SEASONAL VARIATION OF PHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS IN NON-GALLED AND GALLED LEAVES OF CARYOCAR BRASILIENSE (CARYOCARACEAE)

Introduction: Galling insects manipulate the development of their host plants. Galls are rich in secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds and terpenes. Caryocar brasiliense acts as a host of galling insects. Few studies report the impacts of this plant-insect interaction on the species' morphology, physiology, and secondary metabolism. Objective: The purpose of this study was to verify if there is a correlation between the levels of total phenols and flavonoids in C. brasiliense leaf extracts and environmental variables, such as temperature and precipitation, throughout the year, and to evaluate how galling insects can interfere in this seasonality. Methods: Ethanol extracts from leaves were obtained by soxhlet extraction. The main classes of secondary metabolites were detected by phytochemical prospecting. The levels of total phenols and flavonoids were quantified by the Folin-Dennis tests and complexation reaction with aluminum chloride, respectively. Pearson 's correlation coefficient shows that the levels of phenols and flavonoids were correlated with the average monthly maximum temperatures and precipitation accumulation, respectively, recorded in Gurupi - Tocantins. Results and Discussion: Phytochemical prospecting indicated flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, and alkaloids in both extracts. In C. brasiliense, the samples of healthy leaves suffered a greater variation in the levels of phenols (68.39±2.3 to 279.34±3.1 mg GAE g-1 extract) and flavonoids (164.06± 3.0 at 269.03±3.6 mg QE g-1 extract) compared to leaf samples with galls. A strong positive correlation was found between the contents of total phenols and maximum temperatures and a strong negative correlation with precipitation through Pearson's correlation. Conclusions: The variations observed in the levels of phenols and flavonoids in the extracts of C. brasiliense seem to be related to abiotic factors and the herbivory promoted by the galling insect.

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Screening and Estimation of Secondary Metabolites in Leaf Extracts of Delonix elata (L.) Gamble and their Inhibitory Activities against Pathogens and Oxidative Stress

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology ◽

10.37285/ijpsn.2020.13.3.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 4918-4925

Author(s):

M Mala ◽

◽

G Jeya Jothi

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Inhibitory Activities ◽

And Oxidative Stress

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Antibacterial properties in-vitro of Mexican serviceberry extracts against dental biofilm species

Journal of Berry Research ◽

10.3233/jbr-210718 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Erika-Alejandra Salinas-Peña ◽

Martha Mendoza-Rodríguez ◽

Claudia Velázquez-González ◽

Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solis ◽

América Patricia Pontigo-Loyola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽

Positive Control ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Dental Biofilm ◽

Biofilm Bacteria

BACKGROUND: The Mexican serviceberry, Malacomeles denticulata, have been used as a successful oral therapy by Mexican communities without enough scientific support. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the M. denticulata extracts with selective antibacterial properties over dental biofilm bacteria. METHODS: Fruit, Leaf, and Stem of M. denticulata extracts were evaluated with micro-broth dilution method using ATCC bacteria. OD600 values had compared against each positive control (T-student-test). Anaerobically viability had confirmed by Colony-Forming-Units. Thin-Layer-Chromatography was used to identify the number of compounds and phytochemicals to identify secondary metabolites of the selected extracts. RESULTS: Streptococcus mutans showed Minimum-Bactericidal-Concentrations_(MBC) at 30 mg/mL to Fruit, Leaf, and Stem extracts. Periodontal-pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype b_(MBC = 30 mg/mL_p < 0.01); Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum_(MBC = 30 mg/mL_p<0.001); Parvimonas micra_(MBC = 15 mg/mL_NS); Porphyromonas gingivalis_(MBC = 30 mg/mL_NS); and Prevotella intermedia_(MBC = 3.75 mg/mL_NS) presented higher sensitivity to Leaf-Methanol, than the primary colonizers. Phytochemicals showed positive results to anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids, saponins, saponins steroids/triterpenoids, steroids/triterpenes, and tannins/phenols. CONCLUSION: We suggest the natural extracts of fruit and leaf of the Mexican serviceberry for the preventive use over the oral cariogenic or periodontal biofilm species, by their selective antibacterial properties against pathogenic species evaluated in-vitro, and due to the presence of antibacterial secondary metabolites identified as flavonoids and saponins of M. denticulata leaf extracts.

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Cytokinin Mediated Increased In Vitro Production of Secondary Metabolites with Special Reference to Solasodine in Solanum erianthum

Planta Medica International Open ◽

10.1055/a-1484-9750 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (02) ◽

pp. e62-e68

Author(s):

Jeeta Sarkar ◽

Nirmalya Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

High Performance ◽

Culture Medium ◽

In Vitro Production ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Regenerated Plants ◽

Vitro Production ◽

Regenerated Plantlets

AbstractSteroid alkaloid solasodine is a nitrogen analogue of diosgenin and has great importance in the production of steroidal medicines. Solanum erianthum D. Don (Solanaceae) is a good source of solasodine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cytokinins on the production of secondary metabolites, especially solasodine in the in vitro culture of S. erianthum. For solasodine estimation, field-grown plant parts and in vitro tissues were extracted thrice and subjected to high-performance liquid Chromatography. Quantitative analysis of different secondary metabolites showed that the amount was higher in the in vitro regenerated plantlets compared to callus and field-grown plants. The present study critically evaluates the effect of the type of cytokinin used in the culture medium on solasodine accumulation in regenerated plants. The highest solasodine content (46.78±3.23 mg g-1) was recorded in leaf extracts of the in vitro grown plantlets in the presence of 6-γ,γ-dimethylallylamino purine in the culture medium and the content was 3.8-fold higher compared to the mother plant.

