scholarly journals El dinero como medio de cambio y su evolución: análisis de Katsuhito Iwai y su interpretación de Carl Menger

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-89
Author(s):  
José Guillermo Peláez Gramajo

This paper presents an analysis of the acceptability and evolution of money in Iwai’s monetary proposal. He develops an interesting «search theoretical model» of money as medium that is accepted in exchange in a decentralized economy, the origin of which finds in Carl Menger idea, according to this function of money it emerges spontaneously. Iwai argues that money is used as universal medium of exchange simply because every-body uses it as money: «bootstrap mechanism». Such mechanism allows the economy to have as much monetary equilibrium as the number of durable goods in it. However, Iwai says that money never evolved naturally, becau-se there must have been a large symmetry –breaking disturbance to crea-te it in the beginning, and then, there is a fundamental limit on the power of the theory to explain the origin of money. History thus matters essentially. The purpose of this paper is to put these statements to a critical test. First of all, the bootstrap mechanism does not impair Menger’s monetary theory, contrary to what Iwai may think. It confirms Menger’s statements regarding to the practice and custom as relevant to the origin of money. Another outcome of this study shows that Iwai’s proposal may complete the Arrow-Debreu theory of value in the framework of exchange, because it elimina-tes the hypothesis of a centralized account system. Finally, a third relevant outcome of this work is a critic to Iwai theory, because it shows, against him, that monetary equilibrium depends of «real economic» foundations (tech-nique and preferences), to support itself as a Nash equilibrium. Key words: Origin of money, money as medium of exchange, monetary equilibrium. Códigos JEL: B16, E0, E42, P16. Resumen: Este ensayo presenta un análisis de la aceptabilidad y evolución del dinero en la propuesta que hace Iwai al respecto. Él desarrolla un inte-resante «modelo teórico de búsqueda» del dinero como medio de cambio aceptado en las transacciones de una economía descentralizada, cuyo origen se encuentra en la idea de Carl Menger, de acuerdo con la cual esta función de la moneda emerge espontáneamente. Iwai arguye que el dine-ro es usado como medio de cambio universal simplemente porque todos lo usan como dinero: «el mecanismo de auto sostenimiento». Tal mecanis-mo permite que la economía tenga tantos equilibrios como bienes dura-deros. Sin embargo, Iwai dice que el dinero nunca evolucionó natural-mente, porque debió haber habido una gran simetría –que alterara lo creado en el inicio, y entonces, existe un límite fundamental en el poder de la teoría para explicar el origen del dinero. Así la historia es un asun-to esencial. El propósito de este ensayo es someter estos argumentos a un análisis crítico. En primer lugar, al contrario de lo que Iwai piensa, el meca-nismo de auto sostenimiento no deteriora la teoría monetaria de Menger. Éste confirma los argumentos de Menger relacionados con la relevancia de la práctica y la costumbre en el origen del dinero. Otro resultado de este estudio muestra que la propuesta de Iwai puede completar la teoría del valor de Arrow-Debreu en el marco del intercambio, porque elimina la hipótesis de un sistema de cuentas centralizado. Finalmente, un tercer resultado relevante de este trabajo es una crítica a la teoría de Iwai, porque este muestra, en contra de él, que el equilibrio monetario depende de los «fundamentales de la economía» (técnica y preferencias), para auto soste-nerse como un equilibrio de Nash. Palabras clave: Origen del dinero, dinero como medio de cambio, equili-brio monetario.

