats and applications of service-oriented paradigm, OGC standards, web-technologies, Geoportal and distributed WPS-services. The developed software system was tested on a number of tasks that arise during the territory development.

Pipeline Vulnerability to Natural Hazards

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Vicente Amórtegui
Keyword(s):  
Stress State ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
System Vulnerability ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
External Forces

The strength and stiffness of the pipelines allow them to tolerate the effects of natural hazards for some period of time. The amount of time depends on the strength and deformability, the stress state, the age, the conditions of installation and operation of the pipeline and their geometric arrangement with regard to the hazardous process. Accordingly, some of the hazards due to weather conditions and external forces would not be time independent. In consequence the designing of monitoring systems to predict the behavior of the pipelines against natural hazards is required in order to carry out the preventive actions which are necessary to avoid failure of the pipes due to the exposition to those hazards. In this paper a method for assessing the transport system vulnerability is developed, a function for risk analysis is proposed (which is determined by the probability of the natural hazard, the pipeline’s vulnerability to the hazard and the consequences of the pipe rupture). The elements that are part of that evaluation are presented and illustrated by means of examples.

scholarly journals Landscape analysis for multi-hazard prevention in Orco and Soana valleys, Northwest Italy

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1963-1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Turconi ◽  
D. Tropeano ◽  
G. Savio ◽  
S. K. De ◽  
P. J. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Thematic Maps ◽  
Italian Alps ◽  
Alpine Environment ◽  
Natural Risk ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Different Types

Abstract. The study area (600 km2), consisting of Orco and Soana valleys in the Western Italian Alps, experienced different types of natural hazards, typical of the whole Alpine environment. Some of the authors have been requested to draw a civil protection plan for such mountainous regions. This offered the special opportunity (1) to draw a lot of unpublished historical data, dating back several centuries mostly concerning natural hazard processes and related damages, (2) to develop original detailed geo-morphological studies in a region still poorly known, (3) to prepare detailed thematic maps illustrating landscape components related to natural conditions and hazards, (4) to thoroughly check present-day situations in the area compared to the effects of past events and (5) to find adequate natural hazard scenarios for all sites exposed to risk. The method of work has been essentially to compare archival findings with field evidence in order to assess natural hazard processes, their occurrence and magnitude, and to arrange all such elements in a database for GIS-supported thematic maps. Several types of natural hazards, such as landslides, rockfalls, debris flows, stream floods and snow avalanches cause huge damage to lives and properties (housings, roads, tourist sites). We aim to obtain newly acquired knowledge in this large, still poorly understood area as well as develop easy-to-interpret products such as natural risk maps.

scholarly journals Assessing the risk posed by natural hazards to infrastructures

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unni Marie Kolderup Eidsvig ◽  
Krister Kristensen ◽  
Bjørn Vidar Vangelsten
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Natural Event ◽  
Ranking Criteria ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Restoration Effort

Abstract. This paper proposes a model for assessing the risk posed by natural hazards to infrastructures. The model prescribes a three level analysis with increasing level of detail, moving from qualitative to quantitative analysis. The focus is on a methodology for semi-quantitative analysis to be performed at the second level. The purpose of this type of analysis is to perform a screening of the scenarios of natural hazards threatening the infrastructures, identifying the most critical scenarios and investigating the need for further analyses (third level). The proposed semi-quantitative methodology considers the frequency of the natural hazard, different aspects of vulnerability including the physical vulnerability of the infrastructure itself and the societal dependency on the infrastructure. An indicator-based approach is applied, ranking the indicators on a relative scale according to pre-defined ranking criteria. The proposed indicators, which characterize conditions that influence the probability of an infrastructure break-down caused by a natural event, are defined as 1) Robustness and buffer capacity, 2) Level of protection, 3) Quality/Level of maintenance and renewal, 4) Adaptability and quality in operational procedures and 5) Transparency/complexity/degree of coupling. Further indicators describe the societal consequences of the infrastructure failure, such as Redundancy and/or substitution, Restoration effort/duration, Preparedness, early warning and emergency response and Dependencies and cascading effects. The aggregated risk estimate is a combination of the semi-quantitative vulnerability indicators, as well as quantitative estimates of the frequency of the natural hazard, the potential duration of the infrastructure malfunctioning (depending e.g. on the required restoration effort) and the number of users of the infrastructure. Case studies for two Norwegian municipalities are presented where risk posed by adverse weather and natural hazards to primary road, water supply and power network is assessed. The application examples show that the proposed model provides a useful tool for screening of potential undesirable events, contributing to a targeted reduction of the risk.

