scholarly journals Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors of household Expenditures: A Case Study of Southern Punjab (Pakistan)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Zahir Faridi ◽  
Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Ayub
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Household expenditures are the main source of society's well-being and welfare. The examination of socioeconomic and demographic determinants of Household Expenditure in Southern Punjab is the major objective of the study. The primary data of 785 households is collected in Southern Punjab. The estimation analysis is based on the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) methodology. The age of household head, years of schooling, household size, Remittances, the value of assets, number of earners, distance of health center from household residence, the distance of the school from household residence have a positive effect on household monthly expenditures in Multan division, D.G Khan division, Bahawalpur division, and Southern Punjab. The households which belong to the informal sector have a negative relationship with monthly household expenditures in all three divisions and Southern Punjab. The association between the area of residence and monthly household expenditures is positive in all three divisions and Southern Punjab. The result shows that households living in urban areas of Southern Punjab have more expenditure as compared to rural areas. The presence of disease and household expenditures are negatively related to each other in Southern Punjab. Therefore, this study suggests that health facilities should provide at a large scale in various divisions of southern Punjab. 

SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN REPUBLICS OF DAGESTAN

Fisheries ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Magomed Gimbatov
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Fish Products ◽  
The Republic

The article considers the potential of Dagestan aquaculture (with trout as case study) to increase the level of social and economic development of rural areas of the republic. An economic analysis of the prospects for the development of forestry was carried out taking into account the territorial features of the Republic of Dagestan. The study shows that the socio-economic effect of the trout farming development in Dagestan can be considered as particularly significant. Its successful implementation will accelerate the solution of the following problems of the republic: - Increase of self-sufficiency of the population, fish products of own production, with fresh and high quality; - Increased consumption of fish products per capita, especially in rural areas; - Expansion of the tax base and increase of cash receipts, in the form of taxes and other payments to the budget and extrabudgetary funds at all levels; - Creation of a significant number of new jobs in rural areas and, as a result, the reduction of rural migration to urban areas; - The revival of fish processing plants; - Increased production of environmentally friendly food products in the region. The results of the study can be used in the development of the Rural Development Strategy of the region. Sustainable and large-scale development of aquaculture (fish farming) will bring the economy of the area to a higher level and make a significant contribution to improving the well-being of the rural population of the Republic of Dagestan.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors of Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan: A Case Study of Southern Punjab

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-538
Author(s):  
Rashid Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Zahir Faridi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Dependency Rate

This study aims to explore the socio-economic and demographic determinants of poverty in Southern Punjab by using the cross sectional data consisting of 785 household heads. Binary logistic regression  and ordinary least square method are used for estimation. The findings exhibit that the variables like family system, household size, presence of disease and status of employment of household head are positively and significantly related to  poverty whereas household head age, rural-to-urban migration,  years of schooling,  number of earners, women status of work, remittances, the physical assets value and ownership of house significantly and negatively influence the likelihood of poverty and positively influence the per capita income of the households in Southern Punjab. The study also provides the comparison of regional and division level. It is concluded that DG Khan division is the poorest among all the divisions of the southern Punjab. In DG Khan Division, the households have less education, high dependency ratio. In rural areas of southern Punjab, there is more poverty as compare to urban areas. The rural poverty is due to many factors like high dependency rate, lower level of education, adoption of profession, lower per capita income, dissaving. It is suggested that education should be promoted, employment opportunity should be provided so that dependency rate may be reduced, rural areas should be restructured by provision of basic necessities of life.

The Economic Imperative: Cities Need Migrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 001946622110132
Author(s):  
Astha Agarwalla ◽  
Errol D’Souza
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Industry Concentration ◽  
Wage Curve ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Reverse Migration ◽  
Local Labour

The policy responses to Covid-19 have triggered large-scale reverse migration from cities to rural areas in developing countries, exposing the vulnerability of migrants living precarious lives in cities, giving rise to debates asserting to migration as undesirable and favouring policy options to discourage the process. However, the very basis of spatial concentration and formation of cities is presence of agglomeration economies, benefits accruing to economic agents operating in cities. Presence of these agglomeration benefits in local labour markets manifests themselves in the form of an upward sloping wage curve in urban areas. We estimate the upward sloping wage curve for various size classes of cities in Indian economy and establish the presence of positive returns to occupation and industry concentration at urban locations. Controlling for worker-specific characteristics influencing wages, we establish that higher the share of an industry or an occupation in local employment as compared to national economy, the desirability of firms to pay higher wages increases. For casual labourers, occupational concentration results in higher wages. However, impact of industry concentration varies across sectors. Results supporting presence of upward sloping urban wage curve, therefore, endorse policies to correct the market failure in cities and promote migration as a desirable process. JEL Classification Codes: J2, R2

