scholarly journals Socio-economic determinants of child mortality in Pakistan and the moderating role of household’s wealth index

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Farhan Asif ◽  
Zahid Pervaiz ◽  
Jawad Rahim Afridi ◽  
Rida Safdar ◽  
Ghulam Abid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Women's Education ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Target Set ◽  
Moderating Role

Abstract Background Child mortality is an important social indicator that describes the health conditions of a country as well as determines the country’s overall socio-economic development. The Government of Pakistan has been struggling to reduce child mortality (67.2 per thousand live births in 2019). Pakistan could not achieve the target set for Millennium Development Goals to reduce child mortality and still working to meet the target set by the Sustainable Development Goals. This study has investigated the socio-economic determinants of child mortality in Pakistan by using household-level data. Socio-economic characteristics related to women (mothers) and households have been considered as possible determinants of child mortality. The moderating role of a household’s wealth index on the association between woman’s education and child mortality has also been investigated. Methods The comprehensive dataset of the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18 has been used to explore the determinants of child mortality by using multivariable logistic regression. The interaction term of women’s education and household wealth index has been used to investigate the moderating role of the household’s wealth index. Results The results indicate that the likelihood of child mortality decreases with an increase in women’s education, their empowerment, their husband’s education, the wealth status of their households, access to clean drinking water, access to toilet facilities, and exposure to mass media. Whereas, an increase in unmet need for family planning increases the likelihood of child mortality. The study also identified the moderating role of a household’s wealth index on the association between woman’s education and child mortality. Conclusions Household wealth status moderates the association between women’s education and child mortality. The absolute slope of the curve showing the association of women’s education and child mortality is higher (more negative) for richer households than poorer households. It implies that a household’s wealth status strengthens the relationship between women’s education and child mortality. With the increase in the household’s wealth status, the effect of a mother’s education on child mortality becomes more pronounced.

The Role of Household Wealth in Combining Child School and Child Labor: Evidence from MICS Balochistan (Pakistan)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-199
Author(s):  
Tabish Nawab ◽  
Beyza Nur Aktaş ◽  
Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad ◽  
Ruqayya Ibraheem
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

The issue of combining school & work has taken considerable focus in the past years from policymakers, advocates and researchers. In the literature, the role of household wealth, combining school & work is still an unresolved issue. The researchers have contradicting views about the impact of household wealth on combining child school & work. Child labor and low schooling attendance are found pervasive issues worldwide, particularly in developing countries. This study aims to explore the impact of household wealth on combining child school & work, particularly focusing on the wealth index of the household. For this purpose, microdata having 18471 observations from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Balochistan (2010) has been utilized. The binary logistic model has been applied for the children (5-15 years) activity whether they are combining school & work or not. The main finding of this paper is the wealth status of households which has a statistically significant and positive influence on combining child school & work. Both mother and father's education is positively associated with combining school & work. In addition, mother and father being alive played a vital role in their children’s combined activities of schooling & work rather than doing nothing because the expectations of child schooling are high in parent's lives. Furthermore, gender, age of the child, and area of residence are positive effects combining school & work. The children from urban zones are more likely to be involved in combining school & work. The policy of this paper suggests that education is the key to break child labor in society by providing education facilities for both girls and boys equally. In addition to policy recommendations, there should be crucial steps to provide a better economic environment for the well-being of the masses to enhance their economic condition especially in rural and deprived areas of Balochistan, and the applicability of child labor laws needs to be focused on.Keywords:

scholarly journals A multilevel analysis of factors influencing child mortality in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 4425-4432
Author(s):  
Anthony Abbam
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Maternal Health Services ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Mother’S Age ◽  
Core Indicator

Child mortality being a core indicator for child health and the health status of children has significant effect on health in adulthood and socioeconomic development of a nation. This paper uses the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) 2013–2014 to investigate the predictors of child (age 1-4 years] mortality in a developing country like Ghana. The multilevel logistic regression technique has been used to estimate the predictors of child mortality. The study found that both child and mother-level characteristics such as birth weight, birth order, mother’s age, educational attainment of the mother have substantial impact on child mortality in Ghana Besides, household wealth index has significant impact on child mortality. The findings also show that place of residence and southern-northern dichotomy has momentous effect on child mortality. The paper recommends that governments must pursue policies that seek to improve the economic conditions of households. In addition, steps should be taken by policy makers to reduce spatial disparities in the availability of maternal health services as the absence of this perhaps contributes to child mortality.

