scholarly journals Understanding and mitigating the impact of data gaps on offshore wind resource estimates

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-520
Author(s):  
Julia Gottschall ◽  
Martin Dörenkämper
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Mesoscale Model ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Data Gaps ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
Harsh Climate ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Like almost all measurement datasets, wind energy siting data are subject to data gaps that can for instance originate from a failure of the measurement devices or data loggers. This is in particular true for offshore wind energy sites where the harsh climate can restrict the accessibility of the measurement platform, which can also lead to much longer gaps than onshore. In this study, we investigate the impact of data gaps, in terms of a bias in the estimation of siting parameters and its mitigation by correlation and filling with mesoscale model data. Investigations are performed for three offshore sites in Europe, considering 2 years of parallel measurement data at the sites, and based on typical wind energy siting statistics. We find a mitigation of the data gaps' impact, i.e. a reduction of the observed biases, by a factor of 10 on mean wind speed, direction and Weibull scale parameter and a factor of 3 on Weibull shape parameter. With increasing gap length, the gaps' impact increases linearly for the overall measurement period while this behaviour is more complex when investigated in terms of seasons. This considerable reduction of the impact of the gaps found for the statistics of the measurement time series almost vanishes when considering long-term corrected data, for which we refer to 30 years of reanalysis data.

scholarly journals Understanding and mitigating the impact of data gaps on offshore wind resource estimates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Gottschall ◽  
Martin Dörenkämper
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Mesoscale Model ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Data Gaps ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
Harsh Climate ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Like almost all measurement datasets, wind energy siting data are subject to data gaps that can for instance originate from a failure of the measurement devices or data loggers. This is in particular true for offshore wind energy sites where the harsh climate can restrict the accessibility of the measurement platform, which can also lead to much longer gaps than onshore. In this study, we investigate the impact of data gaps and its mitigation by correlation and filling with mesoscale model data. Investigations are performed for three offshore sites in Europe, considering two years of parallel measurement data at the sites, and based on typical wind energy siting statistics. We find a mitigation of the data gaps' impact by a factor of ten on mean wind speed, direction and Weibull scale parameter, and a factor of three on Weibull shape parameter. With increasing gap length, the gaps' impact increases linearly for the overall measurement period while this behaviour is more complex when investigated in terms of seasons. This considerable reduction of the impact of the gaps found for the statistics of the measurement time series almost vanishes when considering long-term corrected data, for which we refer to 30 years of reanalysis data.

Analysis of Environmental Conditions for the Conceptual Design of a 200 MW Floating Offshore Wind Farm in the East Sea, Korea

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunkyoung Shin ◽  
Youngjae Yu ◽  
Thanh Dam Pham ◽  
Hyeonjeong Ahn ◽  
Byoungcheon Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
East Sea ◽  
Wind Resource

Abstract Due to global climate change, concern regarding the environment is greater than ever. Also, the energy industry is constantly developing and investing in new and renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions. Korea is planning to increase the proportion of renewable energy generation to 20% by 2030, in accordance with the 3020 renewable energy policy. This will involve 16.5 GW (34%) from wind energy, with a capacity from offshore wind energy of approximately 13 GW. Considering domestic technological wind resource potential (33.2 GW), it seems to be a sufficient target amount. However, in order to start the wind power generation business, the installation area must be analyzed for environmental information, for the evaluation of the wind resource and the early-stage concept design. Because it is difficult to conduct long-term measurements of the entire sea area, the environmental conditions are generally estimated from short-term measurement data and long-term reanalysis data. In this study, the environmental conditions of the East Sea of Korea were selected, and a comparative analysis was performed on the meteorological agency’s oceanic meteorology buoy data, ERA-5 reanalysis data obtained from ECMWF, and NASA’s MERRA-2 data. The extreme sea states of 50 years and 100 years were analyzed by extreme statistical analysis. Finally, environmental conditions required for the basic design of wind turbines were selected following IEC and DNV standards.

scholarly journals Evaluation of offshore wind power in the China sea

2021 ◽  
pp. 014459872199226
Author(s):  
Yu-chi Tian ◽  
Lei kou ◽  
Yun-dong Han ◽  
Xiaodong Yang ◽  
Ting-ting Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Offshore Wind Power ◽  
Business Operation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Wind Energy Development ◽  
The Impact

With resource crisis and environmental crisis increasingly grim, many countries turn the focus to pollution-free and renewable wind energy resources, which are mainly used for offshore wind power generation, seawater desalination and heating, etc., on the premise that the characteristics of resources are fully grasped. In this study, the evaluation of offshore wind energy in offshore waters in China, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of existing studies were overviewed from four aspects: the spatial-temporal characteristics of wind energy, wind energy classification, the short-term forecast of wind energy and the long-term projection of wind energy, according to the research content and the future considerations about wind energy evaluation (evaluation of wind energy on islands and reefs, the impact of wind energy development on human health) were envisaged, in the hope of providing a scientific basis for the site selection and business operation ‘or military applications’ here (after business operation), etc. of wind energy development, ‘aritime navigation against environmental construction,’ here and also contributing to the sustainable development and health of human beings.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Wind Energy Resources along the Spanish Continental Nearshore

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin Onea ◽  
Andrés Ruiz ◽  
Eugen Rusu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Resources

