scholarly journals Socio-Economic Determinants of School Dropouts: An Evidence from Households in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizwan Ahmed Satti ◽  
Muhammad Jamil
Keyword(s):  
Economic Condition ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
School Dropouts ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Better Than

The present study analyzed the determinants of children who dropped out from school in Pakistan, based on PSLM microdata. The study employed the advanced econometric technique “the logistic regression model “to identify the correlates of the problem; thereby analyzing the marginal effects of the multiple attributes. The analyses show that a female child is more likely to dropout from school as compared to a male child. The education of the household head is also a significant contributor to reducing dropouts. Mother education also reduces the chances of a child to dropout from school. An employed mother will increase the chance of a child to dropout from school as compared with the unemployed mother. Other factors which reduce the chances of child dropouts from school are the female household head, lower distance from middle and secondary school, household wealth, and per capita household income. If household head belongs to agriculture sector then there are more chances that their child dropped out from school. Household economic condition is also a very important factor in reducing dropouts. If the economic condition of a household is better off than before then there is less chance of the child to dropout from school. Similarly, the economic situation of the community where the household resides also affects dropouts. If the community’s economic situation is better than before then it reduces the chance of child dropout.

Maternal Correlates of Poliomyelitis Vaccination Uptake: Evidence from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Muzammil ◽  
Sameen Zafar ◽  
Shazia Aziz ◽  
Muhammad Usman Bhutta ◽  
Rafi Amir-Ud-Din
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Vaccination Uptake ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
Working Status ◽  
The Impact

Poliomyelitis (polio) is a communicable viral disease that mainly affects under-5 children. This study focuses on the impact of women’s empowerment and women’s working status on the uptake of polio vaccination of children in polio-endemic countries, including Pakistan and Afghanistan, and Nigeria, the latter of which has recently been declared polio-free. The polio vaccination status can be divided into no vaccination (NV), incomplete vaccination (IV), and complete vaccination. We used data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) rounds for this manuscript. Multinomial logistic regression-based estimates suggest that mothers’ working status, empowerment, age, education, father’s education, and household wealth status reduce the risk of NV and IV in the polio-endemic countries (Afghanistan and Pakistan) and Nigeria. In addition, the mothers’ working status, empowerment, age, education, and father’s education increase the child’s healthcare information that helps complete polio vaccination of the child. On the other hand, the children whose mothers work in the agriculture sector or are engaged in a blue-collar job are more likely to remain unvaccinated than women in white-collar jobs. Similarly, mothers engaged in government jobs are more likely to get their children fully vaccinated than unemployed mothers. Thus, as a child’s polio vaccination is strongly dependent on a mother’s working status and empowerment, the focus of public policy on empowering women and promoting their labor force participation may increase polio vaccination uptake, besides adopting other measures to increase immunization.

An Analysis of Mobile Financial Services and Financial Inclusion in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-233
Author(s):  
Nahid Akhter ◽  
M. A. Baqui Khalily
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Male Household Head ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Mobile Financial Services ◽  
Household Heads

In a short span of time, starting in 2011, mobile financial services (MFSs) have burgeoned in Bangladesh, and elsewhere in the developing world. MFSs have brought about major changes in financial products and institutional structures in the financial services market. The study of Bangladesh’s experience with MFS shows that financial inclusion has greatly improved along with efficiency of provision. This article shows that the probability of using MFSs by a household increases by about 43 per cent if the households have temporary domestic migrant members. Female household heads are less likely to use MFS compared to male household head. Out of 1,588 micro merchants in the sample, around 30 per cent have access to MFSs. Individuals engaged in the non-agriculture sector, those from households with the head having higher education, those from non-poor households and those from urban areas have higher probabilities of MFS use. But more research must be done to design appropriate MFS products for the poor, so that they too can also leverage the benefits of MFSs.

The impact of unemployment insurance on employment norms and income levels: the inevitable drift into 'reduced activity'

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-611
Author(s):  
Carole Tuchszirer
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Insurance ◽  
Insurance Fund ◽  
Unemployment Benefit ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Unemployed People ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Pay ◽  
Reduced Activity ◽  
Better Than

The aim of this article is to analyse a specific set of support instruments for the unemployed, namely those introduced in 1986 by the bipartite French unemployment insurance fund (UNEDIC) for those in casual employment. Under the new scheme, unemployed people were able to combine a limited income from casual employment with a part of their unemployment benefit, for a period of up to 18 months. Based on the dubious assumption that even precarious employment is better than full-time unemployment, this opportunity was designed to induce the unemployed to take up employment of any kind. The article considers in detail the economic and social context prevailing prior to the introduction of these measures, concluding that precarious, casual employment far from serves as a springboard to permanent employment, but that, on the contrary, it may lead an increasing number of people into underemployment and low-pay traps.