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-150
Author(s):  
Juan Ramón Rallo Julián

The marginalist and subjectivist revolution led by Carl Menger during the second half of the nineteenth century turned Economics into a science. However, classical value theory did not completely fade away and it has been trying continiously to replace subjetivist theory. The most serious and exhaustive attempt to recover classical value theory in its Ricardian version was the one developed by the italian economist Piero Sraffa. This article seeks to rebut the neo-Ricardian theory of value, while vindicating the Austrian theory of value, even inside the constrains of the former. Key words: Piero Sraffa, Neo-Ricardianism, Value Theory, Subjetivism, Mar-ginalism, Labor Theory. JEL Classification: B24, B51, D46, E43. Resumen: La revolución marginalista y subjetivista liderada por Carl Menger durante la segunda mitad del s. XIX sentó las bases para que la economía pudiera considerarse realmente una ciencia. Sin embargo, la teoría clásica del valor nunca terminó de desaparecer de la escena y en sus muy diversas manifestaciones siguió intentando sobreponerse a la teoría subjetivista. El intento más serio y exhaustivo de resucitar la teoría clásica del valor en su versión ricardiana fue la del economista italiano Piero Sraffa. En este artí-culo se pretende refutar la teoría neorricardiana y reivindicar, incluso dentro de los presupuestos de esta última, la teoría austriaca del valor. Palabras clave: Piero Sraffa, Neorricardianismo, Teoría del Valor, Subjetivismo, Marginalismo, Valor Trabajo. Clasificación JEL: B24, B51, D46, E43.


2021 ◽  
pp. 123-155
Author(s):  
Carlos Arturo Gómez Restrepo

This paper studies the theoretical contributions of both The School of Salamanca and The Austrian School regarding the theory of value, capital theory and monetary theory. This study permits to understrud the failure of the economic analysis of the mainstream based on the equilibrium, simmetric information, and the narrow concepts of perfect competion and rationality, among others. Key words: School of Salamanca, Austrian School, free market, theory of capital and interest, value theory, monetary theory. JEL codes: B11, B25, B53. Resumen: En este artículo se muestran los concurrentes desarrollos teóricos de la Escuela de Salamanca y de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía, que para efectos de su análisis se agrupan en tres teorías enmarcadas dentro de la concepción del libre mercado: La teoría del valor, la teoría del capital y del interés, y la teoría monetaria, y que permiten evidenciar los fallos del análisis económico de problemas actuales, realizado por la denominada «corriente principal», y desarrollados a partir de los supuestos de mercado en equilibrio, información simétrica, competencia perfecta, y racionalidad económica, entre otros. Palabras clave: Escuela de Salamanca, Escuela Austriaca de Economía, libre mercado, teoría del capital y del interés, teoría del valor, teoría monetaria. Códigos JEL: B11, B25, B53.


2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-46

Michael Heinrich, one of the leading Marx scholars, provides a general introduction into Das Kapital with emphasis on the latest interpretations of it. The circumstances surrounding its writing and publication are shown to have interfered with an adequate appreciation of it. The formal structure and organization of the first volume are obstacles to readers and demand much from their education and intellect. The article summarizes the basic trajectories of Marx’s criticisms of political economy, including the critique of naturalizing social forms arising under capitalism and Marx’s original monetary theory of value. The author disentangles Marx’s Das Kapital from views mistakenly ascribed to it, such as the idea that value is determined solely by labor and the prediction of pauperization of the masses. First, Marx’s theory of value goes well beyond explaining prices under capitalism. Second, his main prophecy concerned the inevitable growth of inequality between the masters of capital and the employed classes and did not forecast impoverishment. The paper also points out that the sequence of publication of different volumes of Das Kapital caused lacunae in interpreting Marx’s oeuvre. For instance Engels’ efforts made the third volume more accessible to readers but also obscured the overall pattern of Marx’s thinking. the article shows that Das Kapital was a dynamic and fluctuating project to such an extent that Marx himself several times revisited his views of the causes of economic crises and falling profits and also intended to deal extensively with ecological issues. Reaching an adequate understanding of the theory contained in Das Kapital cannot depend on the manuscripts of those volumes alone. Marx’s notebooks, which have only recently published, are an indispensable aid to understanding it.