scholarly journals Rural Healthcare IoT Architecture Based on Low-Energy LoRa

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7660
Author(s):  
Ace Dimitrievski ◽  
Sonja Filiposka ◽  
Francisco José Melero ◽  
Eftim Zdravevski ◽  
Petre Lameski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Ultra Low Power ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Doctor Patient Communication ◽  
Connected Health ◽  
Iot Devices

Connected health is expected to introduce an improvement in providing healthcare and doctor-patient communication while at the same time reducing cost. Connected health would introduce an even more significant gap between healthcare quality for urban areas with physical proximity and better communication to providers and the portion of rural areas with numerous connectivity issues. We identify these challenges using user scenarios and propose LoRa based architecture for addressing these challenges. We focus on the energy management of battery-powered, affordable IoT devices for long-term operation, providing important information about the care receivers’ well-being. Using an external ultra-low-power timer, we extended the battery life in the order of tens of times, compared to relying on low power modes of the microcontroller.

scholarly journals Is global dimming and brightening in Japan limited to urban areas?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumasa Tanaka ◽  
Atsumu Ohmura ◽  
Doris Folini ◽  
Martin Wild ◽  
Nozomu Ohkawara
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Decadal Time Scale ◽  
Global Dimming ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract. Observations worldwide indicate secular trends of all-sky surface solar radiation on decadal time scale, termed global dimming and brightening. Accordingly, the observed surface radiation in Japan generally shows a strong decline till the end of the 1980s and then a recovery toward around 2000. Because a substantial number of measurement stations are located within or proximate to populated areas, one may speculate that the observed trends are strongly influenced by local air pollution and are thus not of large-scale significance. This hypothesis poses a serious question as to what regional extent the global dimming and brightening are significant: Are the global dimming and brightening truly global phenomena, or regional or even only local? Our study focused on 14 meteorological observatories that measured all-sky surface solar radiation, zenith transmittance, and maximum transmittance. On the basis of municipality population time series, historical land use maps, recent satellite images, and actual site visits, we concluded that eight stations had been significantly influenced by urbanization, with the remaining six stations being left pristine. Between the urban and rural areas, no marked differences were identified in the temporal trends of the aforementioned meteorological parameters. Our finding suggests that global dimming and brightening in Japan occurred on a large scale, independently of urbanization.

scholarly journals A Study of the Understated Violence Within Social Contexts Against Adolescent Girls

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
Shivangi Nigam ◽  
Niranjana Soperna
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Violence against women is linked to their disadvantaged position in the society. It is rooted in unequal power relationships between men and women in society and is a global problem which is not limited to a specific group of women in society. An adolescent girl’s life is often accustomed to the likelihood of violence, and acts of violence exert additional power over girls because the stigma of violence often attaches more to a girl than to the  perpetrator. The experience of violence is distressing at the individual emotional and physical level. The field of research and programmes for adolescent girls has traditionally focused on sexuality, reproductive health, and behaviour, neglecting the broader social issues that underpin adolescent girls’ human rights, overall development, health, and well-being. This paper is an endeavour to address the understated or disguised form of violence which the adolescent girls experience within the social contexts. The parameters exposed under this research had been ignored to a large extent when it comes to studying the dimension of violence under the social domain. Hence, the researchers attempted to explore this camouflaged form of violence and discovered some specific parameters such as: Diminished Self Worth and Esteem, Verbal Abuse, Menstruation Taboo and Social Rigidity, Negligence of Medical and Health Facilities and Complexion- A Prime Parameter for Judging Beauty. The study was conducted in the districts of Haryana (India) where personal interviews were taken from both urban and rural adolescent girls (aged 13 to 19 years) based on  a structured interview schedule. The results revealed that the adolescent girls, both in urban as well as rural areas were quite affected with the above mentioned issues. In urban areas, however, due to the higher literacy rate, which resulted in more rational thinking, the magnitude was comparatively smaller, but the difference was still negligible.  

