scholarly journals A comparative analysis of world health systems and Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Ayşe İKİNCİ KELEŞ ◽  
Gökhan KELEŞ
Keyword(s):  
Health Systems ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Second Wave

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which causes severe airway problems, first emerged in the Chinese city of Wuhan. The virus led to a pandemic that affected the entire world. COVID-19 affects not only health, but also economic and social life. The emergence of this pandemic has led to health systems across the world being questioned. The aim of this study was to assess the adequacy of world health systems in the face of this pandemic. Twelve countries were selected and analyzed in the study. The choice of these countries was determined by the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Information concerning health systems and COVID-19 was obtained from Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2018, World Health Organization 2020 and Deep Knowledge Group data and was subjected to statistical analysis. According to the analysis, the country with the highest investment in health expenditures is the United States (10586 US dollars/capita), and Germany stands out as the best in health services. Another finding is the first and second wave of COVID-19 was identified as the USA with the highest case and death rate (First wave cases 1.942.363 and deaths 110.514; second wave cases at 7.419.230 and deaths 2.09.450). As a result of the meta-analysis, it is revealed that only socio-economic power is not enough, countries with good health systems are more successful in the pandemic. In addition, the analysis once again reveal how important health systems are in the face of such a pandemic.

scholarly journals Strengths and weaknesses of the Brazilian regulation on biosimilars: A critical view of the regulatory requirements for biosimilars in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 253-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Renato de Assis ◽  
Valdair Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Expression System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Biological Products ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Comparability Exercise ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization

Biological products or biopharmaceuticals are medicinal products derived from living systems and manufactured by modern biotechnological methods that differ widely from the traditional synthetic drugs. Monoclonal antibodies are the most rapidly growing type of biologic. They are much larger and more complex molecules with inherent diversity; therefore, different manufacturers cannot produce identical biological products, even with the same type of host expression system and equivalent technologies. Thus, legal follow-on biologics manufactured and marketed after patent expiration are usually referred to as biosimilars. Biosimilarity is based on a comparability exercise whereby unavoidable clinical differences are evaluated and must meet equivalence or non-inferiority criteria. Biosimilars need to comply with different regulatory requirements for market authorization in different sites. There are several other related issues that need to be defined by the national authorities, such as interchangeability, labeling and prescribing information. The Brazilian health surveillance agency follows the key principles established by the World Health Organization for the assessment of biosimilarity, although does not adopt the name ‘biosimilar’. However, the agency also made a compromise on a standalone application pathway that does not require the usual comparability exercise with the reference product, originating nonbiosimilar copies. Interchangeability and the use of nonproprietary names are not regulated, giving rise to pressures on physicians and conflicts of interest in the decision making on biosimilar use. The scope of this article is to present the Brazilian regulation on biosimilars, its strengths and weaknesses, and to discuss it in the face of regulations in the USA and Europe.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Hospitalised Current Smokers and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus González-Rubio ◽  
Carmen Navarro-López ◽  
Elena López-Nájera ◽  
Ana López-Nájera ◽  
Lydia Jiménez-Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Patient Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization

SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic. It produces severe acute respiratory disease (COVID-19), which is fatal in many cases, characterised by the cytokine release syndrome (CRS). According to the World Health Organization, those who smoke are likely to be more vulnerable to infection. Here, in order to clarify the epidemiologic relationship between smoking and COVID-19, we present a systematic literature review until 28th April 2020 and a meta-analysis. We included 18 recent COVID-19 clinical and epidemiological studies based on smoking patient status from 720 initial studies in China, the USA, and Italy. The percentage of hospitalised current smokers was 7.7% (95% CI: 6.9–8.4) in China, 2.3% (95% CI: 1.7–2.9) in the USA and 7.6% (95% CI: 4.2–11.0) in Italy. These percentages were compared to the smoking prevalence of each country and statistically significant differences were found in them all (p < 0.0001). By means of the meta-analysis, we offer epidemiological evidence showing that smokers were statistically less likely to be hospitalised (OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.14–0.23, p < 0.01). In conclusion, the analysis of data from 18 studies shows a much lower percentage of hospitalised current smokers than expected. As more studies become available, this trend should be checked to obtain conclusive results and to explore, where appropriate, the underlying mechanism of the severe progression and adverse outcomes of COVID-19.

