scholarly journals Seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of Kolkata City, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 3015-3063 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Nath ◽  
M. D. Adhikari ◽  
N. Devaraj ◽  
S. K. Maiti
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Building Typology ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Risk Maps ◽  
The City

Abstract. The city of Kolkata is one of the most urbanized and densely populated regions in the world, which is a major industrial and commercial hub of the Eastern and Northeastern region of India. In order to classify the seismic risk zones of Kolkata we used seismic hazard exposures on the vulnerability components namely, landuse/landcover, population density, building typology, age and height. We microzoned seismic hazard of the City by integrating seismological, geological and geotechnical themes in GIS which in turn is integrated with the vulnerability components in a logic-tree framework to estimate both the socio-economic and structural risk of the City. In both the risk maps, three broad zones have been demarcated as "severe", "high" and "moderate". There had also been a risk-free zone in the City. The damage distribution in the City due to the 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of Mw 8.1 well matches with the risk regime. The design horizontal seismic coefficients for the City have been worked out for all the predominant periods which indicate suitability of "A", "B" and "C" type of structures. The cumulative damage probabilities in terms of "slight", "moderate", "extensive" and "complete" have also been assessed for the significant four model building types viz. RM2L, RM2M, URML and URMM for each structural seismic risk zone in the City. Both the Seismic Hazard and Risk maps are expected to play vital roles in the earthquake inflicted disaster mitigation and management of the city of Kolkata.

scholarly journals Seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of Kolkata City, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1103-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Nath ◽  
M. D. Adhikari ◽  
N. Devaraj ◽  
S. K. Maiti
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Building Typology ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Structural Risk ◽  
Risk Maps ◽  
The City

Abstract. The city of Kolkata is one of the most urbanized and densely populated regions in the world and a major industrial and commercial hub of the eastern and northeastern region of India. In order to classify the seismic risk zones of Kolkata we used seismic hazard exposures on the vulnerability components, namely land use/land cover, population density, building typology, age and height. We microzoned seismic hazard of the city by integrating seismological, geological and geotechnical themes in GIS, which in turn are integrated with the vulnerability components in a logic-tree framework for the estimation of both the socioeconomic and structural risk of the city. In both the risk maps, three broad zones have been demarcated as "severe", "high" and "moderate". There had also been a risk-free zone in the city that is termed as "low". The damage distribution in the city due to the 1934 Bihar–Nepal earthquake of Mw = 8.1 matches satisfactorily well with the demarcated risk regime. The design horizontal seismic coefficients for the city have been worked out for all the fundamental periods that indicate suitability for "A", "B" and "C" type of structures. The cumulative damage probabilities in terms of "none", "slight", "moderate", "extensive" and "complete" have also been assessed for the predominantly four model building types viz. RM2L, RM2M, URML and URMM for each seismic structural risk zone in the city. Both the seismic hazard and risk maps are expected to play vital roles in the earthquake-inflicted disaster mitigation and management of the city of Kolkata.

scholarly journals Seismic Risk Assessment of Chania, Greece, Using an Integrated Computational Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11249
Author(s):  
Ioannis Koutsoupakis ◽  
Yiannis Tsompanakis ◽  
Pantelis Soupios ◽  
Panagiotis Kirmizakis ◽  
SanLinn Kaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Surface Shear ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Effective Decision Making ◽  
Ground Motion Scenarios ◽  
The City

This study develops a comprehensive seismic risk model for the city of Chania, in Greece, which is located ina highly seismic-prone region due to the occurrenceof moderate to large earthquakes because of the nearby major subduction zone between African and Eurasian tectonic plates. The main aim is to reduce the seismic risk for the study area by incorporating the spatial distribution of the near-surface shear wave velocity model and the soil classification, along with all possible seismic sources, taking into account historical events. The study incorporates and correlates various ground motion scenarios and geological fault zones as well as information on existing buildings to develop a seismic risk model using QuakeIST software, and then the seismic hazard and a realistic prediction of resulting future adverse effects are assessed. The developed model can assist the municipal authorities of Chania to be prepared for potential seismic events, as well as city planners and decisionmakers, who can use the model as an effective decision-making tool to identify the seismic vulnerability of the city buildings and infrastructure. Thus, this study enables the implementation of an appropriate and viable earthquake-related hazards strategy to mitigate damage and losses in future earthquakes.

