scholarly journals L’ordre de marché comme croyance

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-39
Author(s):  
François Facchini

This article proposes a radically subjective theory of market order. It argues that we should reject the theories that construct a rigid notion of order around a pre-existing model (equilibrium theory and the theory of self-organising orders) (2) in favour of a conception of order from the point of view of the agents (3). In this context, order is no longer defined in terms of criteria imposed ex ante by the observer, but in terms of the rules of which it is constituted. Market order is then approached as a sui generis order which is by nature invisible, because it is mental. The market is an order because agents possess the motivation and desire to believe that it is. Under these conditions, the market order can only survive as long as it is perceived as such by individuals seeking to carry out projects of production and consumption through exchange. Key words: equilibrium, order, and trust. Clasificación JEL: D50. Résumé: Cet article propose une théorie radicalement subjective de l’ordre de marché. Il propose d’écarter, d’une part, les théories qui figent l’ordre autour d’un modèle qui lui préexiste (théorie de l’équilibre et théorie des ordres auto-organisés) (2) et de développer, d’autre part, une conception de l’ordre qui prend le point de vue des acteurs (3). L’ordre n’est pas défini dans cette perspective en référence à un critère posé ex ante par l’observateur, mais par rapport aux règles qui le constituent. L’ordre de marché est alors pensé comme un ordre suis generis qui est invisible par nature puisque mental. C’est parce que les hommes ont des motifs de croire et la volonté de croire que le marché est un ordre qu’il en est un. L’ordre de marché ne se perpétue, dans ces conditions, que s’il est perçu comme tel par les individus qui cherchent à réaliser leur projet de production et de consommation par l’échange.

Fachsprache ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 104-122
Author(s):  
Winfried Thielmann

Abstract Languages for special purposes have mainly been considered from the point of view that they are specialized, i.e. that they satisfy the terminological needs of expression of specialized groups. The purpose of this contribution is to demonstrate that specialized discourses such as university lectures may make specific use of ordinary language devices. An analysis of sections from German lectures in physics and mechanical engineering reveals that deictics play a special role in propositional  composition. The findings are relevant for the general principles of linguistic science and knowledge transfer as well as for teaching German as a first or second academic language. Schlagwörter: Sprache wissenschaftlicher Lehre – Deixis – Physik – Maschinenbau – propositionale Komposition Key words: Language of academic teaching – deictics – physics – mechanical engineering – propositional composition


2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey Shea Pollon

Type as Image: Eliciting Emotions is a project of VCDE233 Typography II (Constanza Pacher) and VCDI223 Design and Pre-Press Production (Jess Dupuis), both courses in the Design Studies Diploma Program at MacEwan University. Students were asked to capture the essence of the book Indian Horse, by Richard Wagamese, and translate it into a three-poster series using typography as the main element. Under the premise that the visual form is dictated by the content, students were encouraged to analyze plot, characters, point of view, imagery, tone, themes and symbolism to extract key words, sentences and passages as the basis for their designs. Students were asked to challenge literal interpretations by exploring the use of expressive typography and text and image relationships.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ii (15) ◽  
pp. 146-182
Author(s):  
Haroula Hatzimihail ◽  
Ioannis Pantelidis

In this announcement, the various –linguistic and non-linguistic- symbols used in the literary work 'Around the world in 80 days', written by Jules Verne, are examined from an intertemporal and contemporary point of view. The references through these points of view, in matters of multiculturalism and multilingualism, are becoming classical in nature: they concern the necessity of the applied ability to communicate between individuals who belong to different social classes and age groups, speak the same or different languages, come from different cultures, with rights and obligations in their various areas of life, etc. Key-words: linguistics, multilingualism, multiculturalism, semiotics, semiotic systems, symbols


2021 ◽  
pp. 47-104
Author(s):  
Albert Esplugas

This paper presents a critique of intellectual property from an ethical and economical point of view. Once patents and copyrights are characterized as a monopolies of ideas, it is argued that intellectual pro-perty violates private property rights in its original meaning and it is not based in real scarcity but creates artificial scarcity instead. In addition, the paper challenges intellectual property as an incentive to innovation and studies the several costs of this kind of regulation. Eventually, diffe-rent market alternatives to tackle the free-riding problem are explored. Key words: intelectual property, patents, copyrights, private property, scar-city, public good, innovation incentives, market economy. Clasificación JEL: O310, O320, O340, H410. Resumen: En este trabajo se presenta una crítica a la propiedad intelec-tual desde una perspectiva ética y económica. Tras caracterizar las paten-tes y los copyrights como monopolios sobre ideas, se arguye que la pro-piedad intelectual viola el derecho de propiedad privada en su sentido tradicional y crea una escasez artificial en lugar de fundarse sobre la esca-sez. Se cuestiona, asimismo, que la propiedad intelectual suponga un incen-tivo a la creación, estudiando los distintos costes de una regulación de este tipo. Por último se mencionan varias alternativas de mercado para hacer frente a los problemas de free-riding. Palabras clave: propiedad intelectual, patentes, copyrights, propiedad privada, escasez, bien público, incentivos a la innovación, mercado.


