scholarly journals Water storage and drainage of short-lived lakes in the Teskey Range, Central Asia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirlan Daiyrov ◽  
Chiyuki Narama
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
Dam Failure ◽  
Eastern Himalaya ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Glacial Lakes ◽  
Outburst Flood ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Lake Type

Abstract. In the Teskey Range of the Tien Shan (Kyrgyz Republic), four outburst flood disasters from short-lived glacial lakes caused severe damages in the downstream part in 2006, 2008, 2013, and 2014. The short-lived lake grows rapidly and drain within a few months, due to closure and opening of an outlet ice-tunnel in moraine complex at glacier front. The outburst flood of this lake type is a major hazard in this region, it differs from many cases of moraine-dam failure in the eastern Himalaya. To clarify how short-lived lakes store and drain water for short period, we examined its recent changes in water level, area, volume, and discharge with a field survey and satellite data analysis. Korumdu lake appeared and drained within about one month during all summers during 2014–2019 except that in 2016. Water-level data recorded by a data logger and time-lapse camera images show that the lake appeared and expanded suddenly from July to August in 2017–2019. The timing indicates that the lake formed when an outlet ice-tunnel (subsurface channel) drain was blocked by deposition of debris and ice due to ice melting, not by freezing of stored water. Based on calculation of UAV DSMs and water level in 2017, the lake's water volume reached 234,000 m3 within 29 days, and then the water discharged for 17 days at a maximum rate of 0.66 m3/s. The small discharge indicates that the diameter of the outlet ice-tunnel was much smaller than those of four short-lived lakes in the same range that caused large drainages (12–27 m3/s) in 2006, 2008, 2013, and 2014. As the results, the dimensions of the outlet ice-tunnel of short-lived glacial lakes presently are related to the flooding scale. Recent warming temperatures may increase both the size of the tunnels and the basin volumes leading to greater hazard from such lakes in the future. In addition, we investigated the timing of appearance of 160 short-lived glacial lakes in this region using Landsat-7/8, Sentinel-2, and PlanetScope satellite images (2013–2018). We conclude that tunnel closure of 117 lakes was due to deposition of debris and ice during summer. The appearance of a short-lived glacial lake is inevitable in summer when the melting rate is high. The characteristics of this lake type might be shown in another Asian mountain permafrost regions.

scholarly journals Formation, evolution, and drainage of short-lived glacial lakes in permafrost environments of the northern Teskey Range, Central Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2245-2256
Author(s):  
Mirlan Daiyrov ◽  
Chiyuki Narama
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
Eastern Himalaya ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Glacial Lakes

Abstract. In the Teskey Range of the Tien Shan (Kyrgyz Republic), five outburst flood disasters from short-lived glacial lakes in 2006, 2008, 2013, 2014, and 2019 caused severe damages in the downstream part. Short-lived glacial lakes in the Teskey Range grow rapidly and drain within a few months, due to closure and opening of an outlet ice tunnel in an ice-cored moraine complex at the glacier front. In addition to these factors, summer meltwater from the glacier can cause rapid growth. Outburst floods of this lake type are a major hazard in this region and differ from the moraine-dam failures common to the eastern Himalaya. To clarify how short-lived glacial lakes store and drain water over short periods, we use results from a field survey and satellite data to analyze the water level, area, volume, and discharge of Korumdu lake (2017–2019) as well as satellite data to monitor the appearance of 160 other short-lived lakes (2013–2018). Except in 2016, Korumdu lake appeared and drained within about 1 month during all the summers. Water level data recorded by a data logger and time-lapse camera images show that the lake appeared and expanded suddenly from July to August in 2017–2019. The timing of lake appearance indicates that the lake formed when an outlet ice tunnel (subsurface channel) drainage was blocked by depositions of an ice–debris mixture due to ice melting and not by freezing of stored water. For 2017, we used uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV)-derived digital surface models (DSMs) and water levels, finding that the lake's volume reached 234 000 m3 within 29 d, and then the water discharged for 17 d at a maximum rate of 0.66 m3/s. This discharge rate is more than 20 times smaller than those found earlier (2006–2014) for four short-lived lakes of tunnel type in this region. We argue that this large variation in discharge rates is due to variation in the dimensions of the outlet ice tunnels. For the 160 other short-lived glacial lakes, we found that 117 formed during the ice-melt period from July to September. This timing and our findings for Korumdu lake show that these 117 lakes likely formed primarily because deposition of an ice–debris mixture blocked the outlet tunnel, though increased glacial melt would also have contributed. In the Teskey Range, the appearance of short-lived glacial lakes on the moraine complexes at glacier fronts is inevitable in summer when the melting rate is high. Similar behavior of short-lived lakes may occur in other mountain regions of Central Asia, such as the Tien Shan and Pamir Mountains, wherever ice-cored moraine complexes exist within mountain permafrost zone. Moreover, increasing temperatures may increase both tunnel size and lake-basin size (lake volume), leading to increased hazard potential from such lakes in the future.