2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-60
Author(s):  
Paula Maria Rauhala

Abstract Proponents of a monetary interpretation of Marx’s theory of value (monetäre Werttheorie) argue that one cannot estimate the amounts of socially necessary labour time that lie behind the prices, an interpretation usually ascribed to the West German Neue Marx‑Lektüre. As Hans-Georg Backhaus began fleshing out his monetary interpretation in the early 1970s, he referred explicitly to debate among economists in early‑1960s East Germany about the possibility of estimating quantities of labour value in terms of commodities’ labour content. In fact, scholars who articulated a powerful position in the latter discussion closely approximated the Neue Marx-Lektüre’s ‘monetary interpretation’. They held that expressing labour value in terms of labour time is impossible: the substance of value is not a measurable quantity of labour time but, rather, a social relation. Hence, it is problematic that Neue Marx-Lektüre adherents today should maintain an inaccurate contrast between their reading of Capital and that of ‘traditional Marxism’.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Carlos J. Rodríguez Casillas

Resumen: Aunque en las ultimas décadas la historia militar ha logrado evolucionar y diversificar sus objetivos de análisis, todavía son muchos los estudiosos que identifican esta disciplina con el estudio del armamento y la narración de las batallas. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es poner de relieve la importancia que tiene la historia militar como herramienta de análisis con la que poder comprender los fundamentos sociales y económicos de una determinada época. Para ello, nos serviremos del estudio de las campanas que tuvieron lugar en la frontera castellano-portuguesa en el contexto de la Guerra de Sucesión de 1475.Palabras clave: Guerra, historia militar, historiografía.Abstract: Although military history has managed to develop and diversify its areas of analysis over the past few decades, there are still many researchers who identify this discipline with the study of weaponry and description of battles. The aim of this project is therefore to highlight the importance of military history as a tool for analysis, which can be used to understand the social and economic foundations of any given era. To bear this out, we analyse campaigns on the Castilian-Portuguese border during the War of Succession of 1475.Key words: War, military history, historiography.


UVserva ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 20-34
Author(s):  
Azminda Meybelli Román Nieto

El presente artículo analiza el papel de los museos en el sector de la cultura en México y su contribución económica. Para ello, se tomó como base para el análisis de los años 2016 y 2017, los resultados del Sistema Nacional de Cuentas del INEGI, (Año base 2013) y la clasificación del Sistema de Clasificación Industrial de América del Norte SCIAN (2018).Palabras clave: Sector; economía; crecimiento; cultura; museos. AbstractThis article presents the role of museums in the culture sector in Mexico and how they contribute to the growth and development of the country. For this, the results of the National Account System of INEGI, (Base Year 2013) and the classification of the North American Industrial Classification System SCIAN (2018) are taken as the basis for the analysis.Keywords: Sector; Economy; Growth; Culture; Museums.


Humanomics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Abdullah

Purpose The purpose of this research is to present an Islamic monetary theory of value by analyzing real prices and real money in terms of gold and silver in Egypt from 696 to 1517, a period of 821 years from the Umayyads to the Abbasids. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a quantitative empirical investigation derived from a full population of secondary data to deductively evaluate the measure and store of value functions of money, to affirm an Islamic monetary theory of value, which is also inductively researched through a qualitative interpretation of documentary and content analysis of Islamic and numismatic literature. Findings The Islamic monetary theory of value leads to an Islamic equation of exchange that reconfirms the outcome of this research, where a high value of money ensures low constant real prices over the long term. Research limitations/implications The findings are based on an empirical investigation involving a single price of wheat series as a reasonable proxy for changes in wholesale commodity prices generally, which was successfully adopted by other studies. Practical implications The significance for modern monetary policy is that monetary authorities should adopt an Islamic monetary theory of value to achieve genuine monetary and price stability. Social implications Through an Islamic equation of exchange, price stability would ensure real economic growth that protects wealth for holders of money due to a stable purchasing power, and combined with Islamic equity finance, more efficiency in allocating investible resources to increase gross domestic product and employment. Originality/value The Islamic monetary theory of value ensures that there is no transfer or confiscation of wealth through inflation, which would impart gains to the issuer due to the excessive supply of money in relation to demand.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Marcos Felipe Vicente

