scholarly journals How can we assess the effects of urban environment on obesity using aggregated data?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Seon-Ju ◽  
Changwoo Shon
Keyword(s):  
Health Behavior ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Neighborhood Environment ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Food Markets ◽  
Detached House ◽  
Random Property

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the effects of urban physical environment on individual obesity using geographically aggregated health behavior surveillance data applying a geo-imputation method.Introduction'Where we live' affects 'How we live'. Information about 'how one lives' collected from the public health surveillance data such as the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Neighborhood environment surrounding individuals affects their health behavior or health status are influenced as well as their own traits. Meanwhile, geographical information of subjects recruited in the health behavior surveillance data is usually aggregated at administrative levels such as a county. Even if we do not know accurate addresses of individuals, we can allocate them to the random locations where is analogous to their real home within a locality using a geo-imputation method. In this study, we assess the association between obesity and built environment by applying random property allocation (1).MethodsData from the Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS), which is the nationwide community-based cross-sectional survey conducted by 253 community health centers in South Korea, were used (2). More than 90000 subjects recruited in the capital city Seoul from 2011 to 2014. They were selected by two-step stratified random sampling (424 administrative communities with an average area of 1.16km2 and two house types) in each 25 counties. We re-allocated them randomly on the nested locality based on their community (administrative boundaries) and hose type (land-use) using GIS program (Figure 1). Surrounding built environment elements such as fast-food markets, driving roads, public transit and road-crosse were measured within 500m buffer from randomly allocated locations as density or distance. Variables associating obesity are measured by : 1) self-reported obesity (self-reported body mass index(BMI) ≥ 25) (Figure 2), 2) perceived obesity, 3) intention to weight control. We implemented logistic regression models to estimate the effect of physical environmental factors on obesity.ResultsThe person who lives in a detached house, nearer fast food markets or with higher driving road density was more likely to be obese. Who lives in a detached house was less perceived their obesity. Who lives in a detached house, nearer fast food markets or with higher driving road density was less likely to intend to control their body weights. Association between intention to weight control and accessibility to subway station showed marginal effect.ConclusionsUrban environments influenced individual's obesity, perception, and intention to weight loss. Since we used cross-sectional survey data, we do not account cumulative environmental influence. Moreover, individuals' self-selection of more healthier places were not accounted. Even though we did not measure the environment at individuals' real address, we can measure the effects of neighborhood environment more efficiently by using random property allocation.References1. Walter SR, Rose N. Random property allocation: A novel geographic imputation procedure based on a complete geocoded address file. Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology. 2013;6:7-16. Epub 2013/08/27. doi: 10.1016/j.sste.2013.04.005. PubMed PMID: 23973177.2. Kim YT, Choi BY, Lee KO, Kim H, Chun JH, Kim SY, et al. Overview of Korean Community Health Survey. J Korean Med Assoc. 2012;55(1):74-83. (in Korean) 

Organisational Culture Dimensions And Employee Performance In Nigerian Fast Food Restaurants

GIS Business ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1070-1096
Author(s):  
Friday Ogbu Edeh ◽  
Joy Nonyelum Ugwu ◽  
Isaac Monday Ikpor ◽  
Anthony Chukwuma Nwali ◽  
Chimeziem C. Gabriela Udeze
Keyword(s):  
Fast Food ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Organisational Culture ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Market Culture ◽  
Culture Dimensions ◽  
Clan Culture ◽  
Fast Food Restaurants

This study investigates the effect of organisational culture dimensions on employee performance in Nigerian fast food restaurants using cross-sectional survey. Forty fast food restaurants were selected using simple random sampling. Nine hundred and twenty five employees were surveyed. Sample size of two hundred and seventy two was ascertained with Krejcie and Morgan. Method for data collection is questionnaire. Two hundred and thirty nine copies of questionnaire were retrieved out of two hundred and seventy two copies administered. Simple linear regression was used to analyse the hypotheses with the aid of IBM SPSS 20.0. This study found that organisational culture dimensions predicted with clan culture and market culture has a positive significant effect on employee performance. It concludes that organisational culture dimensions measured in terms of clan culture and market culture engenders employee performance through effectiveness and efficiency. One of the practical implications is that Nigerian fast food restaurant practitioners should clearly define their clan culture for newcomers to imbibe to enable them increase their performance.  

