scholarly journals The Dynamics of Canal Colonies; Agricultural Development and Socio-Political Change in British Multan

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Sajjad Akhter ◽  
Basit Nadeem
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Native People ◽  
British Government ◽  
British India ◽  
Strong Law ◽  
Barren Land ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Military Objective

Punjab was the last province which annexed with British India in 1949.British implemented many reforms in sub-continent, but Canal Colonies were excellent irrigation system introduced by the British, especially in the south west part of the Punjab province. These canal colonies proved very useful for the agriculture sector which boost up the not only the economic condition of the native people of the colonies areas but also increase revenue collection of the British government in India. Canal Colonies changed the arid/ barren land of the southern district of the province into a fertile land. British government also achieved their objectives through canal colonies. Therefore, government allotted the land of the canal colonies in different categories and rewarded some specific classes in native communities of the canal colonies. In canal colonies government reserved huge piece of land for their military objective because Indian Military was necessary for the strong law and order in British India and their strong influence in Middle East and other parts of the world. These canal colonies bring an agriculture revolution in the  province which change the socio-economic condition of the people of the native districts. In Multan three major canal colonies were introduced, Sidhnai, Lower Bari Doab and Nili Bar canal colony. In these canal colonies British government also implemented same polices like the previous canal colonies of the province. Therefore, the in Multan district landed elites were loyal and cooperative with government with their wealth and men. These landed elites played important role at political canvas of the province during British rule in Multan.

Expedition turned Invasion: The 1888 Sikkim Expedition through British, Indian and Chinese eyes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
YI MENG CHENG
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
British Government ◽  
British India ◽  
Intelligence Gathering ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
British Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
The Subject ◽  
British Foreign Office ◽  
Chinese And English

Abstract A fresh look at the 1888 Sikkim Expedition using both Chinese and English language sources yields very different conclusions from that of previous research on the subject. During the course of policymaking, the British Foreign Office and the British Government of India did not collaborate to devise a plan to invade Tibet; conversely, their aims differed and clashed frequently. During the years leading to war, the largest newspapers in British India gave plenty of coverage to the benefits of trade with Tibet, thus influencing British foreign policy and contributing indirectly to the outbreak of war. The Tibetan army was soundly defeated in the war, while the British troops suffered only light casualties. Although the Tibetan elites remained committed to the war, the lower classes of Tibetan society quickly grew weary of it. During the war, the British made much use of local spies and enjoyed an advantage in intelligence gathering, which contributed greatly to their victory. Finally, although the war was initially fought over trade issues, the demarcation of the Tibetan-Sikkim border replaced trade issues as the main point of contention during the subsequent peace negotiations. During the negotiations, Sheng Tai, the newly appointed Amban of Tibet, tried his best to defend China's interests.

scholarly journals ANALISIS SEKTOR BASIS DAN SUBSEKTOR PERTANIAN BASIS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI KABUPATEN KEEROM, PROVINSI PAPUA

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Usman Usman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Position Change ◽  
Location Quotient ◽  
Location Factor ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Dynamic Location

Agricultural  development  program  in  Indonesia  is  the  part  of  economic development.  Papua  Province  in  the  economic  sector,  the  agriculture  sector  is  the very important role in supporting economic growth in the region.This study aims to analyze  the  basic  sector  and  basic  sub-sector  of  agriculture,  analyze  the  position sector  and  the  agriculture  sector  in  the  future,  and  the  determinants  of  changes  in positions on regional economic growth based on the calculation of the GDP Keerom district  and  Papua  province  in  2008-2011.The  study  used  secondary  data  over  a period of four years. The analysis  method used is Location Quotient (LQ), Dynamic Location  Quotient  (DLQ),  and  Total  Shift  Share  (TSS).  The  analysis  LQ  show  that agriculture  sector  is  the  basic  sector  in  the  economy  Keerom.While  the  agriculture sector  as  the  sub-sector  basis  (leading  sector) is plantation,  animal  husbandry,  and forestry.The combined method of LQ and DLQ, show that agriculture sector is still the sector basis in the future.The results of the analysis TSS is known that the deciding factor  position  change  on  plantations  and  fishing  sub-sector  is  the  location  factor, while the determining factor position change on the livestock sector is the factor of of economic structure.