A História Pública tem apresentado um esforço de construção de uma história com maior participação de seus públicos, desde seu entendimento como plateia, ao seu papel de sujeitos históricos. Utilizando a História oral como fundamento teórico-metodológico, este trabalho busca analisar a construção da memória dos descendentes dos Caboclos de Guarany no início do século XXI e a forma como representam seu passado ancestral e seu direito à terra, atribuindo sentidos ao passado e ao presente. Dessa maneira, a memória desses descendentes representa uma resistência ao interminável processo de expropriação e, principalmente, ao esquecimento produzido pela sociedade, em processo de compartilhamento de autoridade sobre o que se produziu entre depoentes e pesquisador.   PALAVRAS-CHAVE: História Pública, Memória, Esquecimento, Identidades.     ABSTRACT The Public History has shown an effort to build a history with greater participation of its public, since its understanding as an audience to its role as historical subjects. Using oral history as a theoretical-methodological foundation, this paper aims to the construction of the Caboclos of Guarany descendants' memory in the beginning of  the 21st century and the way they represent their ancestral past and their right to the land, assigning meanings to past and present. In this way, the memory of these descendants represents a resistance to the endless process of expropriation and, mainly, to the oblivion produced by society, in process of sharing authority over what took place between deponents and researcher.   KEYWORDS: Public History, Memory, Oblivion, Identities.     RESUMEN La historia pública ha demostrado esfuerzo para  la construcción de una historia con una mayor participación de su público, desde su comprensión como audiencia, a su papel como sujetos históricos. Utilizando la historia oral como fundamento teórico y metodológico, este trabajo analiza la construcción de la memoria de los descendientes de los Caboclos de Guarany a principios del siglo XXI y cómo representan su pasado ancestral y su derecho a la tierra, dando sentido al pasado y al presente. De esta manera, la memoria de los descendientes es una resistencia al interminable proceso de expropiación y, en especial, para el olvido producido por la sociedad, en el proceso de compartir la autoridad sobre lo que se produjo entre participantes y investigador.   PALABRAS CLAVE: Historia pública, Memoria, Olvido, Identidades.


2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-472
Author(s):  
Seth McKelvey

Seth McKelvey, “‘But one kind’ of Life: Thoreau’s Subjective Theory of Value in Walden” (pp. 448–472) Literary scholars generally take for granted Henry David Thoreau’s hostility to market exchange in Walden (1854). I argue, however, that Thoreau anticipates the subjective theory of value and the related concept of diminishing marginal utility, offering glimpses of ideas that would not be formalized in economics until after his death but that should nevertheless align him with a long lineage of free market thinkers. Thoreau does not reject the marketplace as a means to achieve his own best interests, but rather challenges his society’s definition of what those interests should be, attacking the misguided desire to accumulate excessive material wealth and the burdensome labor that attends such aspirations. I juxtapose the economics put forth in Walden with the work of Austrian free market economist Carl Menger in order to illustrate how Thoreau can so vehemently oppose the materialistic obsessions of capitalism while simultaneously remaining amenable to the principles of free exchange.


2021 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-65
Author(s):  
Elena Louisa Lange

The plausibility of “gendered exploitation” as a sine qua non of capitalism, as articulated by both classic Marxist–feminism since the 1970s and more recently by authors of social reproduction theory, stands or falls with the evaluation of Marx's theory of value. From the standpoint of both Marx's monetary theory of value and the problem of quantification, the use of “women's oppression” in capitalist social reproduction appears to be questionable. This also necessitates a deeper analysis of the use of “gender” in the wider field of pertinent Marxist–feminist literature. Arguments for “gendered exploitation” often hinge on unsound premises that introduce a naturalizing view of social relations. Analogous to Barbara and Karen Fields' intervention against “Racecraft,” the term “Gendercraft” may represent this argumentative move. The notion of gender as the site of specifically capitalist exploitation is thus challenged and countered with a new emphasis on struggles against the wage relation as the site of anticapitalist resistance.


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