scholarly journals The Economic Cost of Diet and Its Association with Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in a Cohort of Spanish Primary Schoolchildren

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1282
Author(s):  
Rosario Pastor ◽  
Noemi Pinilla ◽  
Josep A. Tur
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
Total Economic Cost ◽  
Data Frequency

Background: Adoption of a certain dietary pattern is determined by different factors such as taste, cost, convenience, and nutritional value of food. Objective: To assess the association between the daily cost of a diet and its overall quality in a cohort of 6–12-year-old Spanish schoolchildren. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a cohort (n = 130; 47% female) of 6–12-year-old children schooled in primary education in the central region of Spain. Three-day 24 h records were administered, and the nutritional quality of the diet was also determined by means of Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI). A questionnaire on sociodemographic data, frequency of eating in fast-food restaurants, and supplement intake were also recorded. The person responsible for the child’s diet and the schooler himself completed the questionnaires, and homemade measures were used to estimate the size of the portions. Food prices were obtained from the Household Consumption Database of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. The economic cost of the diet was calculated by multiplying the amount in grams of the food consumed by each child by the corresponding price in grams and adding up the total amount for each participant. The total economic cost of the diet was calculated in €/day and in €/1000 kcal/day. Results: The area under the curve (AUC) for €/day and €/1000 kcal/day represent 62.6% and 65.6%, respectively. According to AUC values, adherence to Mediterranean diet (MD) is a moderate predictor of the monetary cost of the diet. A direct relationship between the cost of the diet and the adherence to MD was observed [OR (€/1000 kcal/day) = 3.012; CI (95%): 1.291; 7.026; p = 0.011]. Conclusions: In a cohort of Spanish schoolchildren with low adherence to the MD, a higher cost of the diet standardized to 1000 kcal was associated with above-average MAI values.

scholarly journals Towards an integrated animal health surveillance system in Tanzania: making better use of existing and potential data sources for early warning surveillance

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janeth George ◽  
Barbara Häsler ◽  
Erick Komba ◽  
Calvin Sindato ◽  
Mark Rweyemamu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Traceability System ◽  
Spatial Coverage

Abstract Background Effective animal health surveillance systems require reliable, high-quality, and timely data for decision making. In Tanzania, the animal health surveillance system has been relying on a few data sources, which suffer from delays in reporting, underreporting, and high cost of data collection and transmission. The integration of data from multiple sources can enhance early detection and response to animal diseases and facilitate the early control of outbreaks. This study aimed to identify and assess existing and potential data sources for the animal health surveillance system in Tanzania and how they can be better used for early warning surveillance. The study used a mixed-method design to identify and assess data sources. Data were collected through document reviews, internet search, cross-sectional survey, key informant interviews, site visits, and non-participant observation. The assessment was done using pre-defined criteria. Results A total of 13 data sources were identified and assessed. Most surveillance data came from livestock farmers, slaughter facilities, and livestock markets; while animal dip sites were the least used sources. Commercial farms and veterinary shops, electronic surveillance tools like AfyaData and Event Mobile Application (EMA-i) and information systems such as the Tanzania National Livestock Identification and Traceability System (TANLITS) and Agricultural Routine Data System (ARDS) show potential to generate relevant data for the national animal health surveillance system. The common variables found across most sources were: the name of the place (12/13), animal type/species (12/13), syndromes (10/13) and number of affected animals (8/13). The majority of the sources had good surveillance data contents and were accessible with medium to maximum spatial coverage. However, there was significant variation in terms of data frequency, accuracy and cost. There were limited integration and coordination of data flow from the identified sources with minimum to non-existing automated data entry and transmission. Conclusion The study demonstrated how the available data sources have great potential for early warning surveillance in Tanzania. Both existing and potential data sources had complementary strengths and weaknesses; a multi-source surveillance system would be best placed to harness these different strengths.

