The Neue Marx-Lektüre and the ‘Monetary Theory of Value’ in the East German Labour-Value Measurement Debate

Proponents of a monetary interpretation of Marx’s theory of value (monetäre Werttheorie) argue that one cannot estimate the amounts of socially necessary labour time that lie behind the prices, an interpretation usually ascribed to the West German Neue Marx‑Lektüre. As Hans-Georg Backhaus began fleshing out his monetary interpretation in the early 1970s, he referred explicitly to debate among economists in early‑1960s East Germany about the possibility of estimating quantities of labour value in terms of commodities’ labour content. In fact, scholars who articulated a powerful position in the latter discussion closely approximated the Neue Marx-Lektüre’s ‘monetary interpretation’. They held that expressing labour value in terms of labour time is impossible: the substance of value is not a measurable quantity of labour time but, rather, a social relation. Hence, it is problematic that Neue Marx-Lektüre adherents today should maintain an inaccurate contrast between their reading of Capital and that of ‘traditional Marxism’.

Dilution impacts on smoke aging: Evidence in BBOP data

Biomass burning emits vapors and aerosols into the atmosphere that can rapidly evolve as smoke plumes travel downwind and dilute, affecting climate- and health-relevant properties of the smoke. To date, theory has been unable to explain variability in smoke evolution. Here, we use observational data from the BBOP field campaign and show that initial smoke concentrations can help predict changes in smoke aerosol aging markers, number, and diameter. Because initial field measurements of plumes are generally > 10 minutes downwind, smaller plumes will have already undergone substantial dilution relative to larger plumes. However, the extent to which dilution has occurred prior to the first observation is not a measurable quantity. Hence, initial observed concentrations can serve as an indicator of dilution, which impacts photochemistry and aerosol evaporation. Cores of plumes have higher concentrations than edges. By segregating the observed plumes into cores and edges, we infer that particle aging, evaporation, and coagulation occurred before the first measurement, and we find that edges generally undergo higher increases in oxidation tracers, more decreases in semivolatile compounds, and less coagulation than the cores.

Effect of Barrier Thickness and Height on the Transmission Coefficient of GaAs/Ga1–xAlxAs Quantum Cascaded Laser (QCL)

This paper demonstrates the impact of barrier thickness on the transmission coefficient of GaAs/Ga1–xAlxAs quantum cascaded laser (QCL). The transmission coefficient is the important measurable quantity to predict the properties of quantum cascaded laser (QCL). This paper also includes the effects of the change in composition 'x' of the barrier height on transmission coefficient. In this study, GaAs/Ga1–xAlxAs QCL structures have been selected with operating temperature at T = 10 K. The calculated results show that at lower temperature when the thickness of barrier is less, the probability of electron tunneling is high, therefore, transmission coefficient is high. When we increase the barrier height it results in lowering the probability of electron tunneling, hence transmission coefficient is decreases. The calculated results justified the reported results of other workers.

Analisis Kemandirian dan Efektivitas Keuangan Pada Kinerja Pemerintah Kota Medan

Performance is the output of activities / programs that have been planned in connection with the use of the budget with measurable quantity and quality. Implementation of performance is said to be good if the achievement is in accordance with what has been planned. Performance measurement is related to autonomy which requires the authority and responsibility of the local government in managing finances and running its government. Good performance can be measured by several ratios, namely the independence ratio and effectiveness of PAD, which was used in this study. This study aims to find out and analyze how the Medan city government in organizing its government in order to realize the interests of the community based on the principles of transparency and public accountability. This study uses descriptive analysis and uses quantitative and qualitative data with primary and secondary data sources. This research was conducted in the city government of Medan with years of research starting from 2012 to 2016. The results of this study indicate that the city government of Medan has been very independent and very effective in the performance of financial management and running the wheels of government.

Cytokine response to killed Staphylococcus pseudintermedius antigen in dogs with skin diseases

The attempt was made to study the response of the dog having skin infection with various underlying causes to killed S.pseudintermedius antigen. PBMC were separated and sensitized with killed S. pseudintermedius for 24 hours. cDNA was made from extracted RNA and quantitative PCR were carried out for 8 cytokines with GAPDH as housekeeping gene. IL-6 was the cytokine which was expressed in a statistically significant high level in PBMC of healthy animals to killed antigen than PBMC of infected animals. Except for the IL-6, all other cytokines were expressed at high level in pyoderma animals than healthy control, demodicosis and allergy cases. In the present study, IL-1â, IL-8 and TNF-á were the cytokines that were up-regulated and, IL-6 and IFN-ã were down-regulated in demodicosis dogs with pyoderma at apparently significant level than the other tested cytokines. IL-4 was the only cytokine that was expressed in measurable quantity in allergic cases when compared to other cytokines. Thus, it was concluded that dogs with staphylococcal pyoderma infections developed a Th1/Th2 response to fight the infection.

Art, value of

Art has as many kinds of value as there are points of view from which it can be evaluated. Moreover, the benefits of art vary with the role of the participant, for there are benefits that are specific to the creation, the performance and the mere appreciation of art. But in the philosophy of art one value is basic, namely the distinctive value of a work of art, its value as a work of art, which can be called its ‘artistic value’. This value is intrinsic to a work in that it is determined by the intrinsic, rather than the instrumental, value of an informed experience of it, an experience of it in which it is understood. Artistic value is a matter of degree, but it is not a measurable quantity, and whether one work is better than another may be an indeterminate issue. A judgment about a work’s artistic value claims validity, rightly or wrongly, not merely for the person who makes the judgment but for everyone. Both David Hume and Immanuel Kant tried to show how such a claim could be well-founded, but their attempts are usually considered failures, and there is no accepted solution to the problem they addressed. Many philosophers have been concerned with the relation between artistic value and other values. The most famous attack on art, founded on its supposed relation to other values, was made by Plato, who claimed that nearly all art has undesirable social consequences and so should be excluded from a decent society. Plato overlooked many possibilities, however, and the question of art’s beneficial or harmful influence is a much more complex issue than he recognized.

Halogen bonds and σ-holes

The models behind simple bonding theory and the origins of some components often proposed to be involved in weak intermolecular bonds are described with special reference to σ-hole bonding, of which halogen bonds are a subset. A protocol for the analysis of weak intermolecular interactions is proposed on the basis of sound physical principles. This protocol uses three different levels of interaction; “permanent” Coulomb interactions between unperturbed monomers, relaxed Coulomb interactions and dispersion. Of the three, only dispersion is not a real, measurable quantity. It is, however, included in order to describe interactions that cannot be treated entirely by the first two levels.