Author(s):  
Jorge Sierra Merchán

ResumenEn la discusión sobre las implicaciones éticas de la ingeniería genética, es común establecer una diferencia entre eugenesia negativa y eugenesia positiva. La eugenesia negativa está conformada por procedimientos orientados a corregir defectos genéticos, es decir, a evitar o minimizar la trasmisión de enfermedades hereditarias. La eugenesia positiva consiste en potenciar u optimizar caracteres que se consideran deseables (belleza o inteligencia). Una cosa es reparar, con fines terapéuticos, un error genético y otra cosa es mejorar genéticamente un rasgo que se considera bueno y deseable. En este sentido cabe preguntarse: ¿hay un deber moral de evitar, mediante la ingeniería genética, que los niños nazcan con discapacidades y no se les condene a una vida de desgracia? ¿O hay también un deber moral equivalente de garantizar que los niños posean belleza e inteligencia? El presente texto busca responder ambas cuestiones mediante una evaluación de los argumentos en pro y en contra de la eugenesia desarrollados por Singer y Nussbaum. Sostendré que hay una obligación moral de aplicar la eugenesia negativa, mientras que tal obligación no es extensiva para el caso de la eugenesia positiva. Esto implica que no es posible exigir un presunto derecho a ser desgraciado ni desde el punto de vista de los padres ni desde el punto de vista de los futuros hijos para el caso de la eugenesia negativa, en tanto que para el caso de la eugenesia positiva el derecho a ser desgraciados parece ser más defendible. Palabras clave: Eugenesia, genoma humano, principio preventivo, Singer, Nussbaum**********************************************************Is it possible to claim a alleged right to be disgraced? The “happy world” of eugenicsAbstractIn the discussion about the ethical implications of genetic engineering it is usual to distinguish between negative and positive eugenics. Negative eugenics refers to genetic imperfections correction procedures, which aim to avoid or minimize the transmission of hereditary diseases. Positive eugenics consists in the improvement or optimization of features considered desirable (as beauty or intelligence). One thing is to repair, for therapeutic purposes, a genetic error, and another to genetically improve a feature considered good and desirable. In this sense one could ask if it is a moral duty to avoid, through genetic engineering, impairments in newborns, saving them from an unfortunate life; and if there is also an equivalent moral duty to guarantee that children possess beauty and intelligence. This paper aims to answer both questions through an evaluation of the arguments for and against eugenics proposed by Singer and Nussbaum. I will hold that though there is a moral obligation to apply negative eugenics, this kind of obligation is not present in the case of positive eugenics. This implies that it is not possible to demand a presumed right to be miserable, either from the parent’s or the future children’s point of view, in the case of negative eugenics, although this presumed right to be miserable seems to be more defensible in the case of positive eugenics. Key words: Eugenics, human genome, preventive principle, Singer, Nussbaum.**********************************************************É possível reclamar um alegado direito a ser desgraçado? O “mundo feliz” da eugenesiaResumoNa discussão sobre as implicações éticas da engenharia genética é frequente estabelecer uma diferenciação entre eugenesia negativa e eugenesia positiva. A eugenesia negativa está conformada pelos procedimentos orientados a corrigir defeitos genéticos, ou seja, evitar ou minimizar a transmissão de doenças hereditárias. A eugenesia positiva consiste em potenciar ou aperfeiçoar caracteres que se consideram desejáveis (beleza ou inteligência). Uma coisa é reparar, com fins terapêuticos, um erro genético, e outra coisa é melhorar geneticamente um traço que se considera bom ou desejável, Nesse sentido é possível perguntar: há o dever moral de evitar, mediante a engenharia genética, que as crianças nasçam com incapacidades e não sejam condenados a uma vida de desgraça? Ou há também um dever moral equivalente de que as crianças possuam beleza e inteligência? O presente texto procura responder ambas as questões mediante uma avaliação dos argumentos em prol e em contra da eugenesia desenvolvidos por Singer e Nussbaum. Vou suster que há uma obrigação moral de aplicar a eugenesia negativa, enquanto que tal obrigação não é extensiva para o caso da eugenesia positiva. Isto implica que não é possível exigir um pressuposto direito a ser desgraçado nem desde o ponto de vista dos pais nem desde o ponto de vista dos futuros filhos no caso da eugenesia negativa, em tanto que no caso da eugenesia positiva o direito a ser desgraçados parece ser mais defendível. Palavras chave: Eugenesia, genoma humano, princípio preventivo, Singer, Nussbaum.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
IRMA JURAIDA

