scholarly journals Enhancing Electronic Voting With A Dual-Blockchain Architecture

Ledger ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees Leune ◽  
Jai Punjwani

Voting is one of the most fundamental aspects of democracy. Over the past few decades, voting methods around the world have expanded from traditional paper ballot systems to electronic voting (e-voting), in which votes are written directly to computer memory. Like any computer system, voting machines are susceptible to technical vulnerabilities that open up opportunities for hackers to tamper with votes, causing the use of electronic voting technology to raise concerns about ballot security. We describe how electronic voting can be supported by blockchain technology to ensure voter secrecy, vote correctness, and equal voting rights. In this paper, we present a system using two separate blockchains, each with separate transactions and consensus algorithms. We describe a prototype implementation that validates our ideas by executing several proof-of-concept simulations of a range of voting scenarios.

Electronic voting is most growing field in the area of voting system. Digital users are growing with the expo-national growth in every country. In the country like India where mobile or internet user are 391 million, e-voting system reduce a huge amount of current voting methods. But in this current scenario e-voting system are vulnerable and not threat proof. Blockchain is new emerging field in security and for distributed systems. Only few methods are applied in the past where E-Voting system used the blockchain technology. So, the objective of this research is to review the different algorithms applied in e-voting using blockchain through various parameters to help researchers working to provide more security using blockchain.


Author(s):  
Geetanjali Rathee ◽  
Hemraj Saini

India is the largest democracy in the world, and in spite of that, it faces various challenges on a daily basis that hinder its growth like corruption and human rights violations. One of the ugliest phases of corruption and political mayhem is visible during the election process where no stone is kept unturned in order to gain power. However, it is the common citizen who suffers most in terms of clarity as well as security when it comes to his/her vote. Blockchain can play a very important role in ensuring that the voters registering their votes are legit and the counting of votes is not manipulated in any way. It is also needed in today's times where the world is available to people in their smart phones to also give them the opportunity to register their votes hassle free via their smart phones without having to worry about the system getting hacked. Therefore, in this chapter, the proposed layout will be based on a smart contract, using Ethereum software to create an e-voting app. In this chapter, the authors have proposed a secure e-voting framework through blockchain mechanism.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita Dhillon ◽  
Grammateia Kotsialou ◽  
Dimitris Xefteris

Recent developments in blockchain technology have made possible greater progress on secure electronic voting, opening the way to better ways of democratic decision making. In this paper we formalise the features of ``liquid democracy'' which allows voters to delegate their votes to other voters, and we explore whether it improves information aggregation as compared to direct voting. We consider a two-alternative setup with truth-seeking voters (informed and uninformed) and partisan ones (leftists and rightists), and we show that delegation improves information aggregation in finite elections. We also propose a mechanism that further improves the information aggregation properties of delegation in private information settings, by guaranteeing that all vote transfers are from uninformed to informed truth-seeking voters. Delegation offers effective ways for truth-seeking uninformed voters to boost the vote-share of the alternative that matches the state of the world in all considered setups and hence deserves policy makers' attention.


Author(s):  
Jiayang Yao ◽  
Lan Wei ◽  
Tianqi Liu

The advantage of electronic voting is that the voting is convenient and quick and the counting of votes is simple, but it is difficult to meet the requirements of both high security and large-scale application. This paper proposes an electronic voting protocol and system based on blockchain technology. The blockchain layer will use the P2P network to build a distributed database, use digital signature algorithms and encryption technologies to ensure that the data cannot be tampered with, and consensus algorithms to ensure the consistency of the data in the network, and use time stamping technology to connect the data blocks end to end chain structure preservation. And the application of Ethereum fully integrates different functional modules as a whole, achieves consensus through a proof-of-work mechanism, miners mine, and the new network protocol is formulated to achieve synchronous operation of the blockchain. Finally, the smart contract deployed on Ethereum runs on an Ethereum-specific virtual machine, and interacts with the underlying blockchain through the Ethereum virtual machine and RPC interface.