scholarly journals Social Progress Index for Urban and Rural Areas of a Region: Evidence from Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-435
Author(s):  
Maylee Inga-Hancco ◽  
Adamari Indigoyen-Porras ◽  
Sergio Parra-Alarcón ◽  
Juan Cerrón-Aliaga ◽  
Wagner Vicente-Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
The Social ◽  
Global Organization ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The present study describes the methodological process proposed by the Social Progress Imperative Global Organization to calculate the Social Progress Index in urban and rural areas of the province of Huancayo, Peru, in 2020. The survey was based on 229 observations regarding basic human needs, foundations of well-being and opportunities. The result produced an index of 56.04 for urban areas and 53.98 for rural areas; results that are in the low and low middle range respectively, identifying deficiencies in the quality of economic policies, with respect to the sanitation service, where more than 30% do not have access to drinking water, and others. It was concluded that the index showed no improvement with respect to 2019, likewise the social gaps still persist and the well-being of the aforementioned population was not increased.

scholarly journals A Survey of Traditional and Customized Bus Transportation Planning Methodologies

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Transportation Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Transit Planning ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
Bus Transit ◽  
Mode Of Transportation ◽  
Bus Service

Transportation planning is an area of public policy that is increasingly recognized for having a significant impact on human health and well-being. Passengers all across the world are choosing bus transit as one of the most cost-effective ways of transportation. The number of passengers who use this mode of transportation is steadily increasing. According to statistics, the bus was India's most popular mode of transportation in 2014. A bus was viewed as a mode of transportation by 66 percent of families in rural areas and 62 percent of households in urban areas. With increased demand, there is a concern about efficiently organizing this service. Because a lack of planning can generate major problems in the real world, such as traffic jams and high operating expenses, it is a source of concern for corporate and government entities who provide this service. In this paper, a review on various bus transit planning approaches and stages and methodologies used in each stage of the customized bus planning strategy is presented. This study will assist bus service organizing entities, whether private or public, in efficiently organizing bus service

Teachers’ perceptions of ICT issues in education: an approximation by gender and region in Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florina Guadalupe Arredondo-Trapero ◽  
José Carlos Vázquez-Parra ◽  
Martín De Jesús González-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Teachers Perceptions ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The aim of this study is to analyse teachers’ perceptions of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the effect they have on their students, comparing male and female teachers in rural and urban areas of Mexico. Design/methodology/approach This is a quantitative study with a validated questionnaire that records the perception of school teachers from a state in the northeast of Mexico. The questionnaire was designed by interviewing 20 teachers who have had problematic situations in the use of technology by students. The main problems that were perceived in their students were cyberbullying, cyberviolence, online pornography, excessive use of videogames and also lack of ability to use digital technology. Hypothesis testing was applied to identify differences between gender (female or male) and region (rural or urban), considering these problems and the efforts made by the school to address these issues. Findings Both the gender of the teaching staff and the region where the school is located are variables that are influencing the willingness to incorporate ICT issues that are affecting the well-being of students into the educational agenda. While teachers are the main actors in preparing their students on how to face these challenges, students in schools with mostly male teachers, or located in rural areas, will be in a situation of greater vulnerability to be victims of the problems that arise as part of ICT risks in a digital society Research limitations/implications This article only offers a first approach to ICT and teachers’ perceptions. It is necessary to broaden the scope of this type of research to include different educational contexts and to ask questions that reveal in greater detail how schools are dealing with ICT and its possible risks and the factors that have influenced the successes or failures they are having in these attempts. Practical implications This finding can help schools to promote programs focused to apply ICT for student flourishment and help them to deal with the risk that digital technology is generating in young students. Originality/value Although multiple research have been conducted to address teachers’ perception about diverse topics, there has been no specific research on the self-perception of teachers in dealing with technology and preparing students for the problems presented by ICT and its risks. This research contributes to the literature on the impact that teachers’ perceptions can have on the adoption of technology in education, and how this can be different by gender and region.

Multiple Dimensions of Impoverishment in Iran

2020 ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Hosnieh Mahoozi ◽  
Jeurgen Meckl
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Multiple Dimensions

Concerning the demands of Sen’s (1984) Capability Approach to the assessment of human well-being, we estimate multidimensional poverty and compare the results with traditional measures of income poverty in Iran. We detect poverty in urban and rural Iran over 1999-2007, a period with relatively high GDP growth. The results reveal that the pace of income poverty reduction is much faster than the pace of multidimensional poverty alleviation. The pace of poverty reduction is much slower in rural areas than in urban areas and the capital city, Tehran. Hence, inequality between rural and urban areas increased over the time. We also show how policymakers may benefit from applying the multidimensional approach in targeting the subgroups by the most deprived aspects.

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