scholarly journals Terrain visibility impact on the preparation of landslide inventories: some practical cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Txomin Bornaetxea ◽  
Ivan Marchesini ◽  
Sumit Kumar ◽  
Rabisankar Karmakar ◽  
Alessandro Mondini
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Landslide Susceptibility ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Photo Interpretation ◽  
Low Visibility ◽  
Hazard And Risk

Abstract. Landslide inventories are used for multiple purposes including landscape characterisation and monitoring, and landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk evaluation. Their quality can depend on the data and the methods with which they were produced. In this work we evaluate the effects of a variable visibility of the territory to map on the spatial distribution of the information collected by four landslide inventories prepared using different approaches in two study areas. The method first classifies the territory in areas with different visibility levels from the paths (roads) used to map landslides, and then estimates the landslide density reported in the inventories into the different visibility classes. Our results show that 1) the density of the information is strongly related to the visibility in inventories obtained through fieldwork, technical reports and/or newspapers, where landslides are under-sampled in low visibility classes; and 2) the inventories obtained by photo-interpretation of images suffer from a marked under representation of small landslides close to roads or infrastructures. We maintain that the proposed procedure can be useful to evaluate the quality of landslide inventories and then properly orient their use.

Lithography below 100 nm

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
L. D. Jackel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Positive Resist ◽  
Exposure Process

Most production electron beam lithography systems can pattern minimum features a few tenths of a micron across. Linewidth in these systems is usually limited by the quality of the exposing beam and by electron scattering in the resist and substrate. By using a smaller spot along with exposure techniques that minimize scattering and its effects, laboratory e-beam lithography systems can now make features hundredths of a micron wide on standard substrate material. This talk will outline sane of these high- resolution e-beam lithography techniques.We first consider parameters of the exposure process that limit resolution in organic resists. For concreteness suppose that we have a “positive” resist in which exposing electrons break bonds in the resist molecules thus increasing the exposed resist's solubility in a developer. Ihe attainable resolution is obviously limited by the overall width of the exposing beam, but the spatial distribution of the beam intensity, the beam “profile” , also contributes to the resolution. Depending on the local electron dose, more or less resist bonds are broken resulting in slower or faster dissolution in the developer.

scholarly journals The performance of landslide susceptibility models critically depends on the quality of digital elevation models

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1075-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Brock ◽  
Patrick Schratz ◽  
Helene Petschko ◽  
Jannes Muenchow ◽  
Mihai Micu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Landslide Susceptibility ◽  
Digital Elevation Models ◽  
Digital Elevation

scholarly journals Public Awareness and Disaster Risk Reduction: Just-in-Time Networks and Learning

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Ardalan ◽  
Faina Linkov ◽  
Eugene Shubnikov ◽  
Ronald E. LaPorte
Keyword(s):  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Expert Network ◽  
Core Materials

AbstractImproving public awareness through education has been recognized widely as a basis for reducing the risk of disasters. Some of the first disaster just-in-time (JIT) education modules were built within 3–6 days after the south Asia tsunami, Hurricane Katrina, and the Bam, Pakistan, and Indonesia earthquakes through a Supercourse. Web monitoring showed that visitors represented a wide spectrum of disciplines and educational levels from 120 developed and developing countries. Building disaster networks using an educational strategy seizes the opportunity of increased public interest to teach and find national and global expertise in hazard and risk information. To be effective, an expert network and a template for the delivery of JIT education must be prepared before an event occurs, focusing on developing core materials that could be customized rapidly, and then be based on the information received from a recent disaster. The recyclable process of the materials would help to improve the quality of the teaching, and decrease the time required for preparation. The core materials can be prepared for disasters resulting from events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, and bioterrorism.

scholarly journals The Euro-Mediterranean Tsunami Catalogue

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Maramai ◽  
Beatriz Brizuela ◽  
Laura Graziani
Keyword(s):  
High Reliability ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Hazard And Risk Assessment