scholarly journals Understanding the Influence and Effects of Devolution on Agricultural Development: A Case Study of Garissa County, Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Hussein Abdi Ali ◽  
Salah Abdirahaman Farah
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
County Government ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
County Governments ◽  
The Public ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Research Findings

The Agriculture sector in Kenya is as important as the country. Much of the agricultural function was transferred to the devolved units when the new constitution was passed by Kenyans and promulgated. The question many are asking is, have county governments initiated strategies in place to improve food security and ultimately contribute to the economy. Agriculture is the major contributor of our economy today. Kenya needs to be a self-sufficient country and feed its people. County governments have a huge role in ensuring this objective achieved. Based on this, a research title is proposed “Understanding the influence and effects of devolution on agricultural development: A case study of Garissa county, Kenya” The research seeks to clarify to the public and the other stakeholders concerned if actually devolved units have done anything to improve the agricultural sector since its inception. Have county governments put clear, achievable and practical strategies for this sector to grow and how best can counties improve this important sector. The research findings will be very helpful to those who are involve in the agricultural sector, directly or indirectly. The research objectives are; to compare performance of agriculture before and after devolution, to evaluate the achievements of devolution in the agricultural sector, to analyse the challenges faced by county governments in developing this sector, to examine the perception of the public on the best strategies to improve agriculture in Kenya and to give synthesised recommendations to all stakeholders. The research was conducted within Garissa County, four out of the six sub counties. A total of 310 respondents were engaged ranging from farmers, the general public and the staff of the county government The research found out that there is a gap in the sector that needs attention. Agricultural production, although remained steadfast over the years, has been in deplorable situation. The research findings is helpful to all stakeholders-both levels of governments, farmers, the public and non-state actors.  The research commends that the County governments should use bottom-up approach strategy when making critical decision affecting the department. This will aid them obtain raw and unbiased information for action. The department of agriculture experts should be deployed to all sub counties (at the grassroots). 95 percent of these staff stay at county headquarters doing nothing. Their presence at the villages, farms will come in handy or the farmers. People with experience and experts should be employed to spearhead this exercise. Routine visits should be made to the farming areas.

Food for All in Africa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Conway ◽  
Ousmane Badiane ◽  
Katrin Glatzel
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Sustainable Intensification ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Agricultural Transformation

Africa requires a new agricultural transformation that is appropriate for Africa, that recognizes the continent's diverse environments and climates, and that takes into account its histories and cultures while benefiting rural smallholder farmers and their families. This book describes the key challenges faced by Africa's smallholder farmers and presents the concepts and practices of sustainable intensification as opportunities to sustainably transform Africa's agriculture sector and the livelihoods of millions of smallholders. The way forward, the book indicates, will be an agriculture sector deeply rooted within sustainable intensification: producing more with less, using fertilizers and pesticides more prudently, adapting to climate change, improving natural capital, adopting new technologies, and building resilience at every stage of the agriculture value chain. This book envisions a virtuous circle generated through agricultural development rooted in sustainable intensification that results in greater yields, healthier diets, improved livelihoods for farmers, and sustainable economic opportunities for the rural poor that in turn generate further investment. It describes the benefits of digital technologies for farmers and the challenges of transforming African agricultural policies and creating effective and inspiring leadership. The book demonstrates why we should take on the challenge and provides ideas and methods through which it can be met.

To Flower and Fructify: Rational Religion and the Seeds of Islam in Nazir Ahmad’s (1830–1912) Late-career Religious Non-fiction

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-69
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Lhost
Keyword(s):  
Original Compositions ◽  
British Government ◽  
British India ◽  
Islamic Revival ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Educational Initiatives ◽  
The Law

Abstract Known primarily for his popular and moralizing novels, Nazir Ahmad’s (1830–1912) accomplishments as a scholar of Islam are often omitted from his biography. Yet in addition to working for the British Government of India, participating in Muslim social, political, and educational initiatives on the subcontinent, and demonstrating his linguistic and legal acumen by translating the law codes of British India into vernacular Urdu, Nazir Ahmad also translated religious texts and penned his own original compositions on themes of religion, society, and ethics. Reviewing the ideas presented in his comprehensive three-volume al-Ḥuqūq va-l-farāʾiż (1905–6) and his shorter catechism Ijtihād (1906), this article outlines Nazir Ahmad’s theory of worldly religion and introduces his concept of Islamic humanism in response to ulema-centric approaches to Islamic revival and reform in British India.