scholarly journals Large drainages from short-lived glacial lakes in the Teskey Range, Tien Shan Mountains, Central Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 983-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiyuki Narama ◽  
Mirlan Daiyrov ◽  
Murataly Duishonakunov ◽  
Takeo Tadono ◽  
Hayato Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Summer ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Glacial Lakes ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Supraglacial Lakes ◽  
Outflow Channel ◽  
Tien Shan Mountains

Abstract. Four large drainages from glacial lakes occurred during 2006–2014 in the western Teskey Range, Kyrgyzstan. These floods caused extensive damage, killing people and livestock as well as destroying property and crops. Using satellite data analysis and field surveys of this area, we find that the water volume that drained at Kashkasuu glacial lake in 2006 was 194 000  m3, at western Zyndan lake in 2008 was 437 000 m3, at Jeruy lake in 2013 was 182 000 m3, and at Karateke lake in 2014 was 123 000 m3. Due to their subsurface outlet, we refer to these short-lived glacial lakes as the “tunnel-type”, a type that drastically grows and drains over a few months. From spring to early summer, these lakes either appear, or in some cases, significantly expand from an existing lake (but non-stationary), and then drain during summer. Our field surveys show that the short-lived lakes form when an ice tunnel through a debris landform gets blocked. The blocking is caused either by the freezing of stored water inside the tunnel during winter or by the collapse of ice and debris around the ice tunnel. The draining then occurs through an opened ice tunnel during summer. The growth–drain cycle can repeat when the ice-tunnel closure behaves like that of typical supraglacial lakes on debris-covered glaciers. We argue here that the geomorphological characteristics under which such short-lived glacial lakes appear are (i) a debris landform containing ice (ice-cored moraine complex), (ii) a depression with water supply on a debris landform as a potential lake basin, and (iii) no visible surface outflow channel from the depression, indicating the existence of an ice tunnel. Applying these characteristics, we examine 60 depressions (> 0.01 km2) in the study region and identify here 53 of them that may become short-lived glacial lakes, with 34 of these having a potential drainage exceeding 10 m3 s−1 at peak discharge.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of water level impact to back-barrier bays

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo L. Aretxabaleta ◽  
Neil K. Ganju ◽  
Zafer Defne ◽  
Richard P. Signell
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Barnegat Bay ◽  
Sea Level Fluctuations ◽  
Flooding Hazard ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Inlet Geometry ◽  
Spatial Estimates