Contribution for seismic hazard assessment with local scale focus on Durrës (Albania) and damage observation after the ML 5.4, 21st September 2019 earthquake

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Mancini ◽  
Iolanda Gaudiosi ◽  
Redi Muci ◽  
Maurizio Simionato ◽  
Klodian Skrame
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Joint Research Project ◽  
Single Station ◽  
Noise Measurements ◽  
The City ◽  
2D Array

<p>The city of Durrës was recentely struck by a Mw 6.2 mainshock event (http://cnt.rm.ingv.it/event/23487611) that caused considerable damage and 51 victims. The city is located on an actively seismotectonic belt where seismic catalogues report few past events with magnitude higher than 6.</p><p>Surface geology is generally considered to influence the ground motion recorded on site. The analysis of the influence of local effects on seismic response at ground surface appears relevant also considering that Durrës is a densely populated city prone to high seismic risk and is characterized by several important archeological and cultural heritage sites.</p><p>Preliminary results obtained from recent geophysical in-situ measurements and geological surveys, carried out in Durrës after the ML 5.4, 21<sup>st</sup> September 2019 event, are presented with the aim of providing new elements for the assessment of local seismic hazard and following a comprehensive approach to the modifications induced by the site.</p><p>Twenty-nine single-station noise measurements, processed through the HVSR technique, two MASW surveys and two 2D array measurements were performed. Results from noise measurements define a zone eastward of the historical centre, where the characteristics of surficial soil layers are responsible for modification to the seismic demand. In particular, HVSR curves in this area show amplification higher than 4 at a period higher than 1s. Moreover, on this location a surface waves-velocity profile obtained from a joint inversion of Rayleigh curves from MASW and 2D array with ellipticity individuates a class D soil, EC8 sensu, corresponding to marshy soil of very poor geotechnical quality. These data may be considered as key elements in the site-specific response analyses, i.e. realized according to the international codes (EC8, NEHRP), which allow to quantify the expected ground motion. These results are potentially useful for  correlating  construction typologies and period vibration of the buildings with the site amplification.</p><p>In addition, a damage survey was carried out in one of the most damaged zones after the 21<sup>st</sup> September 2019 earthquake. Because of the following stronger event of the 26<sup>th</sup> November 2019, we think that these preliminary results may provide useful information for the post-earthquake reconstruction and enhancement of the urban resilience.</p><p>                The activities are carried out wihin the framework of the CNR/MOES Joint research project “Seismic risk assessment in cultural heritage cities of Albania” in the biennium 2018-2019 (https://www.cnr.it/en/bilateral-agreements/agreement/60/moes-ministry-of-education-and-sport-of-the-republic-of-albania).</p>

scholarly journals Potential Seismic Damage Assessment of Residential Buildings in Imzouren City (Northern Morocco)

Buildings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seif-eddine Cherif ◽  
Mimoun Chourak ◽  
Mohamed Abed ◽  
Abdelhalim Douiri
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Site Investigation ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Vulnerability Index Method ◽  
Earthquake Scenarios ◽  
The City

The main purpose of this study is to assess seismic risk and present earthquake loss scenarios for the city of Imzouren, in northern Morocco. An empirical approach was chosen to assess the seismic vulnerability of the existing buildings, using the Vulnerability Index Method (RISK-UE), and considering two earthquake scenarios (deterministic and probabilistic). Special concern was given to the seismic vulnerability in Imzouren since the 2004 earthquake (24 February, mw = 6.4) that struck the region and caused substantial damage. A site investigation was conducted in the city targeting more than 3000 residential buildings, which had been closely examined and catalogued to assess their seismic vulnerability. The results of the seismic risk assessment in the city are represented through damage to the buildings, harm to the population and economic loss. Generally, the results obtained from the deterministic approach are in agreement with the damage caused by the 2004 earthquake.

Integrated methodologies for seismic risk mitigation in Durrës (Albania) after the seismic event of November 26th, 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elfrida Shehu ◽  
Klodian Skrame
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Earthquake Ground Motion ◽  
Emergency Plans ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

<p>Albania, the small country in the western Balkan, is a disaster-prone country. It ranks as one of the countries in the world with the highest economic risk from natural hazards events. During the past several decades, in average, Albania has been hit by about one major geological event per year. The impact of disasters in Albania are significantly compounded by a relatively high degree of poverty, lack of infrastructure maintenance, unsafe building and land use practices, linked to rapid urbanization, exploitation of natural resources (overgrazing of pasture, overexploitation of forests and riverbeds, etc.) as well as some other consequences of the transition from a centralized to an open marked economy.</p><p>From a geological point of view, Albania is a young and very dynamic territory and is very vulnerable to the geological and hydro-geological hazards as: earthquakes, landslides, flooding, torrential rains, river erosion, coastal erosion and avalanches that cover almost the entire territory. Due to these conditions its average annual losses count for about 2.5% of its GDP.</p><p>The Durrës earthquakes of 2019 had a huge impact on the Albanian economy. The city of Durrës, Thumanë, Tirana, Vora, Shijak and their villages suffered considerable damage after the earthquakes of September 21<sup>st</sup>, 2019 of Mw 5.4 and November 26<sup>th</sup>, 2019 of Mw 6.2. The main event of the <sup>26th</sup> November caused the deaths of 51 persons and the damaging of hundreds of buildings. The degree of damages produced by these earthquakes has been, in some cases, significantly enhanced by the characteristics of the earthquake ground motion affected by the local subsurface soil structure and the quality of the constructions. The situations during and after the seismic events highlight the indispensable need of the seismic microzonation studies for the entire Albanian territory and emergency plans for the main cities of the country.</p><p>This paper shows the impact of the earthquake event on the housing market value by treating the data collected in the city of Durrës for the period December 2019 - September2020.</p><p>The main goal of the paper is to correlate the obtained results with the engineering-geological and geophysical conditions of the city of Durrёs and the seismic vulnerability of the building.</p><p>The findings of this study can be considered as a first step for in-depth studies aiming to calculate the impact of seismic risk and the change in the risk perception on the housing prices.</p>