<p>A unified catalogue containing 290 tsunamis generated in the European and Mediterranean seas since 6150 B.C. to current days is presented. It is the result of a systematic and detailed review of all the regional catalogues available in literature covering the study area, each of them having their own format and level of accuracy. The realization of a single catalogue covering a so wide area and involving several countries was a complex task that posed a series of challenges, being the standardization and the quality of the data the most demanding. A “reliability” value was used to rate equally the quality of the data for each event and this parameter was assigned based on the trustworthiness of the information related to the generating cause, the tsunami description accuracy and also on the availability of coeval bibliographical sources. Following these criteria we included in the catalogue events whose reliability ranges from 0 (“very improbable tsunami”) to 4 (“definite tsunami”). About 900 documentary sources, including historical documents, books, scientific reports, newspapers and previous catalogues, support the tsunami data and descriptions gathered in this catalogue. As a result, in the present paper a list of the 290 tsunamis with their main parameters is reported. The online version of the catalogue, available at http://roma2.rm.ingv.it/en/facilities/data_bases/52/catalogue_of_the_euro-mediterranean_tsunamis, provides additional information such as detailed descriptions, pictures, etc. and the complete list of bibliographical sources. Most of the included events have a high reliability value (3= “probable” and 4= “definite”) which makes the Euro-Mediterranean Tsunami Catalogue an essential tool for the implementation of tsunami hazard and risk assessment.</p>

scholarly journals Trailing back from quasi decentralisation to centralisation. Municipal reform in Hungary

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117-137
Author(s):  
László Kákai
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Municipal Reform ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
State Organization ◽  
Centralization And Decentralization

Trailing back from quasi decentralisation to centralisation. Municipal reform in Hungary It is very difficult to group countries and state structures according to the extent of their decentralization or the model they follow in the spatial distribution of power. The bounds of responsibility of local government and the state, the distribution of the roles and tasks between the two stakeholders and the question of centralization and decentralization are issues regularly debated in recent years and today. This topic is not merely a public administration, financial or state organization issue since these decisions have a direct impact on citizens’ lives through public services. In my study I wish to introduce this process via Hungary’s example. I also examine how and what those concerned by the financial and political changes, i.e. the population perceived of this most important structural transformation of the period since the transition in 1989. Can it be verified from the consumers’ point of view that the transformation of the local municipal system improves the quality of service provision?

scholarly journals Calidad fisiológica de semillas y variabilidad entre plantas en una población de arroz

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Luis Osmar Braga Schuch ◽  
Igor Kohls ◽  
Andreia da Silva Almeida ◽  
Cristiane Deuner ◽  
Jerffeson Araujo Cavalcante
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Early Seedling

<p>La calidad fisiológica de la semilla podría afectar el rendimiento de granos de arroz. Las diferencias en la calidad fisiológica de las semillas pueden causar la reducción y desuniformidad de la emergencia en el campo, acarreando una diferencia en el crecimiento inicial de las plantas, y consecuentemente afectando el cultivo y su rendimiento. Se realizo un experimento con el objetivo de evaluar la distribución espacial y la variabilidad en la población entre las plantas de arroz, en función de la calidad fisiológica de las semillas. Fueron utilizados nueve lotes de semillas de la cultivar BR-IRGA 410, siendo tres de alta, tres de media y tres de baja calidad fisiológica. Cada bloque consistió de nueve líneas de 5,5 metros de longitud, separadas por 0,12 metros. Se evaluó el número de fallas consecutivas y la variabilidad entre las plantas a través del coeficiente de variación de la altura de plantas y de la materia seca. El uso de las semillas con baja calidad fisiológica proporcionó mayor desuniformidad en la distribución espacial de la planta en el campo, y una mayor variabilidad entre las plantas que componen la población, lo que puede proporcionar un aumento en la competencia intra-especifica.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Seeds physiological quality and variability among plants in populations of rice</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Several authors try to relate the physiological quality of seeds with grain yield of rice. Differences in the physiological quality of seeds can cause reduction and uniformity of emergence in the field, leading to differential on early seedling growth, and consequently affecting the culture and your yield. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the spatial distribution and variability in populations of rice plants, depending on the physiological quality of seeds. Were used nine seed lots of cultivar BR-IRGA 410, three lots of high, three lots of medium and three lots of low physiological quality. Each block was composed of nine lines of 5.5 meters in length, spaced 0.12 meters. We evaluated the number of consecutive failures in emergence, and plant variability through the coefficient of variation of plant height and dry matter. The use of seed with low physiological quality provides increased uniformity in the spatial distribution of plants in the field, and greater variability from plants comprising the population, which can provide an increase in intra-specific competition.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Electron beam control using experimentally measured transport matrices