Abstract. Water level in semi-enclosed bays, landward of barrier islands, is mainly driven by offshore sea level fluctuations that are modulated by bay geometry and bathymetry, causing spatial variability in the ensuing response (transfer). Local wind setup can have a secondary role that depends on wind speed, fetch, and relative orientation of the wind direction and the bay. Inlet geometry and bathymetry primarily regulate the magnitude of the transfer between open ocean and bay. Tides and short-period offshore oscillations are more damped in the bays than longer-lasting offshore fluctuations, such as storm surge and sea level rise. We compare observed and modeled water levels at stations in a mid-Atlantic bay (Barnegat Bay) with offshore water level proxies. Observed water levels in Barnegat Bay are compared and combined with model results from the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport (COAWST) modeling system to evaluate the spatial structure of the water level transfer. Analytical models based on the dimensional characteristics of the bay are used to combine the observed data and the numerical model results in a physically consistent approach. Model water level transfers match observed values at locations inside the Bay in the storm frequency band (transfers ranging from 70–100 %) and tidal frequencies (10–55 %). The contribution of frequency-dependent local setup caused by wind acting along the bay is also considered. The approach provides transfer estimates for locations inside the Bay where observations were not available resulting in a complete spatial characterization. The approach allows for the study of the Bay response to alternative forcing scenarios (landscape changes, future storms, and rising sea level). Detailed spatial estimates of water level transfer can inform decisions on inlet management and contribute to the assessment of current and future flooding hazard in back-barrier bays and along mainland shorelines.

scholarly journals The lunar and solar diurnal variations of water-level in a well at Kew observatory, Richmond

1918 ◽  
Vol 94 (663) ◽  
pp. 476-478
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Nearest Point ◽  
Similar Relation ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Mean

In a paper communicated to the Royal Meteorological Society, it was shown that the experimental well at Kew Observatory responded to the lunar fortnightly oscillation of mean level in the River Thames, which is 300 yards from the Observatory at its nearest point. The sensitiveness of the water-level to barometric pressure has also been investigated, and the results have been given in a paper recently read before the Royal Society. The present paper deals with the effects of the short-period tides in the solar and lunar series, S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , S 4 , and M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4 . Two-hourly measurements, both in lunar and solar time, were made on the traces obtained during the first two years, August, 1914-August, 1916, omitting days of very irregular movement. Monthly mean inequalities were then computed. Well marked solar and lunar diurnal variations were found in each month, taking the form of double oscillations with two maxima and two minima during the 24 hours. The range of movement was in each case found to be highly associated with the mean height of the water in the well, the correlation coefficients being 0·89 (lunar) and 0·90 (solar). A similar relation had been previously found to exist in the case of barometric pressure.

An assessment of the Dead Sea level change using remotely sensed data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musab Mbideen ◽  
Balázs Székely
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Spectral Radiance ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Atmospheric Effects ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
The Dead

<p>Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) instruments have spread rapidly in recent years to manage natural resources and monitor environmental changes. Remote sensing has a vast range of applications; one of them is lakes monitoring. The Dead Sea (DS) is subjected to very strong evaporation processes, leading to a remarkable shrinkage of its water level. The DS is being dried out due to a negative balance in its hydrological cycle during the last five decades. This research aims to study the spatial changes in the DS throughout the previous 48 years. Change detection technique has been performed to detect this change over the research period (1972-2020). 73 Landsat imageries have been used from four digital sensors; Landsat 1-5 MSS C1 Level-1, Landsat 4-5 TM C1 Level-1, Land sat 7 ETM+ C1  Level-1, and Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS C1 Level. After following certain selection criteria , the number of studied images decreased. Furthermore, the Digital Surface Model of the Space Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and a bathymetric map of the Dead Sea were used. The collected satellite imageries were pre-processed and normalized using ENVI 5.3 software by converting the Digital Number (DN) to spectral radiance, the spectral radiance was converted to apparent reflectance, atmospheric effects were removed, and finally, the black gaps were removed. It was important to distinguish between the DS lake and the surrounding area in order to have accurate results, this was done by performing classification techniques. The digital terrain model of the DS was used in ArcGIS (3D) to reconstruct the elevation of the shore lines. This model generated equations to detect the water level, surface area, and water volume of the DS. The results were compared to the bathymetric data as well. The research shows that the DS water level declined 65 m (1.35 m/a) in the studied period. The surface area and the water volume declined by 363.56 km<sup>2 </sup>(7.57 km<sup>2</sup>/a) and 53.56 km<sup>3</sup> (1.11 km<sup>3</sup>/a), respectively. The research also concluded that due to the bathymetry of the DS, the direction of this shrinkage is from the south to the north. We hypothesize that anthropogenic effects have contributed in the shrinkage of the DS more than the climate. The use of the DS water by both Israel and Jordan for industrial purposes is the main factor impacting the DS, another factor is the diversion of the Jordan and Yarmouk rivers. Our results also allow to give a prediction for the near future of the DS: the water level is expected to reach –445 m in 2050, while the surface area and the water volume is expected to be 455 km<sup>2</sup> and 142 km<sup>3</sup>, respectively. </p>