Green innovation and Sustainable Development Goals in SMEs: the moderating role of government incentives

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizwan Ullah ◽  
Habib Ahmad ◽  
Fazal Ur Rehman ◽  
Arshad Fawad
Keyword(s):  
Government Support ◽  
Green Innovation ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Government Incentives ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

PurposeThe aim of this research is to understand how government incentives (financial and non-financial) influence the relationship between green innovation and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in SMEs.Design/methodology/approachTo contribute to the literature, this research uses empirical evidence of 204 Pakistani small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and tests the moderating role of government support between green innovation and SDGs.FindingsThe findings indicate that green innovation has a significant influence on SDGs, community development and environmental activities. The government support significantly strengthens the relationship between green innovation and environmental practices, while it does not moderate the path between green innovation and community development.Practical implicationsThe research recommends SMEs focus on the adoption of green innovation and green technology to protect the environment and facilitate the community. Moreover, the research advises the government to assist SMEs financially and nonfinancially, so they will in turn help in the attainment of SDGs.Originality/valueThis research is the first attempt to assess the importance of green innovation in SDGs with a moderating role of government incentives in emerging SMEs. It provides several useful implications for policymaking.

scholarly journals Exploring the important determinants of access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation in Punjab, Pakistan

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid Adil ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem ◽  
Irfan Malik
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Improved Sanitation

Abstract Access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation is a fundamental human right and basic ingredient of public health. However, one of the major problems faced by developing countries in the twenty-first century is the lack of access to these facilities. Punjab is the most populous province of Pakistan with more than 50% of the country's population is no exception. Keeping in view its importance, the current study is an effort to investigate important determinants of access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation in Punjab to ensure the provision of these services to the masses. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Household data from 2017 to 2018 has been used for analysis. The results of a logistic regression model revealed that household media exposure, education level of household head, household wealth status, and ethnic background of the household head are some of the important determinants of household access to safe drinking water. For household access to improved sanitation, along with these factors, the role of social norms and place of residence are also important. Particularly, the role of social norms is very profound. Findings from the study suggest that efforts should be made to provide readily available media access, household education level needs to be enhanced, policies should be made to raise the living standard of the poorest households, and the social norm for the use of improved sanitation needs to be promoted.

scholarly journals The urban–rural differential in the association between household wealth index and anemia among women in reproductive age in Ethiopia, 2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teshager Weldegiorgis Abate ◽  
Biruk Getahun ◽  
Mekuriaw Mesfin Birhan ◽  
Getasew Mulatu Aknaw ◽  
Sefealem Assefa Belay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Urban Rural

Abstract Background Anemia is more prevalent among women, and it is a moderate public health problem in Ethiopia. The wealth status and place of residence of a woman have implications on the intervention of anemia. Studies that examined the relationship between women’s wealth index status and residency in Ethiopia are scarce. We aimed to identify the urban–rural differential in the association between household wealth index and anemia among women of childbearing age in Ethiopia. Method A cross-sectional design was employed with a nationally representative sample of 14,100 women aged 15–49-year-old from the Ethiopian demographic and health survey conducted in 2016. We used the two-stage sampling method to select the sample size. The primary outcome was anemia in women of childbearing age. A hemoglobin level of below 11 g/dl for pregnant women and 12 g/dl for non-pregnant women was the indicator of anemia. Using a three-level random intercept model to explore associated factors at the individual and household levels quantified the observed and unobserved variations between household wealth index and residence on anemia. Results Women belonging to a lower household wealth index category were more anemic (29.6%) than those middle and above wealth index categories. Women who lived in rural areas (25.5%) were prone to anemia than those who lived in urban areas (17.5%). The odds of anemia were significantly higher in women of the low household wealth category who living in rural compared to women of the middle and above household wealth category who living in urban (AOR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.14–1.65, P < 0.001). Conclusion In this study, anemia is more common among women who live in rural with the low house wealth category. Therefore, novel public health interventions should target women who live in rural areas with the lowest household wealth status.