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.11) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Sakinah Burhanuddin ◽  
Fadhlan Hafizhelmi Kamaru Zaman ◽  
Ahmad Ihsan Mohd Yassin ◽  
Nooritawati Md Tahir

Two of the most familiar method of voting is through voting polls and online voting. The main problem with conventional method is the insecurity of the votes to be untemper. Another problem of voting methods is the existence of fraud in voting system. This paper is to propose a method in overcoming these flaws and problems by using the Blockchain technology. Blockchain technology is a secured database and has very high security. The technical concept of the Blockchain technology has many advantages and benefits that could be applied to many technical sectors and have the possibility in changing the world. The concept for this project is to develop a cryptocurrency implementation in the voting system. From there, the transaction votes are kept in the blockchain could be illustrated by examining the block hashes. The outcome of the project shows a transaction of coins from one voter’s wallet into two candidates’ wallet. The transactions were approved through a process of mining and the transactions of coins were a success. The data of the transactions were kept in the blockchain where unique blockhash, which acted as the block’s fingerprint were generated. From there, the integrity of the blockchain technology is illustrated.  


Author(s):  
Gunnar Eyal Wolf Iszaevich

Resumen En varios países de Latinoamérica, las autoridades electorales están comenzando a voltear hacia las urnas de votación electrónicas. Los argumentos con los cuales presentan estas urnas a la población se centran particularmente en la disminución de costos del proceso electoral, una mayor agilidad en la obtención de resultados, y en poder tener más confianza en que las personas involucradas no engañen a la población con resultados ilegítimos, enfermedad de la cual Latinoamérica ha sufrido largamente. Las urnas electrónicas no son ya una novedad - Han sido utilizadas por varios países, desde las primeras pruebas en la India en 1982 hasta una amplia base en la última década. Sin embargo, un análisis sobre las experiencias vividas en ellos dista de ser positiva - y dista de ser homogénea. En el presente artículo serán analizados los desarrollos de estas tres líneas argumentativas resultan huecos, en el mejor de los casos, o directamente falaces. Se hace además una revisión de algunos casos emblemáticos de fallas que han llevado al replanteamiento -llegando incluso a la prohibición legal en algunos casos- del voto electrónico alrededor del mundo. Palabras claveE-voto, voto electrónico, sociedad, democracia, experiencias internacionales  Abstract Electoral authorities in several Latin American countries are turning their heads towards electronic voting booths. The arguments through which electronic voting is being presented to the population are mailed centered around reducing the costs of the electoral process, achieving better turnaround times for publishing electoral results, and being able to better trust that the involved actors do not cheat the population with illegitimate results, a disease Latin America has long suffered. Electronic voting booths are not new. They have been used in several different countries, since the early implementations in India in 1982, and its usage has widely spread during the past decade. However, an analysis on the international experiences yields results far from optimistic -and far from homogeneous. In this article, the outcome from the three above mentioned argumentative lines is analyzed, showing they are not sound, in the best case, or directly misleading. Some emblematic cases of failures around the world that have led to a serious reevaluation –and up to legal rulings banning its use– around the world are reviewed as well. KeywordsE-voting, electronic voting, society, democracy, international experiences.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 71-122
Author(s):  
廖秀芯 廖秀芯

過去我國實務見解始終否認公司得發行複數表決權特別股,2015年公司法正式引進閉鎖性公司專節後,方承認閉鎖性公司得發行複數表決權特別股,更進一步,2018年修法時放寬至非公開發行之一般股份有限公司均得適用,逐步提供閉鎖性公司及非公開發行公司股權規劃上有更彈性的空間,以符合現今鬆綁管制之國際趨勢,並有利於新創事業籌集資金。本文首先介紹我國特別股規定之演進過程,並討論增訂複數表決權規定後於公司法後將發生之問題,進而介紹美國法相關制度之運作及公司實務之作法作為借鏡,最後歸納數項修正方向建議,以其複數表決制度之適用能更加完備。In the past, the opinions of the courts in Taiwan have always denied that the corporations could issue multiple voting rights shares. Until 2015, the Corporation Law in Taiwan finally amended to include “Close Corporation Section”, it was acknowledged close corporations could issue multiple voting right shares. Moreover, the rules applied to non-public corporations after the amendment of the Corporation Law in 2018, gradually providing more flexible space for the equity planning in close corporations and non-public corporations. The amendment of multiple voting right shares is also in line with the current trend of the world to ease restrictions. The article first introduces the evolution of the rules of preferred stocks, and discussed the problems that may occur after the amendment of multiple voting right shares. Furthermore, it would make a thorough inquiry into the practice of multiple voting right shares in America to conclude some suggestions for the legal system in Taiwan.