scholarly journals The influence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern on national case fatality rates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Barletta
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
The Face ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractBackgroundDuring 2021 several new variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus appeared with both increased levels of transmissibility and virulence with respect to the original wild variant. The Delta (B.1.617.2) variation, first seen in India, dominates COVID-19 infections in several large countries including the United States and India. Most recently, the Lambda variant of interest with increased resistance to vaccines has spread through much of South America.ObjectiveThis research explores the degree to which new variants of concern 1) generate spikes and waves of fluctuations in the daily case fatality rates (CFR) across countries in several regions in the face of increasing levels of vaccination of national populations and 2) may increase the vulnerability of persons with certain comorbidities.MethodsThis study uses new, openly available, epidemiological statistics reported to the relevant national and international authorities for countries across the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Daily CFRs and correlations of fatal COVID-19 infections with potential cofactors are computed for the first half of 2021 that has been dominated by the wide spread of several “variants of concern” as denoted by the World Health Organization.ResultsThe analysis yields a new quantitative measure of the temporal dynamics of mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infections in the form of variations of a proxy case fatality rate compared on a country to-country basis in the same region. It also finds minimal variation of correlation between the cofactors based on WHO data and on the average apparent case fatality rate.

scholarly journals The global burden of tuberculous meningitis in adults: A modelling study

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. e0000069
Author(s):  
Peter J. Dodd ◽  
Muhammad Osman ◽  
Fiona V. Cresswell ◽  
Anna M. Stadelman ◽  
Nguyen Huu Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculous Meningitis ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Health Organization

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most lethal form of tuberculosis. The incidence and mortality of TBM is unknown due to diagnostic challenges and limited disaggregated reporting of treated TBM by existing surveillance systems. We aimed to estimate the incidence and mortality of TBM in adults (15+ years) globally. Using national surveillance data from Brazil, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Vietnam, we estimated the fraction of reported tuberculosis that is TBM, and the case fatality ratios for treated TBM in each of these countries. We adjusted these estimates according to findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis and applied them to World Health Organization tuberculosis notifications and estimates to model the global TBM incidence and mortality. Assuming the case detection ratio (CDR) for TBM was the same as all TB, we estimated that in 2019, 164,000 (95% UI; 129,000–199,000) adults developed TBM globally; 23% were among people living with HIV. Almost 60% of incident TBM occurred in males and 20% were in adults 25–34 years old. 70% of global TBM incidence occurred in Southeast Asia and Africa. We estimated that 78,200 (95% UI; 52,300–104,000) adults died of TBM in 2019, representing 48% of incident TBM. TBM case fatality in those treated was on average 27%. Sensitivity analysis assuming improved detection of TBM compared to other forms of TB (CDR odds ratio of 2) reduced estimated global mortality to 54,900 (95% UI; 32,200–77,700); assuming instead worse detection for TBM (CDR odds ratio of 0.5) increased estimated mortality to 125,000 (95% UI; 88,800–161,000). Our results highlight the need for improved routine TBM monitoring, especially in high burden countries. Reducing TBM incidence and mortality will be necessary to achieve the End TB Strategy targets.

scholarly journals A Normalized Mortality Rate Showed the Diverse Severity of COVID-19 in the World

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar ◽  
P.R. Renjith ◽  
C. Priscilla ◽  
Selva Kumar Ganesan
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Respiratory Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Organization