scholarly journals A REVIEW OF 3D GIS FOR USE IN CREATING VIRTUAL HISTORIC DUBLIN

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W9 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A. Chenaux ◽  
M. Murphy ◽  
S. Pavia ◽  
S. Fai ◽  
T. Molnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Public Works ◽  
3D Gis ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Interactive 3D ◽  
Under Construction

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper illustrates how BIM integration with GIS is approached as part of the workflow in creating Virtual Historic Dublin. A design for a WEB based interactive 3D model of historic buildings and centres in Dublin City (Virtual Historic Dublin City) paralleling smart city initiates is now under construction and led by the National Monuments at the Office of Public Works in Ireland. The aim is to facilitate the conservation and maintenance of historic infrastructure and fabric and the dissemination of knowledge for education and cultural tourism using an extensive Historic Building Information Model. Remote sensing data is now processed with greater ease to create 3D intelligent models in Historic BIM. While the use of remote sensing, HBIM and game engine platforms are the main applications used at present, 3D GIS has potential to form part of the workflow for developing the Virtual Historic City. 2D GIS is now being replaced by 3D spatial data allowing more complex analysis to be carried out, 3D GIS can define and depict buildings, urban rural centres in relation to their geometry topological, semantic and visualisation properties. The addition of semantic attributes allows complex analysis and 3D spatial queries for modelling city and urban elements. This analysis includes fabric and structural elements of buildings, relief, vegetation, transportation, water bodies, city furniture and land use.</p>

Multiple-hazards and their interactions in urban low-to-middle income countries: a case study from Nairobi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce D. Malamud ◽  
Emmah Mwangi ◽  
Joel Gill ◽  
Ekbal Hussain ◽  
Faith Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Soil Subsidence ◽  
Ground Collapse

&lt;p&gt;Global policy frameworks, such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, increasingly advocate for multi-hazard approaches across different spatial scales. However, management approaches on the ground are still informed by siloed approaches based on one single natural hazard (e.g. flood, earthquake, snowstorm). However, locations are rarely subjected to a single natural hazard but rather prone to more than one. These different hazards and their interactions (e.g. one natural hazard triggering or increasing the probability of one or more natural hazards), together with exposure and vulnerability, shape the disaster landscape of a given region and associated disaster impact. &amp;#160;Here, as part of the UK GCRF funded research grant &amp;#8220;Tomorrow&amp;#8217;s Cities&amp;#8221; we first map out the single natural hazardscape for Nairobi using evidence collected through peer-reviewed literature, grey literature, social media and newspapers. We find the following hazard groups and hazard types present in Nairobi: (i) geophysical (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides), (ii) hydrological (floods and droughts), (iii) shallow earth processes (regional subsidence, ground collapse, soil subsidence, ground heave), (iv) atmospheric hazards (storm, hail, lightning, extreme heat, extreme cold), (v) biophysical (urban fires), and vi) space hazards (geomatic storms, and impact events). The breadth of single natural hazards that can potentially impact Nairobi is much larger than normally considered by individual hazard managers that work in Nairobi. We then use a global hazard matrix to identify possible hazard interactions, focusing on the following interaction mechanisms: (i) hazard triggering secondary hazard, (ii) hazards amplifying the possibility of the secondary hazard occurring.&amp;#160; We identify 67 possible interactions, as well as some of the interaction cascade typologies that are typical for Nairobi (e.g. a storm triggers and increases the probability of a flood which in turn increases the probability of a flood). Our results indicate a breadth of natural hazards and their interactions in Nairobi, and emphasise a need for a multi-hazard approach to disaster risk reduction.&lt;/p&gt;

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