How user-driven innovation and employee intrapreneurship promote platform enterprise performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2705-2723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhai Wan ◽  
Longjun Liu ◽  
Xinxin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Innovation Performance ◽  
Senior Managers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cooperative Relationships ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of user-driven innovation (UDI) and employee intrapreneurship (EI) on the innovation performance of platform enterprises through the mediating role of market intelligence responsiveness (MIR) and the moderating role of knowledge and information resource acquisition (KRA and IRA, respectively) between MIR and innovation performance.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 167 platform enterprises in northern, eastern and southern China with survey questionnaires. Participants were mainly middle and senior managers with a comprehensive grasp of the enterprises' information.FindingsThe results indicated that both UDI and EI, particularly synergy, positively influenced the innovation performance of platform enterprises. Furthermore, higher innovation performance resulted from high congruence between UDI and EI, and the innovation performance of enterprises increased when UDI and EI shifted from being incongruent to congruent. Lastly, MIR played a mediating role in this relationship, and both KRA and IRA played a positive moderating role between MIR and innovation performance.Practical implicationsPlatform enterprises should pay attention to external users and internal employees to achieve their development goals and establish tripartite cooperative relationships involving firms, employees and users. Enabling platform enterprises to develop continually and in a healthy way requires the integration and utilization of all types of resources.Originality/valueThis was an empirical study on the impact mechanism of employees and users on the innovation performance of platform enterprises in China.

scholarly journals Institutional delivery and associated factors in rural communities of Central Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0255079
Author(s):  
Adane Nigusie ◽  
Telake Azale ◽  
Mezgebu Yitayal ◽  
Lemma Derseh
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Institutional Delivery ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Wealth Status

Introduction Institutional delivery has been considered as one of the important strategies to improve maternal and child health and significantly reduces birth-related complications. However, it is still low in developing countries though there are some improvements. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of institutional delivery and associated factors in the study area. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A multistage systematic sampling technique was used to select 1,394 study participants. We collected data from 18–48 years old women by using a structured questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors at 95% confidence level. Results The mean age of respondents was 30 (±0.15). The wealth status of 33.48% respondents was poor and 33.33% rich. The prevalence of institutional delivery was 58.17% (95% CI: 55.57%, 60.77%). Multivariable logistic regression showed that demographic factors: women age (≥35years) (AOR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.04, 1.96), having a family size of less than five (AOR = 4.61; 95% CI 3.34, 6.34), having family discussion (AOR = 4.05; 95% CI 2.74, 5.97), distance from the nearby clinic (≤30min) (AOR = 2.92; 95% CI 1.53, 5.58) and decision power about place of delivery (AOR = 2.50; 95% CI 1.56, 4.01); socio-economic factors: husband’s educational status of primary school (AOR = 1.64; 95% CI 1.19, 2.24), middle level household wealth index (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI 1.25, 2.54) and rich level household wealth index (AOR = 2.01; 95% CI 1.42, 2.86); and programmatic factors: antenatal care visit during their recent pregnancy (AOR = 1.86;95% CI 1.16, 2.97) were affects institutional delivery positively. Whereas bad behavior of health workers (AOR = 0.27; 95% CI 0.19, 0.39) negatively affects institutional delivery. Conclusion Institutional delivery was low in the study area. This study implies that strengthening family discussion and up taking antenatal care services in regular ways are a few of the suggested recommendations.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Socioeconomic Factors of Diabetes and High Blood Pressure Among Women in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-404
Author(s):  
Sanni Yaya ◽  
Ziad El-Khatib ◽  
Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽  
Eugene Budu ◽  
Ghose Bishwajit
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background The emerging burden of high blood pressure (HBP) and diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa will create new challenges to health systems in African countries. There is a scarcity of studies that have reported associations of diabetes and HBP with socioeconomic factors on women within the population. We assessed the prevalence and socioeconomic factors of diabetes and high blood pressure among women in Kenya. Methods We analysed cross-sectional data from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Subjects were women aged 15–49 years. Self-reported status of HBP and diabetes was used to measure the prevalences. The association between educational and wealth index with HBP and diabetes was assessed by multivariable binary logistic regression. Results The prevalences of self-reported HBP and diabetes were 9.4% and 1.3%, respectively. Women with secondary [aOR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.15–2.02] and primary [aOR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.15–1.92] levels of education were more likely to report having HBP, compared to those with no formal education. However, there was no significant association between educational level and self-reported diabetes. In terms of wealth quintile, we found that women with higher wealth quintile were more likely to report having HBP and diabetes compared to those with poorest wealth quintile. Specifically, the highest odds of self-reported HBP was found among women with richest wealth quintile compared to those with poorest wealth quintile [aOR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.71–2.88]. Also, women with poorer wealth quintile were more likely to have self-reported diabetes compared to those with poorest wealth quintile [aOR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.08–2.38]. Conclusion The prevalence of HBP and diabetes was low among women in Kenya. Household wealth status was associated with HBP and diabetes. No causation can be inferred from the data; hence, longitudinal studies focusing on health-related behaviour associated with NCDs are recommended. Proper dissemination of health information regarding the risk factors for HBP and diabetes may prove to be beneficial for NCD prevention programmes.