Abstract 04: Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Health Behaviors are Partially Explained by Socioeconomic, Psychosocial and Environmental Factors: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara M Whitaker ◽  
David R Jacobs ◽  
Kiarri N Kershaw ◽  
John N Booth ◽  
David C Goff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Race Difference ◽  
Explanatory Role

Introduction: There are known racial differences in cardiovascular health behaviors, including smoking, physical activity, and diet quality. A better understanding of factors that explain these differences may suggest novel intervention targets for reducing disparities in cardiovascular disease. Objective: To examine whether socioeconomic, psychosocial and environmental factors mediate racial differences in health behaviors. Methods: We studied 3,028 Black or White CARDIA participants who were enrolled at age 18-30 years in 1985-86 and completed the 30 year follow-up visit in 2015-2016. Health behaviors included smoking (current, former ≤ 12 months, never smoker/quit >12 months), physical activity (inactive, active but not meeting guidelines, meeting guidelines), and a surrogate for healthy eating using fast food and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (frequency per week ≥ 2, some but < 2, none). Each behavior was assigned a value of 0 for poor, 1 for intermediate or 2 for ideal and summed to calculate an overall health behavior score for each participant (range 0-6). The race difference (β) in health behavior score was estimated using linear regression. Formal mediation analyses computed the proportion of the total effect of race on health behavior score explained by socioeconomic, psychosocial, and environmental factors (see Table footnote). Results: Blacks had a lower health behavior score than Whites in crude analyses (mean difference: -1.04, p<0.001). After adjustment for sex, age and field center, socioeconomic factors mediated 50.5% of the association between race and the health behavior score, psychosocial factors 26.8% and environmental factors 9.0% (p<0.05 for all). Joint associations mediated 58.1% of the race-health behavior score association. Conclusions: Observed racial differences in the health behavior score are predominately mediated by socioeconomic factors, which appear to play a stronger explanatory role than psychosocial and environmental factors.

scholarly journals Exploring absolute and relative measures of exposure to food environments in relation to dietary patterns among European adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (06) ◽  
pp. 1037-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
MGM Pinho ◽  
JD Mackenbach ◽  
J-M Oppert ◽  
H Charreire ◽  
H Bárdos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Spatial Access ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Retailers ◽  
Healthy Dietary Pattern

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the associations of absolute and relative measures of exposure to food retailers with dietary patterns, using simpler and more complex measures.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingUrban regions in Belgium, France, Hungary, the Netherlands and the UK.ParticipantsEuropean adults (n 4942). Supermarkets and local food shops were classified as ‘food retailers providing healthier options’; fast-food/takeaway restaurants, cafés/bars and convenience/liquor stores as ‘food retailers providing less healthy options’. Simpler exposure measures used were density of healthy and density of less healthy food retailers. More complex exposure measures used were: spatial access (combination of density and proximity) to healthy and less healthy food retailers; density of healthier food retailers relative to all food retailers; and a ratio of spatial access scores to healthier and less healthy food retailers. Outcome measures were a healthy or less healthy dietary pattern derived from a principal component analysis (based on consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish, fast foods, sweets and sweetened beverages).ResultsOnly the highest density of less healthy food retailers was significantly associated with the less healthy dietary pattern (β = −129·6; 95 % CI −224·3, −34·8). None of the other absolute density measures nor any of the relative measures of exposures were associated with dietary patterns.ConclusionsMore complex measures of exposure to food retailers did not produce stronger associations with dietary patterns. We had some indication that absolute and relative measures of exposure assess different aspects of the food environment. However, given the lack of significant findings, this needs to be further explored.