scholarly journals Identification of Locations for Potential Glacial Lakes Formation using Remote Sensing Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
P Yagol ◽  
A Manandhar ◽  
P Ghimire ◽  
RB Kayastha ◽  
JR Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Glacial Lakes ◽  
Outburst Flood ◽  
Remote Sensing Technology ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Lake Formation ◽  
Significant Area ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

In past Nepal has encountered a number of glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) events causing loss of billions of rupees. Still there are a number of glacial lakes forming and there are chances of new glacial lake formation. Hence there is intense need to monitor glaciers and glacial lakes. The development on remote sensing technology has eased the researches on glacier and glacial lakes. Identification of locations of potential glacial lakes through the use of remote sensing technology has been proven and hence is opted for identification of locations of potential glacial lake in Khumbu Valley of Sagarmatha Zone, Nepal. The probable sites for glacial lake formation are at Ngojumpa, Lobuche, Khumbu, Bhotekoshi, Inkhu, Kyasar, Lumsumna, etc. As per study, the biggest glacial lake could form at Ngozumpa glacier. Even in other glaciers potential supra-glacial lakes could merge together to form lakes that occupy significant area. Nepalese Journal on Geoinformatics -12, 2070 (2013AD): 10-16

scholarly journals PERENCANAAN EMBUNG GUWOREJO KECAMATAN TAROKAN KABUPATEN KEDIRI

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Yuono Mugi Kuncoro ◽  
Djoko Trijanto ◽  
Medi Efendi
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Effective Capacity ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Capacity Analysis ◽  
Flood Water ◽  
Initial Design ◽  
Hydrologic Analysis ◽  
Downstream Slope

In dry season Tarokan Sub-district of Kediri, often suffers from drought, so a small dam (embung) was required. The objectives of the study are to determine the dimension of the dam, its spillway and to analyze its stability. The required data were of rainfall, topographic maps, soil, and population.The initial design was hydrologic analysis by finding out the planned discharge Q50 and determining the water volume of inflow. To determine the effective catchment ponds, capacity analysis using topographical data and comparing the volume of water available. And analysis of spillway to determine the flood water level.The analyses result, the amount of the water needs of a population of 258.854.400m3, and the magnitude of the draft Q50 discharge of in 4.027 m3/sec (The  room  for  sediment  is  29,234.9 m3  at  elevation  1 m from the bottom of the pool); 390,000m3 effective capacity at +131.75 elevation, and flood water level at +132.75 elevation. The dimension of embung main dam is 6 m deep; embung crest at +133.00 elevation ; 3m wide embung crest ; 1:3 upstream slope; 1 : 2.25 downstream slope ; 10 m wide spillway channel 1 : 1 slope of wall of spillway channel ; and crest of spillway at +131.75. Geostudio software was used to calculate the figures safety against sliding. Keywords: embung, spillway, embung dimensions, slope stabilty

scholarly journals Failure of Zoned Earth Dam (An analysis of earth dam break)