scholarly journals Agricultural Policies and Rural Development in Nepal: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-46
Author(s):  
Deepak Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rural Nepal

This paper analyzes agricultural development in terms of policy and implementation in Nepal. More than two-thirds populations in Nepal reside in the rural area and most of them depend on agriculture. Subsistence form of agriculture is common in Nepal. Rural Area and agriculture are interrelated; like two parts of the same coin. The contribution of agriculture to national Gross Domestic Product is remarkable; however, it is declining over the decades. In fact, the agricultural sector cannot attract young people; the trend of migration from rural to urban is significantly increasing. The poverty is exceedingly marked in rural Nepal. The Government of Nepal emphasizes agriculture development in for poverty alleviation. Order to alleviate poverty, rural development, and national economic growth through the policy level. However, available data and qualitative analysis reveal that the outcome from the agricultural sector is not satisfactory due to several factors. In such situation, more than half of the population has been facing food insufficiency. Because of weak policy and implementation, the agriculture sector s been suffering poor outcome. In that way, the government of Nepal along with concerned authorities should effectively implement agriculture policies in order to reduce poverty and rural development. The agriculture-rural accommodating policies and successful performance are crucial for poverty alleviation and rural development.

An Uncertain Inheritance: The Imperial Travels of Legal Migrants, from British India to Ottoman Iraq

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
British Government ◽  
British India ◽  
Princely State ◽  
Uncertain Outcomes ◽  
The Doors

Like many nineteenth-century travelers, Iqbal al-Daulah, a cousin of the Nawab of the Indian princely state of Awadh, navigated multiple legal systems as he migrated across Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. Living through the absorption of Awadh into the expanding British Empire, he eventually joined a community of Indian Shias in Ottoman Iraq, who regularly used British consular courts. While still in India, Iqbal al-Daulah composed a tribute in Persian and English to British justice. He described British courts in the following laudatory terms: “What Ease is afforded to Petitioners! The Doors of the numerous Courts being open, if any by reason of his dark fate, should be disappointed in the attainment of his desire, in one Court, in another he may obtain the Victory and Succeed.” Iqbal al-Daulah secured a sizeable pension and knighthood from the British government. However, at the end of his life, he had lost faith in British courts. In his will he lamented: “British courts are uncertain, stock in trade of bribery, wrong, delay…the seekers of redress, are captives of the paw of the Court officials; and business goes on by bribery not to be counted or described.” Despite Iqbal al-Daulah's words of caution, his friends and relatives became enmeshed in legal battles over his inheritance in British courts in India and Ottoman Iraq. In doing so, they joined the crowds of colonial subjects who flooded the courts, enduring expense and annoyance despite the prospect of uncertain outcomes.

scholarly journals An Automated Plant Irrigation System using μC

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3558-3562
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Photovoltaic Cells ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Off Pump ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Op Amp ◽  
Op Amps ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Set Up

In the agriculture sector Continuous water extraction from the earth decreases water level owing to the slow arrival of a lot of soil in the areas of irrigated land. This is also owing to the unexpected use of water, which leads to a substantial quantity of waste. This automatic irrigation system is used for this purpose. Power comes from photovoltaic cells using solar energy. Therefore it is not necessary to rely on erratic business energy. The circuit consists of sensor components constructed with op-amp IC. Op-amps are set up as a comparator here. In the soil are placed two steep copper cables to see if the soil is moist or dry. The entire system is controlled by a microcontroller. IC which contacts are used to turn the engine ON, the engine is switched OFF when the ground is moist. The above task is carried out by the microcontroller, which receives the signal from the sensors and which functions under software control that can be stored on the microcontroller's Rom. The pump situation is shown on a 16X2 LCD interfacing to the microcontroller. The ON / OFF pump situation is shown. The project can also be strengthened through its interfaces with a GSM modem, which allows control of the engine switching

scholarly journals Agricultural Development Policy Strategies for Indonesia : Enhancing the Contribution of Agriculture to Poverty Reduction and Food Security

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
I Wayan Rusastra ◽  
NFN Sumaryanto ◽  
Pantjar Simatupang
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Development Spectrum ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Price Support ◽  
Strong Law ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Government ◽  
National Food Security

<strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Tujuan penulisan paper ini adalah mendeskripsikan status ketahanan pangan nasional, kebijakan stra-tegis terkait dalam pengentasan kemiskinan, dan kebijakan pembangunan pertanian dalam rangka peningkatan kesejahteraan petani. Dalam satu dasa warsa terakhir ini, terdapat indikasi instabilitas ketahanan pangan yang ditunjukkan oleh adanya peningkatan ketergantungan impor pangan. Peningkatan kinerja pembangunan pertanian dan pedesaan diyakini akan memberikan kontribusi positif terhadap perbaikan aksesibilitas dan ketahanan pangan rumah tangga. Sedikitnya terdapat empat program pemerintah terkait dengan pengentasan kemiskinan, yaitu pengadaan beras bersubsidi, program padat karya, program pemberdayaan usaha mikro/ kecil/menengah, dan dana kompensasi kenaikan harga bahan bakar minyak untuk golongan miskin. Dalam rangka penguatan ketahanan pangan dan pengentasan kemiskinan, kebijakan pembangunan pertanian berikut ini perlu dipertimbangkan, yaitu : (1) Perluasan spektrum pengembangan irigasi dengan sasaran peningkatan produktivitas lahan beririgasi; (2) Pembaharuan arah kebijakan sebelumnya dalam rangka mengatasi kendala penawaran/produksi pertanian; (3) Reformulasi kebijakan proteksi harga melalui pembatasan impor, penegakan hukum, dan mengkaitkan program beras untuk  masyarakat miskin dengan program pengadaan gabah oleh pemerintah; (4) Mendorong diversifikasi pertanian dengan menjamin ketersediaan, akssessibilitas, dan perbaikan faktor pendukung pengembangan komoditas non-beras; dan (5) Ratifikasi perlakuan khusus (special product) bagi komoditas pertanian strategis, dan kembali kepada regulasi awal AoA-WTO berdasarkan pada komitmen dan Skedul XXI.<br /><br /><br /><strong>English</strong><br />The objectives of the paper are to describe the state of national food security, related strategies for poverty eradication, and the respective policies on agricultural development for the benefit of the people. Over the last decade, the achievement of national food security depended on imports, indicating the instability of food security. The improvement of agricultural and rural development will contribute greatly to better food accessibility and a higher food security status of the population. There are at least four main government programs aimed at helping the poor, i.e. the provision of subsidized rice, public work programs, the empowerment program for micro-small-and medium enterprises, and low-income assistance funds to alleviate the burden of the poor. To strengthen food security and to eradicate the poverty, the following agricultural development policies should be taken into account, i.e.:  (1) The widening of the irrigation development spectrum with the main objective of improving irrigation productivity;  (2) To complete reversing the previous policy direction in order to eliminate agricultural supply constraint;  (3) The reformulation of price support policy implementing rice import through prohibition, strong law enforcement, and to integrate the rice program for the poor with the government procurement floor price policy;  (4) To enhance agricultural diversification through the availability, accessibility, and improvement of the supporting factors for non-rice commodities; (5) The ratification of special products for agricultural strategic commodities, in addition to return with the initial AoA-WTO regulation based on the commitment and Schedule of XXI

scholarly journals A review article on role of information and communication technology in agriculture and factors affecting its dissemination in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Aastha Bhusal ◽  
Sagar GC ◽  
Laxman Khatri
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technology ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Extension System ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Smart Mobile

The information and communication technology (ICT) is vital for the farming communities to intensify agricultural development in Nepal. This review presents the research in ICT highlighting the role of ICT in the agriculture sector and various factors affecting the dissemination process. About 60.4% of the total population is dependent on agriculture in Nepal. However, due to lack of awareness and higher cost of technology, the smallholder’s farmers are deprived of receiving the reliable and recent information on agriculture resulting in reduction in crop production and productivity. In order to strengthen the existing extension system, it is important to minimize the cost of the technology transfer process and make people aware of the effective use of technologies. The knowledge on the new and innovative ideas need to be easily disseminated to the youth groups as they are using smart mobile phones and can easily receive the information. Furthermore, the review reveals that there is an urgent need to disseminate simple and compatible agricultural information to reduce the farming risk and maximize farm benefits

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