Recent Seismic Microzoning Maps in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Saburoh Midorikawa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Seismic Retrofitting ◽  
General View ◽  
Seismic Microzoning ◽  
Kobe Earthquake ◽  
Earthquake Research ◽  
Hazard And Risk

In Japan, seismic microzoning has been conducted as the basis for better disaster planning by governments. This paper introduces various seismic microzoning maps published by the central and local governments in Japan after the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Nation-wide seismic hazard maps are published by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion, to understand the general view of seismic hazard nationwide. Regional seismic microzoning maps are prepared by the Central Disaster Prevention Council for large subduction earthquakes and the Tokyo Metropolitan earthquake. Based on results of the microzonings, strategies are proposed for disaster mitigation of the earthquakes. Local governments prepare more detailed, smaller scale maps, e.g., the Yokohama shake map using a 50 m mesh system. After the publication of the map, the numbers of applicants for seismic performance appraisal service of wooden houses and for seismic retrofitting subsidies from the city increased significantly. This stimulated central and local governments, which started detailed mapping studies. Seismic microzoning maps are being used not only for governments but also for citizens. The maps should evolve both for more attractive presentation to deepen citizens' understanding and for more reliable and comprehensive estimates of seismic hazard and risk.

Geoscience in collaboration with religion to save lives and livelihoods in seismic risk regions: a case study from Haiti

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Haiti Earthquake ◽  
Hazard Risk

<p>Eighty-four percent of the world’s population self-identifies as religious, and many of these people live in low-income contexts exposed to seismic hazard risk and to potentially disastrous outcomes. Using a case-study from Haiti, this presentation explores the theoretical benefits of a geoscientific – religion collaboration contribution to education modules for saving lives and livelihoods in seismic risk zones. Our previous research, carried out in areas most affected by the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, which caused catastrophic fatality and life-changing injury rates across the demographic spectrum, revealed that many people had little inkling of what an earthquake was or of how they should respond to one. However, this ignorance was not due to lack of desire for, or lack of interest in the significance of seismic hazard risk awareness or of disaster mitigation. On the contrary, we found a very serious desire for education that would lead to greater awareness and disaster mitigation. The real problem was based in a lack of access to educational systems and in the lack of serious geoscience within the educational curriculum. Drawing on my research carried out after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and our recent publication, Abbott, Roger P and Robert S. White, Narratives of Faith from the Haiti Earthquake: Religion, Natural Hazards and Disaster Response. (New York: Routledge, 2019),this presentation, advocates for an experimental project methodology that would combine both geoscience and religious education working in collaboration to demonstrate the potential benefits for saving lives and livelihoods for vulnerable communities exposed to seismic risk. In Haiti, the majority of educational establishments are faith-based. Therefore, these establishments are significant stakeholders for geoscientists to be in collaboration with. The geo-scientifically educated students can then input their education into parental/familial life, thereby extending the seismic hazard awareness and disaster mitigation procedures even more widely in society. In geographical contexts, where religious beliefs are endemic to daily life, a religious collaboration with geoscience could help establish a religious as well as confident scientific logic and resilience from embracing the geoscience relevant to students’ locales, as being both scientifically and theologically justified.  The five-year longitudinal project we advocate would involve constructing a contextualised science-faith teacher-training module, its implementation in selected schools in Haiti, and the utilisation of Raspberry Shake seismometers in those schools for monitoring and collection of seismic activity data. A control group would also be selected, which would neither be subjected to the educational material, nor would they have the Raspberry Shakes. Analysis of the data from both groups and of any changes in disaster awareness and mitigation in one group in comparison with the other would reveal the feasibility and beneficial nature of such an indigenised educational programme for a national curriculum in Low Income Countries.</p>

Traditional techniques on masonry buildings that improve performance under seismic risk

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Mascarenhas ◽  
Lurdes Belgas ◽  
Fernando G. Branco
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Mainland Portugal ◽  
Original Construction ◽  
Legal Procedures