scholarly journals PERILAKU IBU YANG MEMILIKI BALITA DALAM PEMANFAATAN POSYANDU DI KAMPUNG SRI GADING KECAMATAN LUBUK DALAM KABUPATEN SIAK TAHUN 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Andalia Roza ◽  
Multi Safri Atun ◽  
Lora Marlita
Keyword(s):  
Health Behavior ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
Under Five

ABSTRACT, Posyandu is one form of UKBM (Community Based Health Effort) is best known by the community. Health behavior is a response of a person (organism) to stimuli or objects related to Knowledge (Knowlegde), Attitude (attitude), and action. The purpose of this study is to find out the description of the behavior of mothers who have a toddler in the utilization of posyandu dikampung srigading Kecamatan Lubuk Dalam Siak regency. The type of this research is descriptive by using random sampling technique. The research instrument used questionnaire. Respondents of this research mother who has a toddler in Kampung Sri Gading Kecamatan Lubuk In Siak regency as many as 60 respondents. This study was conducted on June 10 to June 28, 2018. The results of this study in general knowledge level in mothers who have a toddler in the category Good as many as 59 people (98.34%), Enough as much as 1 person (1.67%) and Less as much 0 people (0%). The results of this study in general about attitudes in mothers who have toddlers can be categorized Positive as many as 51 people (85%), Negative as many as 9 people (15%). The results of this study in general about the action on mothers with toddlers can be categorized Good as many as 53 people (88.34%), Not Good as many as 7 people (11.67%). Based on the results of general research on knowledge of mothers who have a toddler in pemgunan posyandu in good category, that is as much as 59 people (98,34). About the attitude of mother who has toddler in posyandu utilization in positive category, that is 51 people (85%). About the actions of mothers who have children under five in the use of posyandu in good category, that is as many as 53 people (88.34%). It is expected that mothers with toddlers to improve the posyandu activities again. Keywords                   : Behavior, Utilization of Posyandu ABSTRAK, Posyandu merupakan salah satu bentuk UKBM (Upaya Kesehatan Bersumberdaya Masyarakat) yang paling dikenal oleh masyarakat.Perilaku kesehatan adalah suatu respon seseorang (organisme) terhadap stimulus atau objek yang berkaitan dengan Pengetahuan (knowlegde), Sikap (attitude), dan tindakan (practice).Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran perilaku ibu yang memiliki balita dalam pemanfaatan posyandu dikampung srigading Kecamatan Lubuk Dalam Kabupaten Siak. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan menggunakan teknik penelitianRandom Sampling. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan kuesioner. Responden penelitian ini Ibu yang memiliki balita di Kampung Sri Gading Kecamatan Lubuk Dalam Kabupaten Siak sebanyak 60 responden. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tanggal 10 Juni – 28 Juni 2018. Hasil penelitian ini secara umum tingkat pengetahuan pada ibu yang memiliki balita dalam kategori Baik sebanyak 59 orang (98,34%), Cukup sebanyak 1 orang (1,67%) dan Kurang sebanyak 0 orang (0%).Hasil penelitian ini secara umum tentang sikap  pada ibu yang memiliki balita dapat dikategorikan Positif sebanyak 51 orang (85%), Negatif sebanyak 9 orang (15%). Hasil penelitian ini secara umum tentang tindakan  pada ibu yang memiliki balita dapat dikategorikan Baik sebanyak 53 orang (88,34%), Tidak Baik sebanyak 7 orang (11,67%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian secara umum tentang pengetahuan pada ibu yang memiliki balita dalam pemanfaatn posyandu dalam kategori baik, yaitu sebanyak 59 orang (98,34). Tentang sikap ibu yang memiliki balita dalam pemanfaatan posyandu dalam kategori positif, yaitu sebanyak 51 orang (85%). Tentang tindakan pada ibu yang memiliki balita dalam pemanfaatan posyandu dalam kategori baik, yaitu sebanyak 53 orang (88,34%).Diharapkan kepada ibu yang memiliki balita untuk meningkatkan lagi kegiatan posyandu.  

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