scholarly journals The Socio-Economic Determinants of Child Educational Attainment in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-96
Author(s):  
Amjid Iqbal ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa Sajid ◽  
Sami Ullah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Economic Determinants

The main purpose of conducting this study was to explore the socio-economic determinants of child educational attainment in Pakistan. Data on selected variables is extracted from nationally representative survey of Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) 2013-14. The study considers the children of age 5-18 years who ever attended any or currently attending any educational institution. Censored Ordered Probit model is employed. The results at aggregate level reveal that child’s gender, child’s age, age of household’s head, parental education, household assets and availability of private schools positively affect child educational attainment in Pakistan. Children belong to Baluchistan province and urban region of Pakistan also get more education as compare to reference categories. Gender of household head and distance to school has negative effect on child educational attainment. To explore the inconsistency in effect of these factors across region and across gender, separate analysis is conducted for urban, rural, male and female sample. The results of gender specific analysis indicate that income of the household, region of residence (urban) and annual school fee are the main factors causing gender disparity whereas estimates at regional level analysis show that parental education, agricultural land ownership and, distance to school are the factors responsible for regional disparity in child educational attainment.

scholarly journals Microeconomic Firm Characteristics and Long Run Returns: The Case of Firms That Issued Equity at Nairobi Securities Exchange

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Khoya Odipo ◽  
◽  
Tobias Olweny ◽  
Oluoch Oluoch ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Influence ◽  
Bench Mark ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Average Return ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Better Than

This study looks at micro-economic determinants of long run performance of shares issued in Nairobi Securities Exchange from 1st Jan. 2007 to 31st Dec.2013. Do these selected microeconomic determinants have statistically significant effects on long run return on equity issued in the Nairobi security exchange in Kenya? The study has a total 12 firms that issued shares in the security exchange during this period. In order to achieve the objectives of the study “a calendar study” approach on the issued shares was adopted. Monthly average returns were calculated for a period of 5 years. Nine hypotheses were deduced and executed. Three were based on benchmarks namely: Nairobi Securities Exchange Index (NSEI), Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Matching Firms (MF). Along with the 3 mentioned measurement models, other 6 micro-economic variables were incorporated in the study; firm size, offer size, stock turnover, book/ market ratio, age and quality of underwriter. A panel data multi-regression and single regression analysis were run to examine the relationship between average return and micro-economic determinants on firm performance in the long run. The results of the study showed that the study corresponds with some of results of the previous studies with regard to the long run returns of either under or over performance. The level of under of over performance based on the benchmarks used were that NSEI and Matching firms performed better than firms that issued equity. However firms that issued equity performed better than CAPM as bench mark. The study also revealed that two explanatory variables; Age and Quality of underwriter were statistically significant as determinants of long run performance. Finally two independent variables were found to have positive influence on firms that issued equity in the NSE. In conclusion this study confirmed the results of previous studies done either supporting certain variables as determinants of long run return or do not support certain variables as determinants of long run return.

scholarly journals Enhancement of economic status through Entrepreneurship - A case analysis in honey processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-441
Author(s):  
P. Ravindra Kumar ◽  
S. Senthil Vinayagam ◽  
K. Akhila
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Technology Park ◽  
The People ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Over 70 per cent of India’s population lives in rural areas and depends on agriculture for their livelihood. Due to reduction in generation of income from agriculture sector, the rural population has led to migration. It can be controlled by generating meaning full employment opportunities in rural areas through encouraging entrepreneurial activities. The present study was conducted to know whether the economic condition of trainees have enhanced after attending training on honey processing at Rural Technology Park, National Institute of Rural Development-Panchayat Raj (NIRD and PR), Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The trainees’ occupational status and monthly income has been enhanced after training from 10 to 40 per cent of self-employment and 15-50 per cent of income has increased, respectively. From the study it can be deduced that purchasing power of the people risesby proposing income generating opportunities to the people in villages.

scholarly journals The Incidence and Implications of Migratory Selection in Nsukka Area of Enugu State South-East Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Basil U.E ◽  
Emmanuel N.A.
Keyword(s):  
Urban Migration ◽  
Migrant Group ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Rural Industrialization ◽  
Significant Spatial Variation ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Better Than

Rural-Urban Migration is a common feature of developing countries and is known to be selective of migrants with certain qualities esteemed better than nonmigrants This research, therefore, examined the incidence of migratory selection on Nsukka area of Enugu State, Southeastern Nigeria. The survey research design was adopted for the study and 4 local government areas, 16 communities and 910 households were covered. Tables and graphs based on percentages and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used in data presentation and analysis. The result of the study showed that migration is selective of single educated males and of people aged 15 -29; the most migrant group being the unemployed (31%) and farmers (31%). It equally established no significant spatial variation on the incidence of migratory selection across the area. It is recommended that the government should take serious steps to enhance rural industrialization and agricultural productivity as this will go a long way in downgrading the rush to out-migrate by the younger generation.