Covid-19 has given a halt to all the activities in the world. Europe was most affected followed by the United States of America. In this study we have assessed the severity of Covid-19 by analyzing the mortality rate in Covid-19 and other diseases. The Covid-19 data and &ldquo;death rate&rdquo; data caused by other diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, non-communicable respiratory diseases, respiratory infectious diseases, diabetes mellitus, and kidney diseases) were downloaded from the world health organization (WHO) website. A normalized period based method was used to see the mortality rate of Covid-19 in comparison to other diseases. The deaths occurred by cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and respiratory diseases were more in number than the Covid-19 caused deaths in the 45 days period where most of the Covid-19 deaths had taken place. The mortality rate of Covid-19 was highest in France followed by Belgium and the lowest in Russia while the share of Covid-19 caused deaths in total deaths by all causes was the highest in Belgium followed by Spain and the lowest in Japan. The severity of Covid-19 in the USA was moderate. The severity of Covid-19 in Asian countries was found to be moderate to low. The severity of Covid-19 was diverse in the world. Europe showed the highest diversity in the mortality rate of Covid-19. Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and non-communicable diseases were still more lethal and caused more deaths than Covid-19.

scholarly journals SECOND WAVE OF COVID 19 RISING CASES IN INDIA: SHORT COMMUNICATION SITUATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (04) ◽  
pp. 261-263
Author(s):  
Ajoke Akinola ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Time Record ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second Wave

Statistics currently indicated that the second wave of COVID 19 pandemic has killed over 2.94 million, and active cases 136.13 million globally as on April 12, 2021 reported by John Hopkins University and world health organization (WHO). India reported a first time record high ever of 13,689,453 COVID-19 infections, and 171,058 deaths from the ministry of health and WHO revealed on April 12, 2021. As India (13,873,825 confirmed cases and 172,085 deaths) (April, 14 2021) over takes Brazil, in the rising cases of Infection of COVID-19 as the second worst hit country in the world. It becomes the second-most affected country globally by the coronavirus after the United States (30, 888,765). Whereas the second wave is deadlier than the first wave according to the DG council of scientific and industrial research, Dr. Shekhar Mande.Preventable solutions are all but not limited to identify reasons for the spike and implement measures immediately. Some of which are uncontrolled gathering, floating of electoral commission (EC) guidelines on COVID-19 prevention during the election campaign political rallies. Some religious gatherings not adhering to the government protocol on COVID 19 prevention practices during this period (April 2021). Initially testing was limited to the high risk groups but has been expanded to cover several populations with the governments intervention. Further is to improve contact tracing, instead of negligence across the states. Drive for testing measures and rapid vaccination drive should continue as identified that authorities concerned are not testing enough. Lastly never ignore any warning signs or strange body feelings you might encounter. Act immediately, implement all preventive measures and seek medical help at once.

The influence of SARS-CoV-2 variants on national case fatality rates (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Barletta
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
The Face ◽  
Health Organization

BACKGROUND During 2021 several new variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus appeared with both increased levels of transmissibility and virulence with respect to the original wild variant. The Delta (B.1.617.2) variation, first seen in India, dominates COVID-19 infections in several large countries including the United States and India. Most recently, the Lambda variant of interest with increased resistance to vaccines has spread through much of South America. OBJECTIVE This research explores the degree to which new variants of concern 1) generate spikes and waves of fluctuations in the daily case fatality rates (CFR) across countries in several regions in the face of increasing levels of vaccination of national populations and 2) may increase the vulnerability of persons with certain co-morbidities. METHODS This study uses new, openly available, epidemiological statistics reported to the relevant national and international authorities for countries across the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Daily CFRs and correlations of fatal COVID-19 infections with potential co-factors are computed for the first half of 2021 that has been dominated by the wide spread of several “variants of concern” as denoted by the World Health Organization. RESULTS The analysis yields a new quantitative measure of the temporal dynamics of mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infections in the form of variations of a proxy case fatality rate compared on a country to-country basis in the same region. It also finds minimal variation of correlation between the co-factors based on WHO data and on the average apparent case fatality rate. CONCLUSIONS The proxy for the daily case fatality rate computed over a smoothed distribution of deaths attributed to COVID-19 infections provides a useful metric to track the national dynamics of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern overlaid with a country’s vaccination implementation program. The increases in daily proxy CFR in the US and Germany correspond in timing with the rapid spread of the Delta variant and support the characterization of Delta as being more virulent than the original wild strain of SARS-CoV-2. The new variants of concern lead to minimal quantitative differences with the conclusion of Ref. [2] that most commonly cited co-morbidities do not in and of themselves increase the risk of serious (and possibly fatal) consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infections.