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 344-353
Author(s):  
Abdul-Hassan K. Al-Shukur ◽  
Ranya Badea’ Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Factor Of Safety ◽  
Limit Equilibrium ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Dam Break ◽  
The Body ◽  
Earth Dam ◽  
Dam Failure ◽  
Maximum Water Level ◽  
Maximum Water

One of the most common type of embankment dam failure is the dam-break due to overtopping. In this study, the finite elements method has been used to analyze seepage and limit equilibrium method to study stability of the body of an earthfill dam during the flood condition. For this purpose, the software Geostudio 2012 is used through its subprograms SEEP/W and SLOPE/W. Al-Adhaim dam in Iraq has been chosen to analysis the 5 days of flood. It was found that the water flux of seepage during the flood reaches about 8.772*10-5. m3/sec when the water level 146.5 m at 2nd day. Seepage through the embankment at maximum water level increased by 55.1 % from maximum water level. It was concluded that the factor of safety against sliding in downstream side decrease with increasing water level and vice versa. It was also concluded that the deposits are getting more critical stability during the conditions of flood when the factor of safety value reaches 1.219 at 2nd day.

scholarly journals Contrasting Hydrodynamic Responses to Atmospheric Systems with Different Scales: Impact of Cold Fronts vs. That of a Hurricane

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 979
Author(s):  
Wei Huang ◽  
Chunyan Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Cold Front ◽  
Volume Transport ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Cold Fronts ◽  
Barataria Bay ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Frequent Exchange ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mexico Coast

In this paper, subtidal responses of Barataria Bay to an atmospheric cold front in 2014 and Hurricane Barry of 2019 are studied. The cold fronts had shorter influencing periods (1 to 3 days), while Hurricane Barry had a much longer influencing period (about 1 week). Wind direction usually changes from southern quadrants to northern quadrants before and after a cold front’s passage. For a hurricane making its landfall at the norther Gulf of Mexico coast, wind variation is dependent on the location relative to the location of landfall. Consequently, water level usually reaches a trough after the maximum cold front wind usually; while after the maximum wind during a hurricane, water level mostly has a surge, especially on the right-hand side of the hurricane. Water level variation induced by Hurricane Barry is about 3 times of that induced by a cold front event. Water volume flux also shows differences under these two weather types: the volume transport during Hurricane Barry was 4 times of that during a cold front. On the other hand, cold front events are much more frequent (30–40 times a year), and they lead to more frequent exchange between Barataria Bay and the coastal ocean.

scholarly journals Extreme droughts drive tropical semi-arid eutrophic reservoirs towards CO2 sub-saturation

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurandir Rodrigues de Mendonça Júnior ◽  
André Megali Amado ◽  
Luciana de Oliveira Vidal ◽  
Arthur Mattos ◽  
Vanessa Becker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Autotrophic Metabolism ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the carbon dioxide (CO2) dynamics in tropical semi-arid reservoirs during a prolonged drought period as well as to test if the trophic state affects the CO2 saturation. Methods This study was performed in four reservoirs located in the tropical semi-arid region in the northeast of Brazil. All samplings were performed between 9 and 12 am using a Van Dorn Bottle. Samples for partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 ) measurements were taken in the sub-surface as well as samples for total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. Correlation analysis and linear regression were used to detect relations among the calculated pCO2, water volume and chlorophyll-a. Results The water level reduction due to atypical droughts caused chlorophyll-a concentrations to increase, which in turn, led to CO2 reduction in the water. However, CO2 concentrations were very variable and an alternation between CO2 sub-saturation and super-saturation conditions was observed. This paper showed that water volume and chlorophyll-a were important regulators of CO2 in the water, as well as important carbon balance predictors in the tropical semiarid reservoirs. Conclusions The results of this paper indicate that the eutrophication allied to drastic water level reductions lead to a tendency of autotrophic metabolism of these systems.

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