scholarly journals Dynamic Role of Mother Empowerment in reducing malnutrition among children: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
Mariam Abbas Soharwardi ◽  
Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sub Saharan

In Sub-Saharan Africa, two out of five children are malnourished and malnutrition causes almost half of the child deaths (45%). Mothers are the primary caretaker of children's health, but unfortunately, most of the mothers, are not empowered in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study examined the role of mother’s empowerment in the reduction of malnutrition (stunting, wasting, and underweight) among children under five years of age in twenty-two Sub-Saharan African countries. Cross-sectional data from the most recent Demographic Health Survey (2011-2016) of twenty-two countries are used to analyze the relationship between mother's empowerment and child malnutrition through the binary logistic regression analysis. Results show that the countries with low empowerment, the prevalence of malnutrition is high. Mother empowerment is found to be a statistically significant predictor in reducing malnutrition. Mother’s education, body mass index, and age at first birth proved to be a strong predictor for reducing malnutrition. Household wealth index and household locality also have a statistically significant impact on the reduction of malnutrition. At the household level, malnutrition of children can be minimized by empowering boosting their self-esteem, self-confidence, economic resources, social resources, awareness and decision making.

scholarly journals Maternal Education Household’s Wealth and Child Mortality in Rural Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashagidigbi Waheed M ◽  
Adewumi Oluwatosin B ◽  
Olagunju Kehinde O ◽  
Ogunniyi Adebayo I
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
North West ◽  
Rural Nigeria

Poverty, maternal literacy and child mortality has been a policy issue in Nigeria, most especially in rural areas.Studies have established their individual effects on households. However, the need to establish the link between the three welfare indicators is of great economic and social importance. The study aimed at investigating the linkage and effect of maternal education and household wealth on incidence of child mortality in rural Nigeria. The study made use of data obtained from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS2013). Logit, probit and Principal Component Analysis models were the analytical techniques adopted. The findings revealed that mothers residing in the north-west recorded the highest percentage of no formal education (54%). Also, asset deprivation (poverty rate) is 63%, though higher in the northern divide than in the south. About 44 percent of the rural households recorded child mortality, with north-west households having the highest. The results revealed that maternal education improves households’ wealth; also, households with low level of maternal education and wealth index have the likelihood of recording higher child mortality rate in rural Nigeria. If the Sustainable Development Goals of ending extreme poverty, achieving good health, and ensuring gender equality in relation to female education are to be achieved, maternal human capital development and households’ welfare improvement should be the areas of focus in rural Nigeria.

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