The main objective of the present work is to provide a comprehensive picture of the wind conditions in the Spanish continental nearshore considering a state-of-the-art wind dataset. In order to do this, the ERA5 wind data, covering the 20-year time interval from 1999 to 2018, was processed and evaluated. ERA stands for ’ECMWF Re-Analysis’ and refers to a series of research projects at ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) which produced various datasets. In addition to the analysis of the wind resources (reported for a 100 m height), the performances of several wind turbines, ranging from 3 to 9.5 MW, were evaluated. From the analysis of the spatial maps it was observed that the Northern part of this region presents significant wind resources, the mean wind speed values exceeding 9 m/s in some locations. On the other hand, in regard to the Southern sector, more energetic conditions are visible close to the Strait of Gibraltar and to the Gulf of Lion. Nevertheless, from the analysis of the data corresponding to these two Southern nearshore points it was observed that the average wind speed was lower than 8 m/s in both summer and winter months. Regarding the considered wind turbines, the capacity factor did in general not exceed 20%—however, we did observe some peaks that could reach to 30%. Finally, it can be highlighted that the Northern part of the Spanish continental nearshore is significant from the perspective of extracting offshore wind energy, especially considering the technologies based on floating platforms. Furthermore, because of the clear synergy between wind and wave energy, which are characteristic to this coastal environment, an important conclusion of the present work is that the implementation of joint wind–wave projects might be effective in the Northwestern side of the Iberian nearshore.

The effects of socio-environmental constraints on Norway’s renewable energy potential

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Zeyringer ◽  
James Price ◽  
Eline Mannino
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
System Design ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
The Impact

<p>The decarbonisation of power production is key to achieving the Paris Agreement goal. Wind and solar energy have matured and decreased in cost rapidly into cost-effective decarbonisation solutions. However, the location of renewables effects the impact on the environment and the communities they are sited. Thus, socio-environmental constraints can strongly limit the overall capacity potential affecting the technology choices, resulting costs and political feasibilities of reaching the national emission reduction targets. Nevertheless, socio-environmental acceptance is usually not considered when studying the transition to a net-zero energy system.</p><p>Norway has one of the best wind energy potentials in Europe and a large scale deployment in combination with increased interconnection could have effects on the rest of the European power system. However, recent projects have been facing large opposition. This may be surprising as Norway has very low population density but the right to unspoilt nature is strongly anchored in the Norwegian culture and Sami reindeer herding could be disturbed by wind projects.  In 2019 the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) proposed a national framework for wind energy which defined the most suitable areas for wind energy development. After massive protests the framework was recently withdrawn by the government. Offshore wind energy is often seen as a potential solution as socio-environmental opposition is expected to be lower but it is more expensive. However, it is as socio-political decision to choose a more expensive technology, site or mitigation option. A spatially-dependent capacity assessment under different socio-environmental scenarios and their effect on energy system design is missing to allow for such discussion.</p><p>Here, we close this gap by analysing the NVE framework, previous concessions and related opinions, literature, newspaper articles and perform interviews with key stakeholders to design three scenarios of socio-environmental acceptability for onshore/offshore wind and solar energy. Based on the here developed scenarios we then conduct a GIS analysis to determine the spatially dependent capacity potential per technology and scenario. Finally, we implement these geospatial capacity scenarios into a high spatial and temporal resolution electricity system model for Europe (“highRES Europe”) to analyse the effects on the Norwegian and European electricity system design in 2050.  </p>

scholarly journals Storm Anatol over Europe in December 1999: impacts on societal and energy infrastructure

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 141-153
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Kettle
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Rogue Waves ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Forest Damage ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Storm Anatol impacted the North Sea and northern Europe on 3–4 December 1999. It brought hurricane force winds to Denmark and northern Germany, and high winds also in Sweden and countries around the Baltic Sea. For many meteorological stations in Denmark, the wind speeds were the highest on record and the storm was ranked as a century event. The storm impacts included extensive forest damage, fatalities, hundreds of injuries, power outages, transportation interruptions, as well as storm surge flooding on the west coast of Denmark. Strongly committed to wind energy, Denmark lost 13 onshore wind turbines destroyed during the storm. An important industry insurer noted that this was a remarkably low number, considering the storm intensity and the large number of turbines (>3500) installed in the country. In 1999, offshore wind energy was just getting started in Europe, and the storm provided an important test of environmental extreme conditions impacting offshore infrastructure. This contribution takes a closer look at the regional met-ocean conditions during the storm. A brief overview is made of the wind field and available wave measurements from the North Sea. An examination is made of water level measurements from around the North Sea to characterize the storm surge and identify possible meteo-tsunamis and infragravity waves. Offshore accidents are briefly discussed to assess if there had been unusual wave strikes on shipping or platforms. At the time of the storm in 1999, there was a growing awareness in the scientific community of possible changes in ambient sea state conditions and the increasing threat of rogue waves. The offshore wind energy community had become aware from the impact of rogue waves from damage at the research platform FINO1 in the southern North Sea during severe storms in 2006, 2007, 2009, and 2013. Storm Anatol may have been another rogue wave storm at an earlier stage of offshore wind energy development.

scholarly journals Validation study of the NCAR reanalysis data for a offshore wind energy prediction

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Byeong-Min Kim ◽  
Jae-Kyoon Woo ◽  
Hyeon-Gi Kim ◽  
In-Su Paek ◽  
Neung-Soo Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Validation Study ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Prediction
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