<p>Some regions of mainland Portugal, especially the southern region, are exposed to considerable seismic hazard. There is also a wide variety of building typologies, including structures of masonry and wood, masonry and reinforced concrete and reinforced concrete built in different times and with different degrees of seismic vulnerability. In the last few years, there was a significant growth in the number of building rehabilitation projects in historic centres of Portuguese cities. Some of these interventions are founded on well-conceived projects which take into account the date of construction and the original construction methods and materials, however, there are somewhat legal procedures which seriously undermine the safety of renovated buildings decreasing their seismic performance. This paper illustrates some provisions on traditional building techniques that ensure a better performance of buildings during an earthquake. It also points out and illustrates some of the major mistakes in building rehabilitation that contribute to increase their seismic vulnerability.</p>

scholarly journals Combining recordings of earthquake ground-motion and ambient vibration analysis to estimate site response variability in the city of Lucerne, Switzerland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Janusz ◽  
Vincent Perron ◽  
Christoph Knellwolf ◽  
Walter Imperatori ◽  
Luis Fabian Bonilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ambient Noise ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Spectral Ratio ◽  
Response Variability ◽  
Standard Spectral Ratio ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
The City

&lt;p&gt;Estimation of site effects is an essential part of local seismic hazard and risk assessment, especially in densely populated urban areas. The goal of this study is to assess the site response variability in the city of Lucerne (Central Switzerland), located in a basin filled with unconsolidated deposits. Even though it is a low-to-moderate seismicity area, the long-term seismic risk cannot be neglected, in particular, because the region was struck by strong earthquakes in the past (i.e. Mw 5.9 in 1601).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To determine the spatial distribution of the soil response in the test area, we combined earthquake and ambient noise recordings using the Hybrid Standard Spectral Ratio method (SSRh) introduced by Perron et al. (2018). In the first step, we installed a temporary seismic network to record ground-motion from low-magnitude or distant earthquakes. At selected urban sites inside the sedimentary basin, the dataset was used to estimate the amplification factors with respect to a rock site using the Standard Spectral Ratio approach (SSR - Borcherdt, 1970). Then, a survey including several dozens of densely distributed single-station ambient noise measurements was performed which enabled us to estimate the basin response variability relative to the seismic stations of the temporary seismic network. Finally, we corrected the noise-based evaluation using the SSR amplification functions. To verify the useability of the presented technique in the Lucerne area, we applied the SSRh method also to the temporary stations, the resulting amplification functions largely coincide with the SSR curves. However, the daily variability of the noise wavefield due to human activities can slightly affect the results. We will also discuss the influence of the station distribution and density of the temporary network deployment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The amplification model for the Lucerne area estimated using the SSRh method shows consistency with geological data. The results indicate that seismic waves can be amplified up to 10 times in some parts of the basin compared to the rock site. The highest amplification factors are observed for frequencies between 0.8 and 2Hz. This means a local significant increase in seismic hazard.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The presented work is a part of a detailed site response analysis study for the Lucerne area, considering 2D and 3D site effects and potential non-linear soil behaviour. This PhD project is performed in the framework of the Horizon 2020 ITN funded project URBASIS-EU, which focuses on seismic hazard and risk in urban areas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Borcherdt, R.D., 1970. Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 60, 29&amp;#8211;61.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Perron, V., G&amp;#233;lis, C., Froment, B., Hollender, F., Bard, P.-Y., Cultrera, G., Cushing, E.M., 2018. Can broad-band earthquake site responses be predicted by the ambient noise spectral ratio? Insight from observations at two sedimentary basins. Geophys. J. Int. 215, 1442&amp;#8211;1454.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Seismic hazard assessment of Greenland

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Voss ◽  
Stine Kildegaard Poulsen ◽  
Sebastian Bjerregaard Simonsen ◽  
Søren Gregersen
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽  
Earthquake Activity ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Richter Scale ◽  
Hazard And Risk

Earthquake activity in Greenland has been registered and mapped since 1907 (Larsen et al. 2006) and thus a long (albeit relatively sparse) record of seismic activity is available for evaluation of seismic hazard and risk. Seismic hazard assessment is carried out by judging the probability of future earthquakes in a given region and is based on statistic treatment of earthquake data. The determination of the seismic hazard is the first step in an evaluation of seismic risk, i.e. the possible economic costs and loss of human life after an earthquake. The motivation for this seismic hazard study is the registration of four significant earthquakes in Greenland in 2005. The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) received reports of all four earthquakes from residents who had felt the shaking. The 2005 earthquakes were located at or near Qeqertarsuaq on 30 March, Sisimiut on 23 July, Station Nord on 30 August and Attu on 23 October (Fig. 1), with magnitudes on the Richter scale of 4.3, 4.1, 5.1 and 2.5, respectively. The earthquake in Attu led to the inhabitants fleeing in their boats.

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