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Spatial Variation of the Relationship between PM2.5Concentrations and Meteorological Parameters in China

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/684618 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Gang Lin ◽

Jingying Fu ◽

Dong Jiang ◽

Jianhua Wang ◽

Qiao Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Correlation ◽

Meteorological Parameters ◽

Semiarid Region ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Annual Average ◽

Strong Negative Correlation ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Humid Region ◽

The Relationship ◽

Warm Temperate

Epidemiological studies around the world have reported that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is closely associated with human health. The distribution of PM2.5concentrations is influenced by multiple geographic and socioeconomic factors. Using a remote-sensing-derived PM2.5dataset, this paper explores the relationship between PM2.5concentrations and meteorological parameters and their spatial variance in China for the period 2001–2010. The spatial variations of the relationships between the annual average PM2.5, the annual average precipitation (AAP), and the annual average temperature (AAT) were evaluated using the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model. The results indicated that PM2.5had a strong and stable correlation with meteorological parameters. In particular, PM2.5had a negative correlation with precipitation and a positive correlation with temperature. In addition, the relationship between the variables changed over space, and the strong negative correlation between PM2.5and the AAP mainly appeared in the warm temperate semihumid region and northern subtropical humid region in 2001 and 2010, with some localized differences. The strong positive correlation between the PM2.5and the AAT mainly occurred in the mid-temperate semiarid region, the humid, semihumid, and semiarid warm temperate regions, and the northern subtropical humid region in 2001 and 2010.

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The effects of cardiac rehabilitation on haemodynamic parameters measured by impedance cardiography in patients with coronary artery disease

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp200810126s ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 126-126

Author(s):

Milovan Stojanovic ◽

Marina Deljanin-Ilic ◽

Stevan Ilic ◽

Dejan Petrovic ◽

Bojan Ilic

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Impedance Cardiography ◽

Exercise Stress ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Physical Strain ◽

Strong Negative Correlation ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Strain Tolerance ◽

Artery Disease

Background / Aim. Well-organized cardiovascular rehabilitation (CVR) reduces cardiovascular burden by influencing cardiovascular risk factors, improving the quality of life and reducing mortality and hospital readmission. However, its effects on hemodynamic status are largely unknown. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of three-week CVR program on hemodynamic status and to investigate if there is a correlation between physical strain tolerance and hemodynamic parameters measured by impedance cardiography (ICG) before and after CVR program in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods. Fifty-two patients attended a three-week CVR program. At the beginning and at the end of rehabilitation program laboratory tests, exercise stress tests (EST) and ICG measurements were taken. Results. Patients showed better strain tolerance on the second exercise stress test (EST2) by achieving higher strain level (Z=2,315; p=0,021) and longer duration of test (Z=2,305; p=0,021). There was a strong positive correlation between the level of EST2 and cardiac output (CO) (r=0,538; p<0,001) and stroke volume (SV) (r=0,380; p=0,017) on the second ICG (ICG2). Also, there was a strong negative correlation between EST2 level and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (r=-0,472; p=0,002) and SVR index (SSVRI) (r=-0,407; p=0,010) on ICG2. There was a strong positive correlation between EST2 duration and CO (r=0.517; p=0.001) as well as between EST2 duration and SV (r=0.340; p=0.034), and a strong negative correlation between EST2 duration and SVR (r=-0.504; p=0.001) as well as between EST2 duration and SVRI (r=-0.448; p=0.004), according to ICG2. Conclusion. Our study showed that a well-designed CVR program can lead to better physical strain tolerance. Furthermore, CVR led to a significant positive correlation between EST and cardiac output as well as between EST and stroke volume measured by ICG. On the other hand, there was a significant negative correlation between EST and vascular related parameters according to ICG at the end of the CVR program.