scholarly journals The Socio-Economic Background of Immigrants Affect the Chances to get Higher Education in Sweden

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 153-163
Author(s):  
Md. Ashrafuzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Educational Facilities ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
Back Ground ◽  
Better Than

The main reason behind gathering a great number of immigrants in Sweden is its neutral advocacy in world politics. Many of the immigrants have come to Sweden after completing their higher education in their own countries and want to work and live in Sweden. They prefer the socio-economic condition of Sweden better than any other countries even from their own countries sometimes. My area of this research is “Socio-economic background and immigration”. I reviewed books, articles, other secondary data and will try to show the position of immigrants through socio-economic background as both are co-related. Immigration comes before socio-economic back ground or vice-versa. I will also try to focus on the position of education or what kind of educational facilities the immigrants are enjoying. ‘Socio-economic background’ and ‘Effect of socio-economic background on higher education in Sweden’ are the two points of my discussion. Here I will focus on the two points as well as ‘Socio-economic background’ & Immigrant discussion make place this article respectively and the question is Does the socio-economic background of immigrants affect the chances to get higher education in Sweden? If so, then how it affects the chances? How does socio-economic and socio-cultural factors affect the educational attainment of higher education in second-generation immigrants in Sweden?

scholarly journals Socio-economic determinants of child mortality in Pakistan and the moderating role of household’s wealth index

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Farhan Asif ◽  
Zahid Pervaiz ◽  
Jawad Rahim Afridi ◽  
Rida Safdar ◽  
Ghulam Abid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Women's Education ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Target Set ◽  
Moderating Role

Abstract Background Child mortality is an important social indicator that describes the health conditions of a country as well as determines the country’s overall socio-economic development. The Government of Pakistan has been struggling to reduce child mortality (67.2 per thousand live births in 2019). Pakistan could not achieve the target set for Millennium Development Goals to reduce child mortality and still working to meet the target set by the Sustainable Development Goals. This study has investigated the socio-economic determinants of child mortality in Pakistan by using household-level data. Socio-economic characteristics related to women (mothers) and households have been considered as possible determinants of child mortality. The moderating role of a household’s wealth index on the association between woman’s education and child mortality has also been investigated. Methods The comprehensive dataset of the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18 has been used to explore the determinants of child mortality by using multivariable logistic regression. The interaction term of women’s education and household wealth index has been used to investigate the moderating role of the household’s wealth index. Results The results indicate that the likelihood of child mortality decreases with an increase in women’s education, their empowerment, their husband’s education, the wealth status of their households, access to clean drinking water, access to toilet facilities, and exposure to mass media. Whereas, an increase in unmet need for family planning increases the likelihood of child mortality. The study also identified the moderating role of a household’s wealth index on the association between woman’s education and child mortality. Conclusions Household wealth status moderates the association between women’s education and child mortality. The absolute slope of the curve showing the association of women’s education and child mortality is higher (more negative) for richer households than poorer households. It implies that a household’s wealth status strengthens the relationship between women’s education and child mortality. With the increase in the household’s wealth status, the effect of a mother’s education on child mortality becomes more pronounced.

scholarly journals The determination of disparity between supply and demand in services market

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (161) ◽  
pp. 135-149
Author(s):  
Perica Macura
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
General Character ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Psychological Conditions ◽  
Gray Market ◽  
The Unemployed

Respecting the principles of analytics, systematization and comprehensiveness, the paper deals with the frames of disparity between supply and demand in services market. The basic reasons for disparity are systematically divided into five groups: (1) reasons for problems in the area of information on supply and demand, (2) reasons for problems in the area of parallel functioning of the gray market, (3) reasons for problems in the area of psychological conditions and perceptions of consumers, (4) reasons for problems in the area of social and economic situation, (5) reasons in the area of institutional functioning. These groups contain reasons of the general character and reasons in individual areas and flows. The analysis of disparity has been conducted via relevant relations of demand and supply that exist in services market, as follows: (1) the relation of supply of services provided by companies towards adequate forms of demand (other companies, institutions, population), (2) the relation of institutions' supply of services toward adequate forms of demand (all companies, population) and (3) the relation of unofficial supply of services toward adequate demand (population). Within basic prerequisites for the solution to disparity of demand and supply in the service sector, we have especially emphasized and analyzed personnel potential. We have analyzed elements and problems of the labor market, available personnel potential (personnel potential of the employed and the unemployed), as well as latent personnel potential.

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