Failure of Rubber by Abrasion

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl T. R. Pulford
Keyword(s):  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Wear Model ◽  
Fracture Properties ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
Physical Principles

Abstract This short review presents the landmark discoveries and ideas in rubber abrasion that have brought the field to where it is today. First, the important features of rubber abrasion are reviewed as background for a physical model for the abrasion of rubber. The model, due to Thomas, is described in detail, since it clearly shows the connection between the failure of rubber by abrasive wear and the appropriate rubber fracture properties. The implications of the model for improved abrasion resistance are also discussed. Then, physical principles are applied to the failure of rubber by abrasion in actual products, such as tires. The tire wear model of Schallamach and Turner is described, together with its success in explaining several features of tire wear.

scholarly journals Simulation and Experimental Study on Wear of U-Shaped Rings of Power Connection Fittings under Strong Wind Environment

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 735
Author(s):  
Songchen Wang ◽  
Xianchen Yang ◽  
Xinmei Li ◽  
Cheng Chai ◽  
Gen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Adhesive Wear ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Wear Model ◽  
Wind Environment ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Oxidation Wear ◽  
Good Agreement

The objective of this study was to investigate the wear characteristics of the U-shaped rings of power connection fittings, and to construct a wear failure prediction model of U-shaped rings in strong wind environments. First, the wear evolution and failure mechanism of U-shaped rings with different wear loads were studied by using a swinging wear tester. Then, based on the Archard wear model, the U-shaped ring wear was dynamically simulated in ABAQUS, via the Umeshmotion subroutine. The results indicated that the wear load has an important effect on the wear of the U-shaped ring. As the wear load increases, the surface hardness decreases, while plastic deformation layers increase. Furthermore, the wear mechanism transforms from adhesive wear, slight abrasive wear, and slight oxidation wear, to serious adhesive wear, abrasive wear, and oxidation wear with the increase of wear load. As plastic flow progresses, the dislocation density in ferrite increases, leading to dislocation plugs and cementite fractures. The simulation results of wear depth were in good agreement with the test value of, with an error of 1.56%.

Abrasive Wear Research on Rubber

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 482-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Wellinger ◽  
H. Uetz
Keyword(s):  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Sand Blasting ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Paper Method ◽  
Abrasive Paper ◽  
Blasting Method

Abstract The abrasion resistance of five different types of rubber were compared with steel (St 37) by various testing methods, such as the abrasive paper method, the abrasion cup method and the sand blasting method. The order of resistance of the various types of rubber against sand blasting is different from the order which is obtained with the sandpaper and abrasion cup methods. However, variations of the testing conditions within one method generally does not change the order. It has been shown, that rubber is more resistant against sand blasting than other materials investigated (basalb, malleable steel, non-alloyed hard castings) if the sand blast is directed essentially perpendicularly against the tested surface.

scholarly journals A new abrasive wear model for railway ballast

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 714-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
John de Bono ◽  
Huiqi Li ◽  
Glenn McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Railway Ballast ◽  
Wear Model

Laboratory Investigation of the Abrasive Wear Mechanism of Concrete Crosstie Rail Seat Deterioration (RSD)

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amogh Arvind Shurpali ◽  
Emily Van Dam ◽  
J. Riley Edwards ◽  
David A. Lange ◽  
Christopher P. L. Barkan
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Mix Design ◽  
Concrete Mix ◽  
Rail Industry ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Demands

Currently, there are divergent design and performance demands on railway infrastructure components due to increasing freight axle loads and cumulative gross tonnages, as well as increased investment in high-speed passenger rail development in North America. The divergence in loading and performance demands on shared infrastructure arises from the fact that while high-speed passenger trains exert lower loads at relatively high speeds, freight trains exert high loads at relatively low speeds. Improvements in infrastructure component designs are needed to achieve increased durability and tighter geometric tolerances. According to a rail industry survey administered by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) in 2008, Rail Seat Deterioration (RSD) is the principal performance problem limiting the service life of concrete crossties in North America. Rail infrastructure researchers and industry experts agree that abrasive wear may occur due to relative motion between the rail pad and concrete crosstie rail seat, potentially resulting in RSD. The complex tribological process of abrasion is further complicated and expected to be accelerated by the presence of abrasive fines and moisture, creating 3-body wear condition. Lack of understanding of the abrasion mechanism has resulted in a sub-optimal and iterative design of ties, causing reduced service life. This paper summarizes our efforts in understanding the effect of changing the mix design of concrete on the abrasion resistance of the rail seat which will eventually help us in modeling abrasive wear in RSD by constructing a mathematical relationship between the rail seat wear rate and input parameters including concrete mix design, mechanical/tribological properties of materials involved, normal load applied, presence of moisture, and abrasive fines. To simulate abrasive wear in RSD, a simple experiment is being carried out using a rotating wheel (lapping machine) capable of abrading concrete samples as a part of UIUC’s Small-Scale Abrasion Resistance Test (SSART). The objective of this research is to develop wear performance curves (e.g. wear depth versus load/time/cycles) for lab specimens developed from concrete crosstie mix designs that are currently being used in the industry, as well as for the evaluation of new mix designs. These data will help the rail industry in mechanistically designing concrete crossties by improving the understanding of materials used for concrete crosstie mix designs, with the objective of decreasing life cycle costs for the crosstie and fastening system. Preliminary SSART results are in agreement with relevant literature documenting the relationships between concrete mix designs and curing conditions and the resulting rate of abrasion.