2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Chaney

The importance of the rangelands, economically, environmentally, and culturally to Australia, is highlighted. Australians need to be more aware of and appreciate new ways of working in pastoralism, environmental management, with Indigenous communities and mining that point the way to better social, economic, cultural and environmental outcomes. Optimism about the future role of the rangelands stems from the changes in Australia that have occurred over the past 50 years, from a country that was legally and socially segregated. Changes started with advocacy of voting rights for Indigenous people in 1961 and continued with the establishment of Aboriginal legal services, the setting up of the National Native Title Tribunal and native title representative bodies, and the founding of Reconciliation Australia. Changes have occurred because people have tried to make things better, not just for themselves but for Australia. Leadership and tireless action from Indigenous people and non-Indigenous collaborators have been powerful forces for change. However, governments continue to often fail those who live and work in areas that are distant from cities. Change needs to continue and everyone who cares about rangelands has a role, in different ways, to nudge the world of the rangelands to a better place.


Author(s):  
Surbhi Dewan ◽  
Latika Singh ◽  
Neha Gupta

Introduction: The notion of electronic voting has evolved over a period of time replacing the traditional system which was based on paper ballots. Several types of electronic voting systems exist, still the implementation is partial and there is a scope for improvement for making it more secure and user-friendly.Method In this paper, a proof-of-concept is presented which aims to address the issues and challenges in the electoral system, by using the concept of Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts. Result: These electronic electoral processes propose a centralized solution that can be easily tampered, thus increasing the problem of distrust in the citizens. To overcome this blockchain technology can be used for implementing mobile based electronic voting system. Blockchain technology is aiding in the development of novel digital services that are more secure and reliable. Discussion: The main objective of this paper is to depict how a feasible, secure and reliable mobile voting system can be built by implementing the concept of blockchain and smart contracts. Conclusion: The issue of security and transparency in the voting system can be addressed using blockchain technology. The present study aims to fulfil these gaps partially by providing use-case for the voting process which is based on mobile and blockchain technology.


2021 ◽  
Vol 323 ◽  
pp. 130-139
Author(s):  
Svetlana von Gratowski ◽  
Victor Koledov ◽  
Zoya Kosakowskiya ◽  
Peter Lega ◽  
Andrey Orlov ◽  
...  

The numerous 1-D and 2-D nanomaterials: nanotubes, nanowires (NWs), graphene, etc. were discovered, synthesized and intensively studied in the past decades. These nanomaterials had appeared to reveal the unique physical and functional properties allowing constructing the large number of nanodevice based on single nanoobjects. Recently many studies have led to a wide range of proof-of-concept of individual nanoscale devices including nanolasers, nanosensors, field-effect transistors (nanoFETs) and many others based on NWs, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and many other nanoobjects. Such nanodevices represent attractive building blocks for hierarchical assembly of microscale and macroscopic devices which are attractive for creating of micro-and –macro-devices and arrays by the bottom-up and hybrid paradigm. In this paper the conceptual survey is given of nowadays achievements in the field of mechanical bottom-up nanoassembling. We emphasize on the system based on smallest and the fastest in the World nanotweezer developed on the base of the new smart materials with shape memory effect for nanomanipulation of real nanoobjects. We discuss the recent experiments on nanomanipulation, nanoassembling and nanomanufacturing of nanoand micro-devices using this method, which in many cases can replaced very expensive “top-down” technologies.


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