This study discusses about Islamic figures boarding point of view toward “ulama” woman figure existence in West Aceh Regency. “The problem of the study of this thesis is analysis about how is point of view of social about existence.. This research is done in West Aceh Regency by using qualitative approach, especially by a much deeper interview technique method by meeting directly and observation. “Ulama” woman figure point of view is assumed as dialectic process (habitus, capital and field) and by time journey (history process and usuality) and influence by social environment (domain) that creating it. The result of this study shows that social point of view about existence “Ulama” woman figure is more fix by usuality, social background, culture and religious value that is comprehended by Islamic figures boarding or people or society group pertinent as a “Ulama” man figures friends and still contribution in woman capacity (taklim, local preachers, teachers or recitation teungku). Key words: social view, Islamic figures boarding, existences “Ulama” woman figures


2019 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
María del Socorro MoraC de Asmat

Pedro Azabache Bustamante (1918-2012) fue un reconocido maestro indigenista, discípulo directo del fundador del movimiento, José Sabogal (1888-1956). Este artículo es una reflexión sobre su vida y obra desde un punto de vista psicobiológico y neuroestético. Palabras clave: Pedro Azabache, Indigenismo, Moche, maestro, personalidad, memoria, tradición, juego neuroestético AbstractPedro Azabache Bustamante (1918-2012) was a renowned Indigenist Master, direct disciple of the founder of the movement, José Sabogal (1888-1956). This article is a collection of thoughts on the life and work of Pedro Azabache from a psychobiological and neurasthenic point of view. Key words: Pedro Azabache, Indigenism, Moche, master, personality, memory, tradition, neuroaesthetics game


2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 701-735
Author(s):  
LUBNA KADOURY ◽  

The current research aims to identify: - 1- The level of the relationship between electronic games and the aggressive behavior of kindergarten children from the point of view of parents. 2- The significance of the differences in the views of parents about the relationship between electronic games and the aggressive behavior of kindergarten children. 3- The significance of the differences in the views of parents on the extent of the relationship of electronic games to the aggressive behavior of kindergarten children according to their academic achievement. The research sample included (140) children from Baghdad governorate for the academic year (2019-2020). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the scale of (Dr. Al-Sawalha, Al-Oweimer, Al-Alimat, 2015) after the validity and reliability was extracted, the resercher reached the following results - 1- There are statistically significant differences between the level of the relationship of electronic games and the aggressive behavior of kindergarten children from the point of view of parents. 2- There are no statistically significant differences in the parents ’views on the relationship of electronic games to the aggressive behavior of kindergarten children. 4- There are no statistically significant differences in the views of both parents regarding the extent of the relationship of electronic games with the aggressive behavior of kindergarten children according to their academic achievement. Key words: - Aggressive behavior، Electronic games


1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 891-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Tukur ◽  
J. P. Lallès ◽  
C. Mathis ◽  
I. Caugant ◽  
R. Toullec

Two experiments involving either preruminant (exp. 1) or ruminant (exp. 2) fistulated calves were conducted to study the in vivo digestion of glycinin, α-conglycinin and β-conglycinin from soybean. It was incorporated as a flour (product A, antigenic in vitro) or a protein concentrate (product B, non antigenic in vitro) in milk replacers (exp. 1), or as a meal (product C, antigenic in vitro) in a weaning starter (exp. 2). ELISA detection of residual globulin immunoreactivity was determined on ileal digesta in exp. 1, and on duodenal, ileal and faecal digesta in exp. 2. Ileal flow of glycinin, α-conglycinin and β-conglycinin represented 10.3, 1.2 and 0.9% of corresponding globulin amounts ingested, in the case of product A (exp. 1). Immunoreactive α-conglycinin could only be detected in ileal digesta (1.3% of intake) of calves fed the diet containing product B. In exp. 2, immunoreactive globulins entered the duodenum in low amounts (below 1% of respective intake), especially after weaning. Accordingly, their flow at the ileum and in feces, although measurable, had no meaning from the nutritional point of view. Fermentation in the rumen of weaned calves appeared to be efficient in inactivating most of the potentially harmful dietary constituents. Key words: Soybean, protein, digestion, calf, weaning, glycinin


2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-130
Author(s):  
Pamela Carina Tolosa

The idea prevailing in mainstream environmental law literature is that ex ante safety regulation is preferable to tort law remedies to deal with environmental issues. The main reason usually invoked to prefer ex ante regulation is that generally, tort law takes its part only after the harm has already been done; and that is considered not compatible with the objective of avoiding environmental harm. On the contrary, from the law and economics point of view, I will argue that tort law systems have some important properties that make it compatible with the goal of reducing environmental risks, and that it can be superior to ex ante regulation in avoiding environmental harm. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is drawing up a general framework to describe the relative advantages of tort law and their related conditions to deal with environmental harm.


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