Tire Wear at Controlled Slip

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1342-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Grosch ◽  
A. Schallamach
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Relative Wear ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Absolute

Abstract Tire wear at controlled slip, as realized by setting the wheels of a trailer at a slip angle, obeys the theoretically predicted square law dependence on the slip angle if allowance is made for the effect of temperature and abrasion patterns on the abrasion resistance of the tread compound. The temperature of the tire surface and the intensity of the abrasion patterns increase with increasing slip angle; the severity dependence of the relative wear rating of any two types of tire is largely due to differences in temperature and abrasion pattern coefficients. This applies also to wear on wet roads. The order of magnitude of the absolute wear rates agrees well with the values calculated from the abrasion resistance of tread compounds and the mechanical properties of the tire.

Recent Advances in Knowledge of Rubber Friction and Tire Wear

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Schallamach
Keyword(s):  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Rubber Friction ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Good For ◽  
Road Testing

Abstract Progress in the last few years in understanding rubber friction and tire wear justifies a survey of developments since a review of the subject in 1958. Work on fundamental of friction and abrasion has mainly evolved from conceptions formed in the earlier investigations; it had, however, not been realized that wear of tires and, indeed, abrasion on certain laboratory machines brings into play gross properties of the tire or testpiece which affect rate of wear just as much as the actual abrasion resistance of the tread compound. This new field of research has led to rationalization of road testing, and has helped to bridge the gap between laboratory and road. A report on these developments is given. Much of the work is concerned with the viscoelastic nature of rubber friction and abrasion, which has come to light through the experimentally established validity of the rate-temperature equivalence principle for these processes. This principle, which holds good for all viscoelastic processes, is briefly described in the next section in order not to interrupt the subsequent argument.

An Abrasive Wear Model of Interpenetrating Composites

2008 ◽  
Vol 575-578 ◽  
pp. 1329-1334
Author(s):  
Shou Ren Wang ◽  
Pei Quan Guo ◽  
Hong Yan Wang ◽  
Min Wang
Keyword(s):  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Volume Content ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Structure Characteristic ◽  
Mixing Rule ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Wear Model ◽  
Elastic Module ◽  
Attractive Candidate ◽  
Two Phases

Owing to two phases are continuous and penetrated each other, Interpenetrating composites exhibit good abrasive wear properties, can be an attractive candidate for structural and functional materials. Specifically, the abrasive wear model of IPCs is an important topic in the field of tribology. In present work, the model has been proposed according to the mixing rule. Many factors such as special topology structure characteristic of reinforcement, hardness and elastic module are discussed in this model. One kind of Al2O3/Mg composite with different volume content was fabricated and many test data of friction wear were obtained. These data validate the correctness and universality of model.

scholarly journals A laboratory exercise using a physical model for demonstrating countercurrent heat exchange

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-62
Author(s):  
Catherine Loudon ◽  
Elizabeth C. Davis-Berg ◽  
Jason T. Botz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Laboratory Exercise ◽  
Permeable Barrier ◽  
Countercurrent Exchange ◽  
Physical Principles

A physical model was used in a laboratory exercise to teach students about countercurrent exchange mechanisms. Countercurrent exchange is the transport of heat or chemicals between fluids moving in opposite directions separated by a permeable barrier (such as blood within adjacent blood vessels flowing in opposite directions). Greater exchange of heat or chemicals between the fluids occurs when the flows are in opposite directions (countercurrent) than in the same direction (concurrent). When a vessel loops back on itself, countercurrent exchange can occur between the two arms of the loop, minimizing loss or uptake at the bend of the loop. Comprehension of the physical principles underlying countercurrent exchange helps students to understand how kidneys work and how modifications of a circulatory system can influence the movement of heat or chemicals to promote or minimize exchange and reinforces the concept that heat and chemicals move down their temperature or concentration gradients, respectively. One example of a well-documented countercurrent exchanger is the close arrangement of veins and arteries inside bird legs; therefore, the setup was arranged to mimic blood vessels inside a bird leg, using water flowing inside tubing as a physical proxy for blood flow within blood vessels.

Estimation of Tire Wear and Traumatic Event Intensities

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 214-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bagdonavičius ◽  
A. Bikelis ◽  
V. Kazakevicius
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Failure Time ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Survival Function ◽  
Wear Model ◽  
Probability Of Survival ◽  
Degradation Data ◽  
Reliability Characteristics ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
The Mean

Abstract A tire wear model including dependence of the distribution of the traumatic failures of various modes on the wear is proposed. Non-parametric, semi-parametric and parametric methods of estimation for the main reliability characteristics of tires are given. The model makes it possible not only to estimate unconditional functions such as the survival function and the mean failure time of tires and the probabilities of failures of the particular modes, but also to predict residual characteristics such as the probability of survival given the run and the wear of a tire, to estimate the ideal reliability characteristics and to predict reliability of tires when causes of the particular traumatic failure modes are eliminated. Analysis of the real failure time and degradation data of tires is given.

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