When “Corona” Goes Viral – Online Search Interests in Google for Coronavirus versus Its Incidence in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States: An Infodemiological Analysis (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Ahmadvand ◽  
Ayda S. Forough ◽  
Lisa Nissen
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Google Trends ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Search Patterns ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk

BACKGROUND The public health crisis, due to the new Coronavirus found in December 2019, has received unprecedented attention from the public and the media. The infodemiological analysis of queries from search engines to assess the status of search interests and the actual burden of the new virus could be an informative approach. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess search query data from Google Trends, to visualize the interest in search over time for the new “Coronavirus” in Google, across four English-speaking countries, namely, Australia, Canada, the UK, and the USA, and compare the search interest with the actual burden of Coronavirus in the corresponding countries. METHODS We used Google Trends service to assess people’s interest in searching about “Coronavirus” classified as “Virus,” from January 1, 2020 to March 13, 2020 in Australia, Canada, the UK, and the USA. Then, we evaluated top regions and their relative search volumes (SVs) and country-specific “Top” and “Rising” searches. We also evaluated the trends in the incidence of detected Coronavirus infections to find possible differences between the actual burden of the disease and search patterns by the public. RESULTS From January 1, 2020 to March 13, 2020, Australia was the top country searching for Coronavirus in Google, followed by Canada, the UK, and the USA. There was a noticeable bimodal pattern in searching for Coronavirus, mostly in late January 2020, and then from early March 2020. Search interest in all four countries declined in the month of February 2020. Top regions in each of the four countries with the highest search interest where the ones which reported either a confirmed case of Coronavirus infection or a death due to it. None of the declarations by the World Health Organization of the nature of this pandemic appeared to have caused major changes in the search patterns in Google. CONCLUSIONS Search for ‘Coronavirus’ increased exponentially, in all four countries, mostly in Australia. The month of February 2020 could be considered a ‘lost opportunity’ in terms of acting on the momentum of searching by people on Google about the Coronavirus. The increased interest in searching for keywords related to Coronavirus and its symptoms shows the possible focus areas of awareness campaigns in increasing societal demand for health information on the Web, to be met in community-wide communication or awareness interventions, should another pandemic occur in the future. 

scholarly journals Dampak Instruksi Physical Distancing dari Pemerintah dalam Mencegah Penyebaran Virus Corona pada Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh (PJJ) Peserta Didik MI/SD di Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Eliza zalsabila ◽  
Anis Fuadah Z.
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Health in life is very important. In dressing, food, and all activities in life must be carried out cleanly to maintain good health for ourselves and the environment. At the end of 2019 unrest arises in all corners of the earth due to the emergence of a new type of virus, the corona / covid-19 virus. Corona virus is a large family of viruses that attack the respiratory syndrome system. Viruses that have never been identified in humans before, according to WHO (World Health Organization) corona virus is zoonosis, which means transmitted between animals and humans. In this journal the title of the Impact of Physical Distance Instructions from the Government in Preventing the Corona Virus Spread on the Distance Learning of MI / SD Students in Indonesia. By raising the title aims to provide education to the general public in the face, prevent, and continue to live in a situation of unrest such as this. The journal is written in a descriptive form and also uses the literature method that is relevant to the title of the journal being raised.   Keywords: Corona Virus, Prevention, Distance Learning  

Does a Vote of 118 to 1 Mean the USA Was Wrong?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-431
Author(s):  
Jerold F. Lucey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Third World ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Country ◽  
World Health ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Third World Country ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Organization

Picture yourself, a doctor living in a Third World country frustrated by the failure of your efforts to change poverty, malnutrition, and poor sanitation. Little wonder that you would choose to attack rich foreign companies if you thought they contributed to your problems. You would also feel great if the whole world joined you in condemning such companies. When the turmoil had settled, however, and you realized that you may have been wrong, or at least lacked proper evidence, you might not feel so self-righteous. The final vote in the World Health Organization was 118 to 1. The United States was the one! Does that mean that the United States was wrong?

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