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.B. McKee ◽  
John M.J. Madey
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Accelerator ◽  
Electron Beams ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
Electron Accelerators

Free electron lasers (FELs) place very stringent requirements on the quality of electron beams. Present techniques for commissioning and operating electron accelerators may not be optimized to produce the high brightness beams needed. Therefore, it is proposed to minimize the beamline errors in electron accelerator transport systems by minimizing the deviations between the experimentally measured and design transport matrices of each beamline section. The transport matrix for each section is measured using evoked responses. In addition, the transverse phase space of the beam is reconstructed by measuring the spatial distribution of the electrons at a number of different betatron phases and applying tomographic techniques developed for medical imaging.

Modeling of spatial distribution of passenger traffi c on interurban bus routes

Innotrans ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Martynenko ◽  
◽  
Alexander A. Shevtsov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Ticket Price ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Classical Gravity ◽  
Bus Service

This paper is devoted to the quantitative description of the spatial distribution of passenger traffic based on the classical gravity model on the example of interurban bus service between Yekaterinburg and other cities of the Sverdlovsk region. The influence of factors such as population, distance between localities, and ticket price on the volume of passenger traffic was studied. As a result of the correlation and regression analysis, it was found that both the distance between localities and the ticket price can be used as a measure of the remoteness of localities. However, the quality of the resulting regression model does not change. The spatial distribution of interurban bus passenger traffic depends on the measure of distance of localities from each other and the size of their population. Moreover, the size of the population is a much more significant factor than the measure of distance. From a practical point of view, this means that when predicting passenger traffic, demographic factors must first be taken into account.

scholarly journals SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF Joannesia princeps Vell. SEEDS1

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rômulo André Beltrame ◽  
José Carlos Lopes ◽  
Julião Soares de Souza Lima ◽  
Vagner Mauri Quinto
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Root System ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Physiological Quality

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of the attributes that determine the physiological quality of Joannesia princeps seeds. Seeds were collected, individually from, 40 mother plants in the Horto Florestal Municipal Laerth Paiva Gama, in Alegre-ES, which constituted the georeferenced sampling mesh. For germination, the seeds tegument was cracked and was held the imbibition in gibberellic acid GA3 500 mg L-1 for 24 h in environmental chamber with temperature adjusted to 30 ºC. The seeds were sown in plastic bags of ± 600 cm3 containing soil+sand+manure in the proportion of 1:1:1. On the 65th day after sowing, the following variables were analised: emergence (E), emergence speed index (IVE), root length (CR), diameter of base (DC), shoot length of the aerial part (CPA), fresh mass of the root system (MFSR), fresh mass of the aerial part (MFPA), dry mass of the root system (MSSR) and dry mass of the aerial part (MSPA). Data were subjected to descriptive statistics, geostatistics and kriging. With the exception of CPA and MFSR, it was found spatial dependence for the other studied variables: E, IVE, CR, DC, MFPA, MSSR e MSPA; varying of 14,0 a 47,5 m, so that the lowest range for the CR and longer range and degree of spatial dependence for the IVE. The analysis of the spatial distribution of the physiological quality of seeds of J. princeps can be used as a tool to define the sampling region of seeds with high and low vigor.

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