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Urgensi dan Mekanisme Biosintesis Metabolit Sekunder Mikroba Laut

Jurnal Natur Indonesia ◽

10.31258/jnat.10.2.120-125 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 120 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Risa Nofiani

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Secondary Metabolite Production ◽

Marine Microorganism ◽

Metabolite Production ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽

Living Materials

Marine microorganism is one of biologically active potential resources of secondary metabolites. Its potency areso promising that the knowledge of how its secondary metabolite occured need to be studied and collected. Thoseknowledges will enable further study is improving secondary metabolite production in the laboratory. In nature,secondary metabolites synthesis occur when there are effect of both biotic and abiotic factors such as sea waterand microbe symbiosis with other living materials. When this is explained in metabolic pathways, secondarymetabolite synthesis affected by available nutrient and regulated by autoinducer molecules through quorum sensingmechanism

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Chemical Composition, Production of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity in Coffee Cultivars Susceptible and Partially Resistant to Bacterial Halo Blight

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10091915 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1915

Author(s):

Joyce Alves Goulart da Silva ◽

Mário Lúcio Vilela de Resende ◽

Ingridy Simone Ribeiro ◽

Adriene Ribeiro Lima ◽

Luiz Roberto Marques Albuquerque ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Defense Strategies ◽

Halo Blight ◽

Phenolic Profiles ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid

Coffee production is one of the main agricultural activities in Brazil, and several coffee cultivars with disease resistance have already been developed. The secondary metabolites produced by plants are closely associated with defense strategies, and the resistance of coffee cultivars to bacterial halo blight (BHB) can be related to these compounds. Therefore, this study aims to compare a partially resistant coffee cultivar (Iapar-59) and a susceptible cultivar (Mundo Novo 376/4) to BHB (Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae) in relation to the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the leaf extracts. In addition, this study determined the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and phenolic profiles of the Iapar-59 leaf extracts of plants inoculated with P. syringae pv. garcae. The Iapar-59 extract showed a higher content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids than the Mundo Novo 376/4 extract. Both cultivars contained gallic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids; however, the highest contents were quantified in the Iapar-59 cultivar. The leaf extracts from the Iapar-59 cultivar exhibited higher antioxidant activity. Higher concentrations of gallic, caffeic and chlorogenic acids and the presence of vanillin were detected in the extract of cultivar Iapar-59 inoculated with P. syringae pv. garcae.

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An exploration of self-compassion and self-criticism in the context of personal recovery from borderline personality disorder

Australasian Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/1039856218797418 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 56-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fiona Donald ◽

Katherine A Lawrence ◽

Jillian H Broadbear ◽

Sathya Rao

Keyword(s):

Borderline Personality Disorder ◽

Personality Disorder ◽

Borderline Personality ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Personal Recovery ◽

Strong Negative Correlation ◽

Self Compassion ◽

Recovery Assessment ◽

Compassion Scale ◽

Single Time Point

Objectives: A lack of compassion for oneself, or harsh self-criticism, is associated with a range of psychiatric disorders including borderline personality disorder (BPD). Personal recovery in the context of a mental illness such as BPD involves building a life that is subjectively meaningful and satisfying. Limited self-compassion or harsh self-criticism may be an impediment to recovery from BPD. The association between self-compassion and recovery and self- criticism and recovery were examined. Method: Nineteen individuals diagnosed with BPD completed the Neff Self-Compassion Scale, the Forms of Self-Criticising/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale and the Recovery Assessment Scale at a single time point. Results: There was a strong positive correlation between self-compassion and recovery ( r = 0.75) and a strong negative correlation ( rho = −0.67) between self- criticism and recovery. Conclusions: Although preliminary in nature, these results suggest the importance of fostering self-compassion and working to address self-criticism within clinical interventions supporting recovery from BPD.

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Ecometabolomics for a Better Understanding of Plant Responses and Acclimation to Abiotic Factors Linked to Global Change

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo10060239 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 239 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jordi Sardans ◽

Albert Gargallo-Garriga ◽

Otmar Urban ◽

Karel Klem ◽

Tom W.N. Walker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Global Change ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

De Novo ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Metabolic Responses ◽

Plant Responses ◽

Co2 Concentrations

The number of ecometabolomic studies, which use metabolomic analyses to disentangle organisms’ metabolic responses and acclimation to a changing environment, has grown exponentially in recent years. Here, we review the results and conclusions of ecometabolomic studies on the impacts of four main drivers of global change (increasing frequencies of drought episodes, heat stress, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and increasing nitrogen (N) loads) on plant metabolism. Ecometabolomic studies of drought effects confirmed findings of previous target studies, in which most changes in metabolism are characterized by increased concentrations of soluble sugars and carbohydrate derivatives and frequently also by elevated concentrations of free amino acids. Secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids and terpenes, also commonly exhibited increased concentrations when drought intensified. Under heat and increasing N loads, soluble amino acids derived from glutamate and glutamine were the most responsive metabolites. Foliar metabolic responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations were dominated by greater production of monosaccharides and associated synthesis of secondary metabolites, such as terpenes, rather than secondary metabolites synthesized along longer sugar pathways involving N-rich precursor molecules, such as those formed from cyclic amino acids and along the shikimate pathway. We suggest that breeding for crop genotypes tolerant to drought and heat stress should be based on their capacity to increase the concentrations of C-rich compounds more than the concentrations of smaller N-rich molecules, such as amino acids. This could facilitate rapid and efficient stress response by reducing protein catabolism without compromising enzymatic capacity or increasing the requirement for re-transcription and de novo biosynthesis of proteins.

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